Mycoplasma General Account
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The document provides a general account of Mycoplasma. Some key points: - Mycoplasma are the smallest, unicellular prokaryotes belonging to the class Mollicutes. They have no cell wall and are sensitive to osmotic shock. - They were first discovered by Pasture in 1843 from cattle pleural fluid and were initially called Mycoplasma mycoides. Nocard and Roux first cultured Mycoplasma in 1898. - Mycoplasma can be rod-like, ring-like, globoid or filamentous in shape. They range in size from 100-800 nm and reproduce by budding or binary fission.
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Mycoplasma
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Mycoplasma. Key points include:
- Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria capable of autonomous growth. They lack cell walls and are sensitive to osmotic shock and antibiotics like tetracyclines.
- They were first discovered in 1843 and isolated from cattle pleural fluid. Techniques for culturing mycoplasma were developed in the late 19th century.
- Mycoplasma can take different shapes and sizes. They reproduce through binary fission or budding.
- They are classified as facultative anaerobes in the class Mollicutes. Some require sterols for growth while others do not.
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
General Characteristics & Classification of Fungi
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Isolation and purification of plant viruses
The document summarizes the process of isolating and purifying plant viruses. It involves homogenizing infected plant leaves and extracting the sap containing viruses. The sap is then fractionated through low and high-speed centrifugation to separate out virus particles from other materials. The virus particles are further purified using density gradient centrifugation, which separates viruses based on their density through ultracentrifugation in layers of sucrose solutions with different densities. The purified virus band is collected and dialyzed to remove sucrose, yielding isolated and purified plant viruses. Key techniques used include density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Economic important in fungi
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
Classification of fungi by alexopolus
This document summarizes the classification of fungi according to Alexopolus. It describes the four main phyla of fungi: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, and Deuteromycota. Ascomycota is the largest phylum containing over 64,000 species of sac fungi. Basidiomycota contains club fungi and has sexual reproduction through basidia. Zygomycota contains zygote fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of two hyphal strands. Deuteromycota are imperfect fungi whose sexual cycles are unknown and reproduce asexually through conidia.
Rhizobium ppt
Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms symbiotic root nodules on legume plants. The bacteria live within the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is provided to the plant in exchange for organic compounds from photosynthesis. Key to this process is the nitrogenase enzyme, which consists of an iron and molybdenum-iron protein that work together to reduce dinitrogen gas into ammonia. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin, which protects the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. This mutually beneficial relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes provides fixed nitrogen to the plants.
Recommended
Mycoplasma
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Mycoplasma. Key points include:
- Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria capable of autonomous growth. They lack cell walls and are sensitive to osmotic shock and antibiotics like tetracyclines.
- They were first discovered in 1843 and isolated from cattle pleural fluid. Techniques for culturing mycoplasma were developed in the late 19th century.
- Mycoplasma can take different shapes and sizes. They reproduce through binary fission or budding.
- They are classified as facultative anaerobes in the class Mollicutes. Some require sterols for growth while others do not.
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
General Characteristics & Classification of Fungi
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Isolation and purification of plant viruses
The document summarizes the process of isolating and purifying plant viruses. It involves homogenizing infected plant leaves and extracting the sap containing viruses. The sap is then fractionated through low and high-speed centrifugation to separate out virus particles from other materials. The virus particles are further purified using density gradient centrifugation, which separates viruses based on their density through ultracentrifugation in layers of sucrose solutions with different densities. The purified virus band is collected and dialyzed to remove sucrose, yielding isolated and purified plant viruses. Key techniques used include density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Economic important in fungi
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
Classification of fungi by alexopolus
This document summarizes the classification of fungi according to Alexopolus. It describes the four main phyla of fungi: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, and Deuteromycota. Ascomycota is the largest phylum containing over 64,000 species of sac fungi. Basidiomycota contains club fungi and has sexual reproduction through basidia. Zygomycota contains zygote fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of two hyphal strands. Deuteromycota are imperfect fungi whose sexual cycles are unknown and reproduce asexually through conidia.
