Nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to create new materials and devices with unique properties not seen in larger structures. There are two main approaches - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down begins with bulk material and cuts it down to the nano size, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology has many applications in medicine like drug delivery, electronics with smaller transistors, renewable energy, and more. However, there are also concerns about potential health effects and environmental impacts that require further research before widespread adoption. The future of nanotechnology looks promising but careful development is needed to address challenges.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Sciences.
Date: 27, October, 2021
Central
University
of Jammu

2. Topics;
• Introduction.
• Materials used / Tools n tech.
• Approaches used for preparation.
• Applications.
• Drawbacks and possibilities for future.

3. Introduction

4. ‘NANOMETRE’
How small is that?
10 m
-9

5. 13.1 cm
180 cm 2 mm 100 microns 2 microns 30 nm 2 nm
1.39 billion cm
1.8 B nm 1.3 M nm 20 lakh nm 1 lakh nm 2000 nm

6. Operating range / Origin.
• It ranges from 1 nm to 100 nm.
• In one day human nails grow 86k nm.
• Width of human hair ranges between 80 k to 100 k nm.
• Even single wavelength of light ranges from 400 to 700 nm.
• First concept was presented in 1959 by Dr. Richard P. Feynman.
• However the term ‘Nanotechnology’ was coined in 1974 by
Norio Taniguchi.

7. Definition.
• Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale (which is 1 to 100 nm).
Or
• Application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose.
• Basic applications already around us.

8. Tools / Materials used

9. Tools & Technology • There are several important modern developments.
• The atomic force microscope (AFM).
• The Scanning tunneling Microscope (STM) are
scanning probes that launched nanotechnology.
• Various techniques of Nano-lithography such as:
optical lithography, X-ray lithography,
• Dip pen Nano-lithography ▫ Electron beam
lithography(inkjet printer) were also developed.
• Lithography in MEMS context is typically the
transfer of a pattern into a photosensitive material
by selective exposure to a radiation source such as
light.

10. Carbon nanotubes
(CNT)
• Carbon Nanotube is a tube-shaped
material, made of carbon, having a
diameter measuring on the nanometre
scale.
• Carbon Nanotubes are formed from
essentially the graphite sheet and the
graphite layer appears somewhat like a
rolled-up continuous unbroken hexagonal
mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes
of the hexagons.
• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
structural family.
• Their name is derived from their long,
hollow structure with the walls formed by
one atom thick sheets of carbon, called
graphene.

11. Nanobots (nanorobots)
• The size of nanobots are 10‾9.
• Nanobots are made up of DNA of
Bacteriophages
• Also called as nanorobots,
nanomachines, nanomites and
nanoids.
• Since nanorobots would be
microscopic in size, it would probably
be necessary for very large numbers
of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks.
• Capable of replication using
environmental resources

12. Nanorods
• Nanorods are one morphology of
nanoscale objects.
• Dimensions range from 1–100 nm.
• They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
• A combination of ligands act as shape
control agents and bond to different
facets of the nanorod with different
strengths. This allows different faces of
the nanorod to grow at different rates,
producing an elongated object.
Reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/ra/d0ra09438b

13. Approaches

14. Two main approaches are used for the synthesis of nanomaterials;
Top-down approach. 1 Bottom-up approaches. 2

15. Top-down approaches
Industrial technology operates from the top down approach is usually. Where the blocks of
raw material are cast, sawed, or machined into precisely formed products by removing
unwanted matter. 3
Results of such process may be rather small
(integrated circuits) or very large (jumbo jets).
Simply, start with the bulk material and “cut
away material” to make what you want. 4
In top down techniques the starting material
is solid-state. And generally physical processes
are used in this technique.
(cutting, grinding, ball milling etc) 5
Top-down approach

16. Advantages of top down approach;
• Large scale production is possible in top up approaches.
• Generally we don't need any kind of chemical purification in top of approaches.
Disadvantages of top down approach;
• In top down approach we broad size distribution of nano particles.(10-1000
nm)
• Variable particle shapes or geometry are obtained.
• Also defects and impurities are obtained in our results. 6

17. Bottom-up approaches
The bottom up approach deals with the techniques of organising individual atoms
and molecules into particular configuration to create complex production.
For example, human body begins as a single cell
and mature human being consist of approximately
75 trillion cells having complex arrangement with
different varieties. 7
Simply, bottom up approach implies understanding
the building blocks and then assembling them into
a useful structure. 8
In bottom-up techniques starting material is either
gases or in liquid state. Here for processing we use
both chemical and physical techniques. 9
(PVD & CVD)
Bottom-up approach

18. Advantages of bottom-up approach;
•Narrow size distribution is possible here 1 to 20 nm
•Ultra fine nanoparticles nano shells nanotubes can be prepared by this approach.
•Cheaper techniques.
Disadvantages of bottom-up approach;
• Large scale production is difficult.
• Chemical purification is required here. 10

19. Applications

20. 1. Medicine
•Commercial applications have adapted gold nanoparticles as probes for the detection
of targeted sequences of nucleic acids, and gold nanoparticles are also being
clinically investigated as potential treatments for cancer and other diseases.
•Nanotechnology is being studied for both the diagnosis and treatment of
atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in arteries. In one technique, researchers
created a nanoparticle that mimics the body’s “good” cholesterol, known as HDL
(high-density lipoprotein), which helps to shrink plaque.
•Provides new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
1.Refrence

