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Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms lacking a cell wall. They range from 0.2-0.3 μm in size and are bounded by a single membrane. Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic, occurring in coccoidal or filamentous shapes. They reproduce by binary fission or budding and are resistant to some antibiotics like penicillin but sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Mycoplasmas require rich media with sterols and serum for growth at 35-37°C and form small transparent colonies visible under low magnification.
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Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
Mycoplasma
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Mycoplasma. Key points include:
- Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria capable of autonomous growth. They lack cell walls and are sensitive to osmotic shock and antibiotics like tetracyclines.
- They were first discovered in 1843 and isolated from cattle pleural fluid. Techniques for culturing mycoplasma were developed in the late 19th century.
- Mycoplasma can take different shapes and sizes. They reproduce through binary fission or budding.
- They are classified as facultative anaerobes in the class Mollicutes. Some require sterols for growth while others do not.
mycoplasma
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause diseases in humans. They lack cell walls and have minimal genetic material. Several Mycoplasma species can cause respiratory illnesses like pneumonia from M. pneumoniae or urogenital infections from M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. They are difficult to culture but can be identified using PCR or serological tests. Mycoplasma pneumonia is most common in children aged 5-15 years old and is typically treated with tetracyclines or macrolides.
Mycoplasma
Four species of mycoplasma are important human pathogens: Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia and joint infections, Mycoplasma hominis can cause postpartum fever and uterine infections, Ureaplasma urealyticum causes non-gonococcal urethritis in men and lung disease in premature infants, and Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with urethral and other infections. Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls, making them resistant to penicillin but treatable with tetracycline or erythromycin. They can be found in the respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts as normal flora or pathogens
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by common antibiotics like penicillin that target cell wall synthesis. Several Mycoplasma species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae which causes atypical pneumonia and respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium and M. hominis which are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Mycoplasma are also the smallest bacterial cells discovered and can survive without oxygen.
Applications of fungi
Fungi have many applications including as biocontrol agents, food sources, and for producing industrial and pharmaceutical products. As biocontrol agents, fungi can be used as bioherbicides to control weeds through host-pathogen interactions. Some examples of successful classical bioherbicides include rust fungi controlling skeleton weed and blackberries in Australia. Fungi are also an important food source as many mushrooms are cultivated commercially. Mushrooms provide various nutrients and medicinal properties. Additionally, fungi produce useful antibiotics like penicillin through fermentation and are a major source of pharmaceutical drugs amounting to billions in annual sales.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
VIROLOGY - CULTIVATION AND DETECTION OF VIRUS
This document discusses various methods for cultivating and detecting viruses. It begins by describing three primary purposes of virus cultivation: to isolate viruses from clinical samples, conduct research on viral structure and effects on host cells, and produce viruses for vaccines. It then explains three main cultivation methods: animal inoculation using mice or monkeys, embryonated egg inoculation, and tissue culture using primary cells or continuous cell lines. Detection methods for viruses in cell culture include observing cytopathic effects, hemadsorption, metabolic inhibition, interference, and immunofluorescence.
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Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
Mycoplasma
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Mycoplasma. Key points include:
- Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria capable of autonomous growth. They lack cell walls and are sensitive to osmotic shock and antibiotics like tetracyclines.
- They were first discovered in 1843 and isolated from cattle pleural fluid. Techniques for culturing mycoplasma were developed in the late 19th century.
- Mycoplasma can take different shapes and sizes. They reproduce through binary fission or budding.
- They are classified as facultative anaerobes in the class Mollicutes. Some require sterols for growth while others do not.
mycoplasma
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause diseases in humans. They lack cell walls and have minimal genetic material. Several Mycoplasma species can cause respiratory illnesses like pneumonia from M. pneumoniae or urogenital infections from M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. They are difficult to culture but can be identified using PCR or serological tests. Mycoplasma pneumonia is most common in children aged 5-15 years old and is typically treated with tetracyclines or macrolides.
Mycoplasma
Four species of mycoplasma are important human pathogens: Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia and joint infections, Mycoplasma hominis can cause postpartum fever and uterine infections, Ureaplasma urealyticum causes non-gonococcal urethritis in men and lung disease in premature infants, and Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with urethral and other infections. Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls, making them resistant to penicillin but treatable with tetracycline or erythromycin. They can be found in the respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts as normal flora or pathogens
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by common antibiotics like penicillin that target cell wall synthesis. Several Mycoplasma species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae which causes atypical pneumonia and respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium and M. hominis which are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Mycoplasma are also the smallest bacterial cells discovered and can survive without oxygen.