Rhizobium ppt
Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms symbiotic root nodules on legume plants. The bacteria live within the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is provided to the plant in exchange for organic compounds from photosynthesis. Key to this process is the nitrogenase enzyme, which consists of an iron and molybdenum-iron protein that work together to reduce dinitrogen gas into ammonia. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin, which protects the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. This mutually beneficial relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes provides fixed nitrogen to the plants.
Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Reproduction in fungi
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction is more common and occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding or sporulation. Sporulation produces spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction involves the union of nuclei through plasmogamy and karyogamy, followed by meiosis. It occurs via processes like planogametic copulation, gametangial contact or somatogamy and produces offspring through recombination of genetic material.
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
General Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can exist as unicellular yeasts or multicellular filamentous molds. Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae, which are branching filaments that can form a mycelium. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients by degrading and absorbing organic matter as saprophytes or living as parasites or symbionts of other organisms. They reproduce both sexually through the production and fusion of spores and asexually through spores. The sexual life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals to form a mycelium with haploid nuclei from both that can be either heterokaryotic or d
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Structure and Reproduction of Rhizopus sp.,
Rhizopus is a type of fungus belonging to the class Zygomycetes. It reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces sporangiospores or chlamydospores which germinate into new fungal thalli under suitable conditions. Sexually, conjugation between opposite mating types leads to the formation of thick-walled zygospores which act as resting structures until germinating into new thalli. Rhizopus has a coenocytic mycelium and produces sporangia bearing sporangiospores aerially from sporangiophores.
life cycle of Agaricus
1) Agaricus is a genus of edible and some poisonous mushrooms that grow worldwide. They are commonly known as mushrooms.
2) The vegetative structure of Agaricus includes a subterranean mycelium that grows outward in a circular pattern to form "fairy rings". The mycelium can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
3) The development of the mushroom's basidiocarp or sporophore begins underground as small primordia that emerge above ground and enlarge into the characteristic mushroom shape with a cap, gills, and stalk. Mature basidiospores are forcibly discharged from the gills.
Marsilea structure and reproduction
1. Marsilea is an aquatic or semi-aquatic plant commonly found in freshwater ponds and ditches in temperate regions like Pakistan and Punjab.
2. The vegetative plant is a sporophyte with a rhizome, adventitious roots, and compound leaves with four leaflets arranged in a cross-like pattern.
3. It is heterosporous, producing megaspores and microspores within sporocarps that contain sori with alternating rows of megasporangia and microsporangia. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes and microspores into male gametophytes.
Female gametophyte
This document summarizes the development of the female gametophyte in angiosperms. It begins with an introduction to the megaspore mother cell and its development into the female gametophyte through meiosis. There are three main types of female gametophytes - monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic - which are distinguished by the number of megaspores involved. A monosporic gametophyte develops from a single megaspore, while bisporic and tetrasporic involve two and four megaspores, respectively. Examples of each type are provided, including the common Polygonum type of monosporic gametophyte and the Allium and
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Ascomycota salient features
Contents
Reproduction types and fructifications
General characteristics
Classification
Economic importance
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Lichens ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and a fungus (the mycobiont). The fungus provides structure and protects the photobiont while the photobiont produces food for both partners through photosynthesis. Lichens have four basic thallus morphologies - crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia, and sexually through ascospores. Lichens produce unique chemical compounds called lichen acids which help defend against herbivores and metal binding properties. Lichens have many uses including as food, fodder
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Agaricus
The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
Albugo
(1) Albugo candida is an obligate parasitic fungus that infects plants in the crucifer family like mustard and causes white rust disease. It has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages.
(2) During asexual reproduction, sporangiophores produce chains of sporangia on the leaf surface that release zoospores or germinate directly to infect other leaves.
(3) During sexual reproduction in unfavorable conditions, antheridia and oogonia are produced deeper in host tissues and undergo fertilization to form thick-walled oospores that overwinter in soil or plant debris.
Volvox ppt
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
Parasexuality in fungi
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
mycoplasma By KK Sahu Sir
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
structure of mo.pptx
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms as living things that are too small to see with the naked eye and require a microscope. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides details about the Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae kingdoms. The document also discusses bacterial cell structure and functions such as the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, and spores. It provides comparisons between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and describes different morphological types of bacteria.
