2. Lecture 3. Energy and Nanotechnology
Review of Alternate Energy
Sources
Review of Electronic Properties of
Solids:
Free- electron Fermi gas
Energy bands in Solids
Semiconductors and doping
pn junctions
Amorphous semiconductors
3.
4. Gb/yr
30
25 Rest of World
20
Middle East
15
E-Europe/Asia
10 W-Europe
USA
5
0 Year
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20
5.
6. Societal Drivers - Fossil Fuel Depletion
D.E.Carlson, BP Solar
World oil discovery rates declined since early 1960s; oil is
consumed ~ 4 X greater rate than discovery rate.
John A. Woollam, PV talk UNL 2007
7. Societal Drivers - Fossil Fuel Depletion
D.E.Carlson, BP Solar
Laherrere (2001): world oil production peaks ~ 2010.
Natural gas by ~ 2030.
John A. Woollam, PV talk UNL 2007
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. BioMass
• In 2003 — and for the fourth year in a row — biomass was the
leading source of renewable energy in the United States, providing
2.9 Quadrillion Btu of energy. Biomass was the source for 47% of all
renewable energy or 4% of the total energy produced in the United
States). Agriculture and forestry residues, and in particular residues
from paper mills, are the most common biomass resources used for
generating electricity, and industrial process heat and steam and
for a variety of biobased products. These are the organic
byproducts of food, fiber, and forest production. In fact, 48% or 1.1
Quad Btu of biomass energy was consumed by the pulp and paper
industry, solely using black liquor. Current biomass consumption in
the United States is dominated by industrial use, largely derived
from wood. Use of liquid transportation fuels such as ethanol and
biodiesel, however, currently derived primarily from agricultural
crops, is increasing dramatically. In 2003 ethanol produced from
corn reached 2.81 billion gallons.
17. Hydropower
With 80,000 megawatts of generating
capacity, hydropower is the nation's
largest renewable electricity source.
Working with industry, the Wind and
Hydropower Technologies Program
pursues R&D to develop more
environmentally friendly
technologies to maintain the nation's
existing hydropower capacity.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Solar irradiation in the USA
Shown is the average
radiation received on a
horizontal surface
across the continental
United States in the
month of June. Units
are in kWh/m2
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 23
trier.de
24. Solar Irradiation worlwide
(kWh/m² a) on horizontal surface
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 24
trier.de
25. ENERGIA EOLICA
LA CONVERSION DE LA FUERZA
DEL VIENTO A ENERGIA
ELECTRICA EMPLEANDO
AEROGENERADORES
ENERIA EOLICA ES UNA DE LAS
MAS BARATAS DE DIFERENTES
FORMAS DE ENERGIA
RENOVABLE
26. Wind Energy
• In 2005, the United States installed more new wind
energy capacity than any other country in the world.
The new capacity, totaling 2,431 megawatts (MW), was
worth more than $3 billion in generating equipment,
and it brought the total national wind energy capacity
to 9,149 MW. That's enough electricity to power 2.3
million average American households. In 2006, an
additional 2,454 MW were installed, bringing the
Nation's total installed capacity to 11,603 MW.
46. energy-states in solids:
Band-Pattern
Atom Molecule/Solid
• • • • • • • •
energy-states
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 46
trier.de
47. energy-states in solids:
Insulator
electron-energy
conduction-band
Fermi- bandgap EG
level EF (> 5 eV)
valence-band
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 47
trier.de
48.
49. Figure 9.12. A valence electron jumping across the energy gap in pure
silicon resulting in the generation of a free electron and hole in the crystal:
(a) energy band model, (b) bond model.
50. Figure 9.13. Extrinsic n-type silicon doped with P donor atoms. (a) Energy
band diagram and (b) Bond model.
51. Figure 9.14. Extrinsic p-type silicon doped with B acceptor atoms. (a)
Energy band diagram and (b) Bond model.
52.
53. energy-states in solids :
metal / conductor
electron-energy
Fermi-
level EF
conduction-band
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 53
trier.de
54. energy-states in solids:
semiconductor
electron-energy
conduction-band
Fermi- bandgap EG
level EF ( 0,5 – 2 eV)
valence-band
Clemson Summer School
6.6.06 - 8.6.06 Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / molter@fh- 54
trier.de
55.
56. Figure 9.11. (a) Energy levels in an isolated silicon atom and (b) in a
silicon crystal of N atoms, illustrating the formation of energy bands. The
valence band contains 4N states and can accommodate all 4N valence
electrons.
