2. BIOLOGYâstudy of life
Some new disciplinesâbiophysics, biochemistry,
biomathematics, biogeography, biotechnology, etcâŠ
Beginningâdescriptive study: zoology, botany, anthropology
All had special branchesâ anatomy, physiology, paleonotology;
With the invention of microscopeâmicrobiology, virology,
cytology, histology, molecular biology, genetics;
Complex studyâecology, ethology,
Applied fieldsâmedical sciences, horticulture, gene technology,
4. LEVELS OF STRUCTURING IN LIVING SYSTEMS:
Under the cell & above the cell
UC
ATOMS
MOLECULES
CELL ORGANELLES
CELL (basic unit of structure & function)
AC
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
6. LIVING THINGS SHOW AN ENORMOUS DIVERSITY.
THERE ARE AT LEAST 5 MILLION SPECIES OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH.
(Yet, only about 2 million species have been named and described.)
New species are discovered almost daily and about 140 species disappear each day.
T A X O N O M Y:
- is concerned with the classification and naming of living organisms.
- ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION:
- based on easily observable characteristics;
- ARISTOTLE (Greek philosopher, 384â322 B.C.) classified living beings (500 species) into 2 â animals
16. V I R U S E S
- nm sized (nanometres) â visible only with electron microscopes;
- no cellular structure, no life functions;
- need host organism to multiply itself;
- can be crystalized and stored in this state for several years, yet they still
infect living cells when contact them.
- cannot be destroyed by drugs since have no metabolism;
- They re-program the hostâs genetic information, destroying them and
multiplying themselves.
- Since outside the host they are unable to reproduce themselves they are
OBLIGATE PARASITES.
- They could not exist before the appearance of the first cellular beings.
- Probably they originated from some genes breaking off from the genetic
matter of the host.
17. V I R U S STRUCTURES/FORMS
ROD SHAPED
CYLINDER
SHAPED
POLYHEDRAL
SHAPED SPHERICAL
SHAPED
BACTERIOPHAGE
S
b) causes wide range
of illnesses, from mild
respiratory infections
in young children
(known as
the common cold) to
life-threatening multi-
organ disease in
people with
a weakened immune
system.
c) Influenza,
commonly known as
the flu, is an infectious
disease caused by an
influenza virus.
Symptoms can be mild
to severe.
d) A bacteriophage is a
type of virus that
infects bacteria. In fact,
the word
"bacteriophage"
20. KINGDOM of M O N E R A
Individuals are single-celled, may or may not move, have a cell wall, have no
chloroplasts or other organelles, and have no nucleus.
Monera are usually very tiny, although one type, namely the blue-green
bacteria, look like algae. They are filamentous and quite long, green, but have
no visible structure inside the cells.
No visible feeding mechanism. They absorb nutrients through the cell wall &
membrane or produce their own by photosynthesis.
21.
22.
23.
24. CYANOBACTERIA
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta.
'Bloom' is the term used to describe an accumulation of algal
cells to a point where they discolor the water, affect fish
populations and reduce the water quality.
Species of blue-green algae may dominate and increase
excessively in water when: water is still and turbulence is low
(lack of mixing) weather patterns are stable for a week or so
weather is warm. Blue-green algal blooms often persist for
several weeks, sometimes months, depending mainly on the
weather or flow conditions.
Cyanobacteria, also known as
Cyanophyta, are a phylum of
bacteria and plastids that obtain
their energy through
photosynthesis. They are the only
photosynthetic prokaryotes able to
produce oxygen. The name
cyanobacteria comes from the color
of the bacteria.
26. S I M P L E EUKARYOTES
- Appearance of these cells was about 1,5 billion years ago.
- Eukaryotes are about 10 times bigger then the prokaryotic ones.
- Complex structure with inner membranes â nuclear envelope as well.
- They evolved from prokaryotic cells during the evolution by ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY.