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Reproduction in fungi
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction is more common and occurs through fragmentation, fission, budding or sporulation. Sporulation produces spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction involves the union of nuclei through plasmogamy and karyogamy, followed by meiosis. It occurs via processes like planogametic copulation, gametangial contact or somatogamy and produces offspring through recombination of genetic material.
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
General Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can exist as unicellular yeasts or multicellular filamentous molds. Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae, which are branching filaments that can form a mycelium. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients by degrading and absorbing organic matter as saprophytes or living as parasites or symbionts of other organisms. They reproduce both sexually through the production and fusion of spores and asexually through spores. The sexual life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals to form a mycelium with haploid nuclei from both that can be either heterokaryotic or d
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
Structure and Reproduction of Rhizopus sp.,
Rhizopus is a type of fungus belonging to the class Zygomycetes. It reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces sporangiospores or chlamydospores which germinate into new fungal thalli under suitable conditions. Sexually, conjugation between opposite mating types leads to the formation of thick-walled zygospores which act as resting structures until germinating into new thalli. Rhizopus has a coenocytic mycelium and produces sporangia bearing sporangiospores aerially from sporangiophores.
life cycle of Agaricus
1) Agaricus is a genus of edible and some poisonous mushrooms that grow worldwide. They are commonly known as mushrooms.
2) The vegetative structure of Agaricus includes a subterranean mycelium that grows outward in a circular pattern to form "fairy rings". The mycelium can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
3) The development of the mushroom's basidiocarp or sporophore begins underground as small primordia that emerge above ground and enlarge into the characteristic mushroom shape with a cap, gills, and stalk. Mature basidiospores are forcibly discharged from the gills.
Marsilea structure and reproduction
1. Marsilea is an aquatic or semi-aquatic plant commonly found in freshwater ponds and ditches in temperate regions like Pakistan and Punjab.
2. The vegetative plant is a sporophyte with a rhizome, adventitious roots, and compound leaves with four leaflets arranged in a cross-like pattern.
3. It is heterosporous, producing megaspores and microspores within sporocarps that contain sori with alternating rows of megasporangia and microsporangia. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes and microspores into male gametophytes.
Female gametophyte
This document summarizes the development of the female gametophyte in angiosperms. It begins with an introduction to the megaspore mother cell and its development into the female gametophyte through meiosis. There are three main types of female gametophytes - monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic - which are distinguished by the number of megaspores involved. A monosporic gametophyte develops from a single megaspore, while bisporic and tetrasporic involve two and four megaspores, respectively. Examples of each type are provided, including the common Polygonum type of monosporic gametophyte and the Allium and
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Ascomycota salient features
Contents
Reproduction types and fructifications
General characteristics
Classification
Economic importance
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
Oomycetes
The oomycetes, also known as water molds, are a diverse group of microorganisms that include many devastating plant pathogens. They can live as saprotrophs breaking down decaying matter or as parasites on plants. The potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans resulted in the Great Irish Famine of 1845. Oomycetes reproduce both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction involving the production of motile zoospores inside sporangia. They include some of the most damaging agricultural parasites and have helped scientists understand the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles.
Lichens ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and a fungus (the mycobiont). The fungus provides structure and protects the photobiont while the photobiont produces food for both partners through photosynthesis. Lichens have four basic thallus morphologies - crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia, and sexually through ascospores. Lichens produce unique chemical compounds called lichen acids which help defend against herbivores and metal binding properties. Lichens have many uses including as food, fodder
Algae thallus
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Agaricus
The document summarizes the structure and reproduction of Agaricus, a saprophytic fungus commonly known as the white button mushroom. It has a vegetative mycelium that grows underground and produces a fruiting body above ground containing gills. The gills contain basidia that produce basidiospores for reproduction. Agaricus reproduces through three methods - vegetative reproduction by mycelium, asexual reproduction via chlamydospores, and sexual reproduction where two mycelial strains fuse and produce basidiospores in the fruiting bodies.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
Albugo
(1) Albugo candida is an obligate parasitic fungus that infects plants in the crucifer family like mustard and causes white rust disease. It has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages.
(2) During asexual reproduction, sporangiophores produce chains of sporangia on the leaf surface that release zoospores or germinate directly to infect other leaves.
