Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
In this slide Structure of Skin and Hair, Hair Growth Cycle were described followed by skin related diseases such as Acne, dry skin, pigmentation, wrinkles etc.
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
In this slide Structure of Skin and Hair, Hair Growth Cycle were described followed by skin related diseases such as Acne, dry skin, pigmentation, wrinkles etc.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells. It affects around 2-3% of the global population and can manifest in various forms, from mild to severe. This condition is often associated with genetic factors and involves the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells.
The presentation describes medical classification and importance of Integumentary System and working of the system. Moreover, it also highlights different parts of the system.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Skin
• Skin is the organ of the human body that protects
from the pathogens from the environment and
retards the loss of excessive water.
• Its other functions are insulation,
temperature regulation, sensation and synthesis
of vitamin D.
• The skin is composed of the epidermis , dermis and
fat cells.
3.
4. • This layer consist of dead cells( without nucleus) and
constantly in contact with microorganism from the
environment.
• Impermeable to microorganism; however cuts, abrasion and
wounds can allow the organisms to penetrate.
• Consist of connective tissues and cushions the body from heat
and strain.
• Has sebaceous gland, sweat gland, hair follicles and nerve
endings.
5. • It attaches the dermis layer to the underlying bones and
provides with blood.
• It functions as padding and insulation.
6. NORMAL SKIN MICROBIOTA
The skin is hostile to the survival and growth of
microorganisms.
Skin flora can be comensalistic, mutalistic or
pathogenic.
The flora depends on the area, the clothing, occupation
and environment.
e.g. Pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes does not survive
for more than a few hours when applied to the skin
whereas it may survive in room air for weeks.
7. Some of the common flora on skin are:
Bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus – folliculitis, boils, etc.
Staphylococcus epidermis - Impetigo, Abscess
Staphylococcus warneri - Endocarditis, UTI
Propionibacterium acnes – Acne vulgaris
Pseudomonas aeroginosa - Folliculitus
13. There are some microbes present on skin which
actually increase the immunity to fight pathogenic
organisms
e.g. P. Acnes inhibits the growth of many pathogenic
microrganisms but under some conditions the
organism can even cause infection( i.e. acne vulgaris)
14. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISCOURAGING
MICROBIAL COLONIZATION ON SKIN
1. DRYNESS:
Dry surface is inhibitory to microbial growth.
Some regions of the skin are moist than others, e.g.
The axillary region, toe webs and the perineum( skin
at the lower end of the trunk between the thighs.)
These regions has higher number of normal flora
organisms than the drier area of skin.
15. 2. Low Ph:
Skin has a normal pH between 3 and 5 and it is
higher in moist regions.
This low pH is due to the lactic acid or other
organic acids produced by normal skin
microorganisms such as staphylococci. This factor
discourages the growth of other organisms.
16. 3. Inhibitory Substances:
Sweat glands – secrete lyzozyme that destroys
bacterial cell walls.
Sebaceous glands – secrete complex lipids which
may be partially degraded by Propionibacterium
acnes, that results in long chained unsaturated fatty
acids e.g. Oleic acid. This fatty acids are highly toxic
to other bacteria.
17. BENEFIT OF SKIN FLORA
The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing
transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the
skin surface, either by competing for nutrients,
secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the
skin's immune system.
18. DISADVANTAGE OF SKIN FLORA
Even resident microbes can cause skin diseases and
enter the blood system creating life-threatening
diseases particularly in immuno suppressed people.