Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They exhibit a variety of shapes and methods of movement and nutrition. The document discusses the characteristics of protozoa including their size, habitats, symmetry, nutrition, and locomotion. It also summarizes the main subphyla of protozoa and describes features of foraminifera, including their shells (tests), shapes, and sexual forms. Paleontology is discussed in relation to studying fossils to understand past life and environments.

2. Roll # 02
BS-Geology 2nd semester
Sir Waqas Naseem
Sabz Ali Khan & Malli Khan Institute Of
Earthsciences

3. Phylum Protozoa

4. Contents:
1.General characterstics:
2.Reproduction:
3.Pseudopodia:
4.Cilia:
5.Sub phylum of protozoa:
6.Foriminifera test:
7.Test shape:
8.Microspheric & megalospheric:
9.Living organisms:
10.Paleontology:
11.Its relation with allied subjects:

5. Protozoa:
Pro mean First
Zoan mean Animals
First unicellular animals
Order……Foriminifora
Class…...Sarcodina
General characteristics:

6. Protozoa
 They are unicellular.
 Most are microscopic.
 All symmetries are present.
 No germ layers are present.
 No organs or tissues are formed, but specialized
organelles serve many of these functions.
 They include free-living, mutualistic and parasitic
forms.
General characteristics:

7. General characteristics:
 They move by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and
they can direct cell movements
 Most are naked, but some have a simple
endoskeleton or exoskeleton.
 All types of nutrition are present: autotrophic,
heterotrophic and saprozoic.
 They can be aquatic or terrestrial.

8.  Microscopic in size
 65,000 identified species with almost half extinct
 Found in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial
habitats
 Make up part of the zooplankton & serve as food
for animals in marine & freshwater systems
 First seen by Leeuwenhoek in 1675
 Many species are free living.
General characteristics:

9. Reproduction:
1)Sexual reproduction:
2)Asexual reproduction:
All reproduce asexually by binary
fission.(single protozon divides into two
individual).
Some species reproduce by multiple fission
producing more then two individual.
Some species reproduce sexually by
conjugation.

10. Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction

11. Conjugation – sexual reproduction

13. Pseudopodia:
Help In locomotion of living
organism and it is food
gathering device.
Infeeding cytoplasm may
completely(increased)
inclose the test sending out
long thread like extension is
known as psedupdia.

14. Cilia:
 Cilia:
Hair-like structures
by which the
organism moves,
collects food and
senses their
surroundings.

15. Sub phylum Of
protozoa

16. 1. Phylum Euglenozoa:
• Sub phylum Euglenida:
Subphylum Kinetoplasta:
2. Phylum Chlorophyta:
3. Phylum Apicomplexa:
4. Phylum Ciliophora:
5. Phylum Sarcodina:
6. Phylum foraminifera:
Sub phylum Of protozoa

17.  Phylum Euglenozoa:
 Organisms move by
one or two flagella.
 Monomorphic nuclei.
 Capable of
photosynthesis;
chloroplasts usually
present.

18. Subphylum Kinetoplasta:
Organisms are only
heterotrophic.
No chloroplasts present.
all parasitic.

19. Phylum Chlorophyta:
Flagellated single or colonial organisms
Are autotrophic
Have chloroplasts with chlorophyll
Genetically different from Euglenozoa

20. Phylum Apicomplexa:
organisms do not have
locomotors structures
all species are parasitic
asexual reproduction
involves.

21. Phylum Ciliophora:
 Called ciliates because they move
by short, hairlike cilia lining the
cell membrane
 Cilia may be modified into teeth,
paddles, or feet
 Largest group of protozoans
 Most found in freshwater, but
some are marine
 Called plankton & serve as a food
source

22. Have 2 types of nuclei --- micronuclei &
macronuclei.
Macronucleus controls asexual reproduction.
Can reproduce sexually by conjugation (two
paramecia join together & exchange DNA).
Gases diffuse across cell membrane.

23.  Phylum Sarcodina:
Includes hundreds of species of
amebas.
Found in freshwater, marine, &
moist soil habitats.
 Usually reproduce asexually.
Their cytoplasm consists of clear,
outer ectoplasm and granular, inner
endoplasm.
Move by extending cytoplasm
(cytoplasmic streaming).
Cytoplasm extensions are called
“false foot” or pseudopods.

24.  Undigested food & wastes leave by exocytosis.
 Most Sarcodinians have contractile vacuoles to
pump out excess water.
 Oxygen & carbon dioxide diffuse through the cell
membrane.
 React to stimuli such as light.
 Some Sarcodinians have hard shells called the test
made of silica or calcium carbonate.
 Radiolarians found in warm, marine waters have a
test made of silica & have sticky pseudopodia to
trap food

25. Phylum Foraminifera:
Very small the majority of foraminifera is containing
the diametre of less than 1mm.some foraminifera
reached the diametre of 100mm across their shells.
They are common in shallow marine environment
and floating form.
They are widely distributed in the near surface part
of the ocean.
The sand of typical areas are made up of almost
interally of foriminifera fossils.

26. Foraminifera Test:
1) Chitoneous test Complex test
2) Calcareous test CaCO3
3) Silicious SiO2
4)Agglutinated forien particle
cement together
e.g Quartz,
feldspar

27. Test shape:
Belonging to single species of foriminifera .Two
types:
1. Micro-Spheric form
2. Megalospheric form

28. Microspheric megalospheric
Very large size of test and very small
proloculus.
Very small size of test and large proloculus
Number of species are more. Less number of species
Sexual reproduction A sexually reproduction
Large test. Small – test
Number of chamber are more. Less number of chamber.
Microspheric & megalospheric

29. Living Animals:
Contain cytoplasms.
The cytoplasm is differentiate into outerpart
actoplasm and inner part endoplasm.
A test is secreted by all except a few of simplest
foraminifera.
It consist of complex organic compound of
cemented areneous compound. E.g Sand or calcite
or other particles.

30. Paleontology
&
Its Relation With
Allied Subjects

31. 1. Palaeontology is the branch of geology that studies
and interprets ancient life remains i.e. fossils.
2. Fossils are an important key in identifying and
dating past environments and can also be
extremely useful for geologic mapping.
3. In Latin the word fossil means “dug up.”
Palaeontology

32. Relation with allied subjects:
1.Biology: Study of living things through time.
2.Neontology: Study of existing life.
3.Botany: Science of living plants.
4.Zoology: Science of living animals.
5.Palaeontology: Study of life of past geologic ages.
6.Palaeobotany: Science of fossil plants.

33. 7.Palaeozoology: Science of fossil
animals.(Vertebrates & Invertebrates.
8.Micropaleontology: The study of microscopic fossil.
9.Verteberate paleontology: The study of animal
having backbone.
10.Inverteberate paleontology:Study of animal which
have no back bone.
11.Taphonomy: The process of decay and
preservation of fossil.

34. 12.Ichnology: study of track , trails &burrows is
known as Ichnology.
13.Paleoechology: Study deal with fossil for detecting
ancient environment.

35. THANKS