(3) During sexual reproduction in unfavorable conditions, antheridia and oogonia are produced deeper in host tissues and undergo fertilization to form thick-walled oospores that overwinter in soil or plant debris.
Volvox ppt
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
Parasexuality in fungi
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
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Similar to Mycoplasma General Account
mycoplasma By KK Sahu Sir
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
structure of mo.pptx
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms as living things that are too small to see with the naked eye and require a microscope. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides details about the Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae kingdoms. The document also discusses bacterial cell structure and functions such as the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, and spores. It provides comparisons between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and describes different morphological types of bacteria.
structure & classification of microbes
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms and explaining that they can only be seen under an electron microscope due to their small size. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Most of the document focuses on characteristics of the Monera kingdom, which includes bacteria. It describes bacterial cell structures like the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, flagella, and endospores. It also discusses different bacterial shapes, arrangements, staining properties and includes examples of some pathogenic bacteria.
MYCOPLASMA.pptx
Mycoplasma , history of mycoplasma, diagnosis and , cell structure of mycoplasma , transmission of mycoplasma...
Microbiology
1. The document discusses the discovery and characteristics of bacteria, including their cell structures. Bacteria were first discovered in 1676 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek and later studies by Pasteur and Koch linked them to diseases.
2. Bacteria have diverse morphologies and sizes but generally lack organelles. Their cells contain genetic material, ribosomes, and may have a cell wall, capsule, flagella or fimbriae. Cell walls differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. Important groups discussed include Archaea, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma (wall-less bacteria) and L-forms (wall-less derivative bacteria). Characteristics, structures and differences between
Myco ppt
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms lacking a cell wall. They range from 0.2-0.3 μm in size and are bounded by a single membrane. Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic, occurring in coccoidal or filamentous shapes. They reproduce by binary fission or budding and are resistant to some antibiotics like penicillin but sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Mycoplasmas require rich media with sterols and serum for growth at 35-37°C and form small transparent colonies visible under low magnification.
Unicellular microorganism
Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and include protists, bacteria, and viruses.
Protists such as amoebas, euglenas, and paramecia are eukaryotic organisms that can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Bacteria are prokaryotic and can be found almost everywhere on Earth. Viruses are non-cellular and can only reproduce inside host cells.
Cell and tissues rebat uni
The document provides information about zoology and human biology. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, which scientists hypothesize began between 4-3.5 billion years ago from basic molecules like methane, ammonia and water vapor in the atmosphere. The earliest life forms were bacteria, which evolved into more complex organisms over time. It then summarizes the cell theory and describes the structure and functions of plant and animal cells. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are highlighted. The document also discusses cellular transport mechanisms, cell division (mitosis and meiosis), and provides classifications of the five kingdoms of life.
SPIROPLASMS/MOLLICUTES, TAXONOMY, SPREAD AND MANAGEMENT
Mollicutes is a class with pliable cell boundary, pleomorphic in shape
They are smallest, simplest and self replicating cellular organisms.
Ultrastructure of fungi(R.sneka).pptx
Fungi have typical eukaryotic structures like a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, and inclusions. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and is composed mainly of chitin. The plasma membrane encloses the protoplast and contains ergosterol. Cytoplasm contains organelles and performs metabolic functions. Fungi can be either unicellular yeasts or multicellular molds that reproduce asexually by spores or sexually.
Cell - the unit of life
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann stating that all living things are composed of cells that arise from pre-existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document outlines several cellular structures common to both cell types, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and endomembrane system including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. It provides details on the structure and functions of these various organelles.
Important Notes - NEET - Biology - Cell Structure and Function
The document provides information on cell structure and organization. It discusses:
1. The cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells contain genetic material.
2. The main components of prokaryotic cells including the cell envelope, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material contained in the nucleoid.
3. The structures of eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and other organelles. The plasma membrane is a bilayer that regulates transport and communication.
Chlamydomonas Assignment
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Chlamydomonas
Morphology of bacteria
This document provides information on bacterial morphology and classification. It describes the key structures of bacterial cells including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. It outlines the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cell walls. Classification systems are discussed ranging from the early two kingdom system to the current three domain system. The document contrasts characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bacterial Cell
The document summarizes key components and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the cytoplasm as the site of cell functions and containing structures like ribosomes and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and contains peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. The nucleoid region contains bacterial DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus. Other structures discussed include flagella, pili, inclusion bodies, and endospores.