21. 2. Electronics
•Transistors, the basic switches that enable all modern computing, have gotten smaller and smaller through
nanotechnology. At the turn of the century, a typical transistor was 130 to 250 nanometers in size.. in 2015,
and then Lawrence Berkeley National Lab demonstrated a one nanometer transistor in 2016! Smaller,
faster, and better transistors that means your whole computer storage is in single tiny chip.
•Ultra-high definition displays and televisions are now being sold that use quantum dots to produce more
vibrant colors while being more energy efficient.
•Carbon nanotubes are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster and more efficient
microchips and devices, as well as lighter, more conductive and stronger quantum nanowires. Graphene's
properties make it an ideal candidate for the development of flexible touchscreens.
1.Refrence

22. 3. Bio-degradable food packaging
•Starch is inexpensive, widely available, renewable and biodegradable, making it one of
the most promising biopolymer for food packaging. However, starch in its native form has
weak barrier properties, water sensitivity and brittleness. Recent research has
demonstrated that incorporation of TiO2 NPs, graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-
acrylamide) NPs improves the mechanical, UV-protective and water barrier properties.
•Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in nature. Common cellulose does not have
sufficient functional properties and cannot be easily processed for food packaging
applications in its native form, and therefore has limited value and utility. . A more recently
developed form of cellulose is nanocrystalline cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).
1.Refrence

23. 4. Textiles
•A first generation of nano-enhanced textiles benefitted from nano finishing: Coating the
surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production of highly
active surfaces to have UV-blocking, antimicrobial, antistatic, flame retardant, water and oil
repellent, wrinkle resistant, and self-cleaning properties.
•Zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices like soluble starch are a
good example of functional nano-structures with potential for applications such as
UV-protection ability in textiles and sunscreens, and antibacterial finishes in medical
textiles and inner wears.
1.Refrence

24. 5. Energy
•Nanotechnology is also being applied to oil and gas extraction through, for example, the use of
nanotechnology-enabled gas lift valves in offshore operations or the use of nanoparticles to
detect microscopic down-well oil pipeline fractures.
•Researchers are investigating carbon nanotube “scrubbers” and membranes to separate carbon
dioxide from power plant exhaust.
•A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University makes it possible to manufacture solar
panels that double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology also lowers
costs, produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, improves fuel efficiency and, thanks to the
thermal insulation of some nano components, can save energy.

25. Drawbacks & Future

26. Drawbacks
• Health and Safety issues: Nanoparticles can cause serious illness or damage to
human body.
• Nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive
system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage. Carbon
Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs.
• Once nanoparticles are in the bloodstream, they will be
able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
• Environmental Concerns:
• High energy requirements for synthesizing nanoparticles causing high energy
demand.
Refrence

27. • Dissemination of toxic, persistent nanosubstances originating environmental harm.
• Lower recovery and recycling rates.
• The most dangerous nano-application use for military purposes is the nano-bomb that
contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a
community, country or even a civilization.
• Nanopollution is created by toxic waste.
• Nanopollution is the generic term that is used to describe the waste generated by the
nanodevices or nanomaterials during the manufacturing process.
• Nanobots , because of their replicating behaviour can be a big threat for GRAY GOO.
• ‘Nanobot’ is a popular term for molecules with a unique property that enables them to
be programmed to carry out a specific task. These nanobots are a reality and are
being actively researched and developed.
• ‘Gray goo’ refers to the hypothetical condition of planet Earth where self-replicating
nanobots have taken complete control of the planet by using up the energy of all life
forms in it.
Refrence 2
Refrence 1

28. Future and Decisions about its development
•There are bright and dark spots in the future of nanotechnology.
•Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger and programmable
materials that require less energy to produce and also promise great fuel efficiency in land
transportation, ships, aircrafts and space vehicles.
•However, the environmental, health and safety risks of nanotechnology and concerns related to its
commercialisation could hamper market expansion.
•The human body can easily take up the nanomaterials as they are small in size. However, there is a
need for detailed research on how it would behave inside an organism. The behaviour of
nanoparticles based on their size, shape and surface reactivity must be thoroughly analysed before
launching them into the market.

29. •The future of nanotechnology would very well include the use of nanorobotics.
•These nanorobotics have the potential to take on human tasks as well as things
that humans could never complete.
•There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure everything from natural
aging to diabetes to bone spurs.
•Nanotechnology is an emerging science which is expected to have rapid and strong
future developments.
•Assessing the role of nanotechnology and guiding its progression will require cross-
sectoral involvement of scientists, governments, civil society organisations and the
general public.
Refrence 3

30. Concusion
•As a conclusion to this topic, I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand new
technology
•that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what we knew before.
•The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near future be
real.
•This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of nanorobots that will
repair every damage that we have in our body.
•Secondly, it will give scientists the ability to manipulate the combination of atoms in an
object and to turn it into a lighter, stronger and more durable object than before.
•Thirdly, Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy
more effectively.

31. Deb Newberry
‘’The next big thing is very small’’

32. ?

33. Group 8: Vikas, Wani, Zeeshan, Zuhaib and Reza.
Thank You for your cooperation!