Applications of fungi
Fungi have many applications including as biocontrol agents, food sources, and for producing industrial and pharmaceutical products. As biocontrol agents, fungi can be used as bioherbicides to control weeds through host-pathogen interactions. Some examples of successful classical bioherbicides include rust fungi controlling skeleton weed and blackberries in Australia. Fungi are also an important food source as many mushrooms are cultivated commercially. Mushrooms provide various nutrients and medicinal properties. Additionally, fungi produce useful antibiotics like penicillin through fermentation and are a major source of pharmaceutical drugs amounting to billions in annual sales.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
VIROLOGY - CULTIVATION AND DETECTION OF VIRUS
This document discusses various methods for cultivating and detecting viruses. It begins by describing three primary purposes of virus cultivation: to isolate viruses from clinical samples, conduct research on viral structure and effects on host cells, and produce viruses for vaccines. It then explains three main cultivation methods: animal inoculation using mice or monkeys, embryonated egg inoculation, and tissue culture using primary cells or continuous cell lines. Detection methods for viruses in cell culture include observing cytopathic effects, hemadsorption, metabolic inhibition, interference, and immunofluorescence.
18. mycoplasma
This document discusses several types of mycoplasma bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, and the diseases they cause. The most common pathogenic mycoplasma are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. M. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. M. hominis and M. urealyticum can cause infections in the urogenital tract and lead to infertility. M. genitalium is associated with urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture studies, biochemical studies, and serological tests like complement fixation and ELISA. Tetracycline and erythromycin are commonly used for treatment
Classification & properties of fungi
M. Sc., Microbiology Study Material (Semester-I, General Microbiology)
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1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
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Once inside living cells, viruses induce the host cell to synthesize virus particles.
The genome is either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded).
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Viruses range in size from 25 to 270 nm.
Viral tropism!!
The classification of viruses is based on nucleic acid type, size and shape of virion, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Viral Structure
I . Virion is the entire viral particle.
2. Capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material.
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4. Nucleocapsid is composed of the capsid and genetic material.
5. The envelope is the outer coating composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of viral-encoded glycoproteins and sometimes viral encoded matrix proteins. The envelope is derived from a host cell's membrane.
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18. mycoplasma
This document discusses several types of mycoplasma bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, and the diseases they cause. The most common pathogenic mycoplasma are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. M. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. M. hominis and M. urealyticum can cause infections in the urogenital tract and lead to infertility. M. genitalium is associated with urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture studies, biochemical studies, and serological tests like complement fixation and ELISA. Tetracycline and erythromycin are commonly used for treatment
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M. Sc., Microbiology Study Material (Semester-I, General Microbiology)
Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience,
Periyar University, Salem.
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1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
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Mycoplasma spp
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating bacteria that lack cell walls. There are over 200 known species that can infect humans and other animals. They attach to epithelial cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts and can cause diseases like atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or nongonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in specialized media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods like PCR. Treatment uses tetracyclines, macrolides, or newer quinolones.
Skin microflora / Normal Flora of Skin
This slide gives an idea of the innumerable microorganisms present on the skin, and how they have positive and negative effect on the human body.
Mycology ppt ii laboratoy techniques for isolation and identification of fungi
This document provides instructions for isolating and identifying fungi in the laboratory. Key steps include properly collecting and transporting specimens to reduce contamination, using selective media like Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for culturing, and incubating most fungi at 37°C. Direct examination techniques like KOH mounts and calcofluor white staining can be used to view fungal morphology. The slide culture method allows observing fungal growth dynamics on agar over several days of incubation.
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Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
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The document discusses host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease. It describes how microbes interact with hosts in mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism. Pathogens must overcome host defenses through virulence factors to cause disease. Koch's postulates provide a framework for determining disease causation. The mechanisms of pathogenesis involve transmission, adherence, invasion, colonization, evasion of host defenses, damage to the host, and exiting the host. Understanding host-pathogen interactions is important for studying disease pathogenesis and host/pathogen biology.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness, as well as sexually transmitted diseases like pelvic inflammatory disease; it has a unique developmental cycle alternating between infectious elementary bodies and metabolically active reticulate bodies; symptoms can range from eye infections to urethritis and proctitis depending on the Chlamydia species.
Growth and Nutrition of Fungi
Fungi grow through hyphal extension and cell division. Optimal growth conditions include the presence of water, oxygen, a neutral to acidic pH around 5.0, temperatures between 1-35°C, and nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Fungi can be grown in liquid batch cultures, continuous liquid cultures, or on solid media where growth is measured by radial colony extension. Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that absorb small molecules and secrete enzymes to break down larger molecules extracellularly, absorbing the breakdown products for growth.
Viroid and virusoid
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions. It defines viroids as small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat that can infect plants. Viroids were first reported in 1971 and the most studied is the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Virusoids are also circular single-stranded RNAs that depend on plant viruses for replication and encapsidation. Prions are small infectious particles composed of abnormally folded protein that can transmit their misfolded shape to normal variants of the same protein.
General Characteristics of Viruses
Obligate intracellular, unable to self-replicate.
Once inside living cells, viruses induce the host cell to synthesize virus particles.
The genome is either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded).
Viruses do not have a system to produce ATP.
Viruses range in size from 25 to 270 nm.
Viral tropism!!
The classification of viruses is based on nucleic acid type, size and shape of virion, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Viral Structure
I . Virion is the entire viral particle.
2. Capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material.
3. Capsomer is the protein subunit that makes up the capsid.
4. Nucleocapsid is composed of the capsid and genetic material.
5. The envelope is the outer coating composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of viral-encoded glycoproteins and sometimes viral encoded matrix proteins. The envelope is derived from a host cell's membrane.
Some viruses use the plasma membrane, whereas others use endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or nuclear membranes. Naked nucleocapsids are viruses with no envelopes.
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
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Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living microorganisms lacking a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia through surface adhesion to the respiratory tract. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of atypical pneumonia where symptoms include a gradual onset of fever, malaise, headache, and cough. Laboratory diagnosis involves isolation from throat swabs and serological tests. Mycoplasma can also cause genital infections transmitted sexually, associated with conditions like urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility.
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Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They exhibit a variety of shapes and methods of movement and nutrition. The document discusses the characteristics of protozoa including their size, habitats, symmetry, nutrition, and locomotion. It also summarizes the main subphyla of protozoa and describes features of foraminifera, including their shells (tests), shapes, and sexual forms. Paleontology is discussed in relation to studying fossils to understand past life and environments.
L 3-4. Causes of PD.ppt
This document outlines the various biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases. It discusses biotic causes such as parasites including prokaryotes like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and viroids. It also discusses parasitic flowering plants. It then briefly mentions abiotic or non-parasitic causes such as physiological disorders. It provides details on characteristics and examples of different types of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, parasitic flowering plants and their role in causing plant diseases.
bacteria-200824080643.pdf
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Gracilicutes (2)
This document provides an introduction and overview of gram-negative bacteria. It discusses their key characteristics and classification. Specifically, it summarizes several genera of gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Methylococcus, Acetobacter, and Legionella. It also describes the families they belong to, such as Pseudomonadaceae, Azotobacteraceae, and Legionellaceae.
Protozoan disease
Presentation on Protozoan and Disease caused by them in humans. for more such content you can search on www.faunafondness.com
bacteriastructureandfunction-201109055324.pdf
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Morphology of bacteria
This document provides information on bacterial morphology and classification. It describes the key structures of bacterial cells including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. It outlines the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cell walls. Classification systems are discussed ranging from the early two kingdom system to the current three domain system. The document contrasts characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria pdf
Brief introduction
History
Characteristics
Morphology
Classification
Nutrition
Structure
Reproduction
Economic importance of bacteria
Bacteria structure and function
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Unit-1.ppt
Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries & Only 1% of filtrate urine.
Reabsorbed substances not lost in the urine, but are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system → heart
Some reabsorption is passive & most is active transport
Bacterial Cell
The document summarizes key components and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the cytoplasm as the site of cell functions and containing structures like ribosomes and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and contains peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. The nucleoid region contains bacterial DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus. Other structures discussed include flagella, pili, inclusion bodies, and endospores.
BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT LIFE in evolution.pptx
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and plant life. It begins with definitions of biology and its subdisciplines. It then describes the different levels of organization in living systems from atoms to biosphere. There are at least 5 million known species on Earth, though many remain undiscovered or unnamed. Taxonomy is concerned with classifying organisms, and the 5 kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - are discussed. Viruses, though not living, are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of key plant groups like algae, mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms.
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Lecture 2:- Bacterial morphology , bacterial cell structure
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Myco ppt
- 2. GENERAL FEATURES 1. Mycoplasmas are unicellular, smallest, non- motile, free-living organisms and lack a cell wall. unicellular, smallest, non-motile and prokaryotic organisms 2. Bounded only by a single triple layered unit membrane. 3. Size ranges from 0.2-0.3 µm(bacteria 2-10 µm) 4. They are pleomorphic in shape. they occur as two different structural forms during a life cycle: coccoidal, a spherical or spheroidal shape, and filamentous, resembling rods.
- 4. No flagella, no spore and Gram negative. contain both RNA and DNA as well as ribosomes. resistant to antibiotics like penicillin, cephaloridine, vencomycin etc. But sensitive to tetracycline & chloramphenicol. Reproduction by binary fission and budding. Earlier it was called as pleuropneumonia-like organisms or PPLO because the first organism of this mycoplasma species was associated with pleuropneumonia of cattle.
- 5. CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS Most mycoplasmas require a rich medium(liquid or solid)containing a sterol and serum proteins for growth. Temperature 35-37 °C. On solid media, they form minute, transparent colonies. When viewed under low-power magnification, the colony looks like a “fried egg”. The different strains vary in their growth rate and may take from two days to several weeks to form a colony.
- 6. Do not stain with the Gram stain. With Giemsa stain, they appear as tiny pleomorphic cocci, short rods, short spirals, and sometimes as hollow ring forms.
- 9. Mycoplasma pneumoniae- respiratory infection Mycoplasma genitalium- causes urethritis and pelvic inflammation. Mycoplasma hominis- urogenital infections. etc INFECTIONS CAUSED BY MYCOPLASMA-
- 10. THANK YOU