Structure of bacteria
E. coli is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the large intestine. It has several protective outer layers including a capsule, cell wall, and outer plasma membrane. The capsule and slime layer help protect the bacterium from drying out and prevent phagocytosis. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the plasma membranes serve as selective barriers. Inside, the cytoplasm contains ribosomes and other structures for carrying out metabolic functions. E. coli can also contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements like plasmids that allow for antibiotic resistance or virulence factor encoding. It uses flagella and pili for motility and adhesion.
3. prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
This document discusses and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides information on their key structures and functions. Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and include bacteria. They have a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and can reproduce asexually. Eukaryotic cells are larger, have membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Examples of eukaryotes include plants, animals and fungi. The document provides details on specific structures like the nucleus, cell membrane, and flagella in both cell types.
Protozoa(unit 1)
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Some examples that were discussed include Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, and Plasmodium. Leishmania is transmitted by sandflies and causes leishmaniasis. Trichomonas vaginalis causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery. Plasmodium parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause malaria. Many protozoans can cause disease in humans or other animals.
Microbiology lecture.pptx
This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the structure and composition of bacterial cell walls. It notes that prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells have these structures. The three domains of life are described as Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls are then compared in terms of their peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and permeability. Finally, acid-fast bacteria and cell wall-deficient bacteria are briefly discussed.
Similar to Mycoplasma General Account (20)
SPIROPLASMS/MOLLICUTES, TAXONOMY, SPREAD AND MANAGEMENT
SPIROPLASMS/MOLLICUTES, TAXONOMY, SPREAD AND MANAGEMENT
Important Notes - NEET - Biology - Cell Structure and Function
Important Notes - NEET - Biology - Cell Structure and Function
More from University of Allahabad
Structure and Classification of Lichen.pptx
- Lichens are classified based on the type of fungal partner - either ascomycetes (ascolichens) or basidiomycetes (basidiolichens). Their thallus can take various forms like crustose (crust-like), foliose (leaf-like), or fruticose (shrub-like).
- Internally, lichen thalli are either homoimerous (algal cells and fungal hyphae uniformly distributed) or heteromerous (differentiated into layers with algal zone separated). Heteromerous thalli have upper/lower cortices and a medullary region.
- Special structures include breathing
Introduction and Characters of Licghens.pptx
1. Lichens are a composite group of organisms formed from the symbiotic relationship between an alga and a fungus.
2. The algal partner produces carbohydrates through photosynthesis that are utilized by both organisms, while the fungal partner absorbs and retains water.
3. Lichens reproduce through vegetative means like fragmentation, and sexually through the formation of ascospores or basidiospores by the fungal component.
Fluorescence Microscopy
This document summarizes fluorescence microscopy. It discusses how fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of reflection and absorption to study organic and inorganic substances. It describes how fluorescent dyes are used to stain cellular components, and how excitation light is absorbed by the dyes and emitted at a longer wavelength. The instrumentation of a fluorescence microscope includes fluorescent dyes, a light source, excitation and emission filters, and a dichromic mirror. Applications include identifying structures in biological samples and live cell imaging.
Lampbrush chromosome (Giant Chromosome)
The document discusses Lampbrush chromosomes, which were first observed in salamander oocytes in 1882. Lampbrush chromosomes occur during prolonged diplotene stage of meiosis in oocytes of many animal species. They have an elongated structure with loops projecting from the chromosome axis, and each loop performs intense transcription of hnRNA and mRNA. This transcription allows oocytes to build up RNA and proteins required for future embryonic development.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a technique that analyzes samples by generating ionized molecules from a sample and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. It can determine molecular structures and weights using only a few picomoles of sample. A mass spectrometer consists of an ion source, mass analyzer, detector, and data system under high vacuum. Ions are separated by the mass analyzer based on their m/z ratios, detected, and the relative abundances are measured to produce a mass spectrum. This provides information about molecules and their fragments. Common applications include analyzing organic compounds, proteins, and metabolites.
