Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale (1-100 nm) to create new materials and devices with fundamentally different properties than their normal-scale counterparts. It has applications in fields like materials science, electronics, medicine, and energy. For example, carbon nanotubes are exceptionally strong and conductive and have potential uses in batteries, solar cells, and composites. While nanotechnology promises many benefits, research is still needed to fully realize its potential and ensure human and environmental safety.

1. THE SCOPE OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY:
HARKIRAT BEDI
09106028
I.T.

2. WHY
NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Nanotechnology has a huge scope in the coming
generations:
FUNDAMENTALLY NEW PROPERTIES
Once in Nanophase, copper is five times stronger
than the ordinary metals.
Nanophase ceramics are highly resisting to
breaking.
 EXCITING NEW MATERIALS
Carbon nanotubes are fantastic conductors
 STRANGE SIZE DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR !
Eg. Nanoparticles of Gold are pink in color

3. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
www.phys.psu.edu
www.nasa.gov
www.purdue.edu
Semiconducting metal junction formed
An engineered DNA strand by two carbon nanotubes
pRNA tiny motor
Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on
an atomic and molecular scale
It is the creation of functional materials, devices and
systems, through the understanding and control of matter
at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100
nm), in order to create new properties and to stimulate
particular desired functionalities.

5. WHAT IS NANOSCALE ?
ww.mathworks.com
Fullerenes C60
www.physics.ucr.edu
12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm
1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m
10 millions times 1 billion times
smaller smaller

6. NANOSCALE SIZE EFFECTS
• Realization of miniaturized devices and systems
while providing MORE FUNCTIONALITY
• Attainment of HIGH SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME
RATIO
• Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties,
including changes in:
- Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)
- Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)
- Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)
- Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)
- Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

7. HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• ~ 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nano crystals used by Greeks and
Romans to dye hair
• ~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nano particles of
different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass
windows
• 1959 – “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” by R. FEYNMAN->
• 1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time
• 1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope
• 1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University
of Sussex discover C60
• 1986 – “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by
K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by
Binnig, Quate and Gerbe
• 1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms
• 1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima
• 1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas
• 2000 – “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched

8. NanoXplorer
IDE
• Software for
Designing,Visualizing
and Simulating
Nanoscale Components
• Nanoengineering is a
truly multidisciplinary
activity, requiring tools
from chemistry, physics,
high-end visualization,
mechanical engineering, and other areas
• Is unique in that it makes the nanodevice its central design
focus and tackles the nanoengineering problem from all
angles.

9. CARBON NANOTUBES
• Allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure
• Molecular scale tubes
of graphitic carbon with
outstanding properties.
• Length-to-diameter ratio
greater than
1,000,000.

10. PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
 The wide range of electronic, thermal, and structural properties of
carbon nanotubes vary according to the different
diameter, length, and direction of ‘twist’ of the nanotube.
For example, carbon nanotubes
 Are highly conductive both to electricity and heat
- exhibit an electrical conductivity as high as copper
- thermal conductivity as great as diamond.
 Have excellent mechanical properties - they are 100 times stronger
than steel, while only one sixth of the weight.
 They offer amazing possibilities for creating future nanoelectronic
devices, circuits and computers and in creating nanocomposites for a
variety of application scenarios ranging from military to aerospace to
medicine.

11. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF CNT’s
 nanometer-sized  field emission
semiconductor displays and
devices, probes and radiation sources
interconnects  hydrogen storage
 conductive and high- media
strength specialist  Research is expected
composites to lead to new
 devices for energy materials, lubricants,
storage and energy
conversion coatings, catalysts, e
 Sensors lectro-optical
devices, and medical
applications.

13. SPACE
 Nanotechnology may hold the key to
making space-flight more practical.
 make lightweight spacecraft and a cable
for the space elevator possible by
significantly reducing the amount of
rocket fuel required,
 could lower the cost of reaching orbit and
traveling in space.

15. MEDICINE
When it's perfected, this method should greatly reduce
the damage treatment such as chemotherapy
does to a patient's healthy cells.
Applications such as:
 Nanotubes used in broken bones to provide a structure
for new bone material to grow.
 Nanoparticles that can attach to cells infected with
various diseases and allow a doctor to identify, in a
blood sample, the particular disease.
 Nanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared
light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to
surrounding healthy cells. For a good visual
explanation of nanoshells,see next slide.

17. BATTERIES AND FUELS
 Companies are currently developing batteries using
nanomaterials
 These will be as good as new even after sitting on the
shelf for decades!! Also, Can be recharged
significantly faster than conventional batteries.
-Can make the production of fuels from low grade raw
materials economical,
-increasing the mileage of engines, and
-making the production of fuels from normal raw
materials more efficient

18. NANOTECH IN FOOD!!

19. Fuel Cells AND Solar Cells
• Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost
of catalysts used in fuel cells to produce
hydrogen ions from fuel such as methanol and
to improve the efficiency of membranes used in
fuel cells to separate hydrogen ions from other
gases such as oxygen.
• Companies have developed nanotech solar cells
that can be manufactured at significantly lower
cost than conventional solar cells.

20. WATER POLLUTION
• Being used to develop solutions to different
problems in water quality.
• One challenge is the removal of industrial
wastes, such as a cleaning solvent called TCE, from
groundwater. Nanoparticles can be used to convert
the contaminating chemical through a chemical
reaction to make it harmless. Studies have shown
that this method can be used successfully to reach
contaminates dispersed in underground ponds and
at much lower cost than methods which require
pumping the water out of the ground for treatment

21. RISKS INVOLVED
• Carbon nanotubes sound like a product designer’s
dream. But like many technologies that offer
benefits, there are risks too. We have all learned how
to handle electricity, gas, steam and even cars and
aeroplanes in a safe manner because we need their
benefits. The same goes for carbon nanotubes. Mostly
they will be perfectly safe, embedded within other
materials, such as polymers.
• There is some possibility that free carbon nanotubes
of a specific length scales may pose health threats if
inhaled, particularly at the manufacturing stage.
Industry is very conscious of this possibility, and is
endeavouring to ensure that any potential hazard is
minimised, so that we can all reap the benefits and
promise of this new wonder material.

23. FUTURE IMPACT!!
• NanoTechnology has the potential to become a more
significant revolutionary force for business than the
industrial revolution or the information technology
revolution.In fact, many believe that the combined
impact of both the industrial and information revolution
may approach the magnitude of change that could
result from the commercialization of NanoTechnology.
• Currently, NanoTechnology is moving from the basic
research stage of its evolution into the applied research
stage of technology maturity.Today there are several
NanoTechnology companies already being traded on the
public marketplace. As this technology evolves and
matures, you can expect to see many more companies
enter this space.

24. THANK YOU . . .