History of Microbiology
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen clearly without a microscope. The history of microbiology began with early observations of microbes in the 17th century. Key figures like Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch helped prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science through their experiments showing microbes cause disease. Major advances included developing pure culture techniques, discovering antibiotics like penicillin, and learning microbes play important roles in environments and ecosystems.
Economic importance of pteridophyta
This document summarizes the various uses of pteridophytes, which are ancient vascular plants that include ferns. It outlines how pteridophytes are used in soil conservation, as biofertilizers, as food sources for humans and animals, as ornamental plants, for entertainment, medicinally, to produce chemicals, in manufacturing, and as metal accumulators. Some key uses mentioned include using ferns like Pteris and Dryopteris for soil erosion control, Azolla species as biofertilizer by fixing nitrogen, and consuming fern tubers, rhizomes, and fronds. The document also lists specific pteridophytes used for things like dye production, oil extraction, basket we
Anamalous secondary growth
This document discusses anomalous secondary growth in plants. It begins by defining anomalous secondary growth as a deviation from normal cambial activity in dicots. There are two types of anomalous growth: adaptive and non-adaptive. Adaptive growth includes woody climbers, while non-adaptive includes plants like Rumex and Chenopodium.
The document then describes two types of anomalous secondary growth: 1) abnormal behavior of the normal cambium and 2) abnormal behavior of an abnormal cambium. In type 1, the cambium forms vascular tissue only in bundle regions or produces more vascular tissue in bundles, seen in plants like Cucurbita and Bignonia. In type 2, accessory cambia form rings of vascular bundles
More from University of Allahabad (8)
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
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Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Mycoplasma General Account
- 1. Presented To- Pro. HK Kehri Faculty of Botany University of Allahabad Presented by- Salman khan MSc-3rd SEM Topic- General Account of Mycoplasma
- 2. Mycoplasmas are the smallest, and unicellular prokaryotes belonging to class-Mollicutes. Mycoplasma have no cell wall that is they are pleomorphic. It is sensitive to osmotic shock / detergents. They are also sensitive to antibiotics such as tetracyclin chloramphenicol. They are smallest bacteria that the capability of autonomous growth. They are gram positive bacteria. Mycoplasma are the facultative anaerobes or obligatory anaerobes. They have low G+C percent that is about 23-41%. Introduction of Mycoplasma: -
- 3. History of Mycoplasma:- Discovered by Pasture in 1843. Isolated from pleural fluid of cattle. It was called as Mycoplasma mycoides. Nocard and Roux first cultured Mycoplasma in 1898. In 1929 Nowak called them PPLO.
- 4. They are unicellular, smallest, non-motile and prokaryotic organisms forming fried egg- shaped colonies. They may be rod like, ring like, globoid or filamentous. The filaments are of uniform diameter (100-300 nm) and vary in length from 3 nm to 150 nm. Some mycoplasma predominantly assumes spherical shape (300-800 nm in diameter). Morphology of Mycoplasma:-
- 5. Chemical composition of Mycoplasma: - Composition Percentage (%) Protein 40-60% Carbohydrate 0-1% DNA content 3-7% Lipid 8-10%
- 6. Structure of Mycoplasma: - The cells are small, and the diameter of the cells range between 0.3 and 0.9 µm. These are prokaryotic and do not contain a true nucleus. Each cell is covered with a unit lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane which is 7.5 – 10 µm thick. The cytoplasm contains genetic material (nucleoplasm like material) and ribosomes. Both DNA and RNA act as genetic materials. It is usually half that usually occurs in other prokaryotes. The DNA amounts to 4 per cent and RNA about 8 per cent. Mycoplasmas are non-motile but show gliding slow movements.
- 7. Structure:-
- 8. Reproduction of Mycoplasma: - Mycoplasmas reproduce by budding and or by binary fission. Cells of mycoplasmas divide unevenly into very minute bodies or minimal reproductive unit. These are formed inside the large body or mature cell Their size varies from 330 nm to 450 nm. These bodies are the smallest independent living entities so far known.
- 9. Transmission: - Mycoplasma like organisms (MLO) or phytoplasmas are usually present in phloem of the host plants and are transmitted from host to another host by leaf hoppers but some are transmitted by psyllids, treehoppers, plant hoppers and some possibly by aphids and miles.