27. KINGDOM of PROTISTS
- Mainly unicellulars and all are EUKARYOTES
- 3 major groups:
a) ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS or PROTOZOA (all unicellulars and heterotrophic living beings)- consumers or
decomposers;
b) PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS (uni- or multucellulars and autotrophs); producers in the aquatic phytoplankton
with cellulose cell wall , with pigments for photosynthesis (chlorophyll and some others making sugars
and stored in starch).
c) MIXOTROPHIC PROTIST â have a great phylogenetic importance.
d) FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS â have motion ability and heterotrophic but they need cell wall like the plants.
PHYLUM OF FLAGELLATES
- Aquatic Protists that have traits of both plants and animals and in their ancient forms in one cell there is
a mixotrophic feature.
28. PHYLUM of CYTOMORPHS â animal like Protists
They may have more than 1 nuclei but if they have 2 or more they are alike
performing the same function as well.
- The freshwater species have contractile vacuole to eliminate waste matter and H2O that flows into the cell by
osmosis â the water concentration is greater outside than inside the cell.
- CLASS of RHIZOPODES
- Species: LARGE AMOEBA
29.
30. PHYLUM of C I L I O P H O R A
CILIATES
- THEY HAVE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEI;
- Macro and micronuclei.
Species of Paramecium range in size from 50 to 330 micrometers in length. Cells are typically ovoid,
elongate, cigar-shaped. The body of the cell is enclosed by an elastic membrane (pellicle), uniformly covered with
simple cilia, hair like organelles which act like tiny oars to move the organism in one direction. NUTRITION: food
vacuolesâdigestive vacuolesâcontractile vacuoles.
Only reproduction
31.
32.
33. PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS
PHYLUM of G R E E N ALGAE
- Direct ancestors to simple plants;
- They have the same pigment matters as the plants have (chlorophyll a/b, xanthophyll,
carotene);
- They have cellulose cell wall;
- They store food in form of starch;
- We can follow the evolution from simple to more complex;
CHLAMYDOMONAS (körtemoszat) - unicellular
36. FLATTENED THALLUS BODY FORM
- If the cells of an alga divide in 2 directions and remain attached,
a leaf-like flattened thallus (lemezes telep) is formed. ULVA species
37. THE MOST ADVANCED STRUCTURE of THALLUS:
THALLOID BODY (telep-test)
It is formed by cell divisions in all 3 dimensions â they look like real plants BUT no tissues.
CHARA (csillĂĄrkamoszat) species
38. PHYLUM of R E D A L G A E
- Unicellulars or multicellular thalloid body formed algae;
- They live in warmer seas attached to the bottom; (tropics, subtropics) â 200 meters deep
- Less light source can be utilize due to its photosynthetic pigment matters: chlorophyll, phycobilin+phycocyanin
(blue) and phycoeritrin (red).
- IRISH MOSS species
Agar is used for culture medium
PHYLUM of B R O W N A L G A E
- Largest bodied living beings ROOTED IN ONLY 25 METERS
DEPTH IN COLDER NORDIC SEAS.
- Fucoxanthin pigment matter
- Airbladders
- 60-100 meters long and their wight is about 3-4 tons
39. REPRODUCTION OF ALGAE
- Asexual reproduction by asexual spores by 1 parental body;
- Sexual reproduction with 2 gametes (male+female)
- During the fertilization a fusion takes place and a zygote is formed
- IN ALGAE the sexual and asexual reproductions alternate during their life cycle.
- GAMETES are HAPLOID (n) and after fusion a zygote is DIPLOID (2n)
- SPOROPHYTA AND GAMETOPHYATA GENERATIONS are alternating each other.
40. F U N G I
- Uni- or multicellular living beings;
- Heterotrophs;
- Cell walls are made up of CHITIN;
- Threadlike partsâhyphaâhyphae (pl) MORE HYPHAE FOFRM MYCELIUM;
- Saprophytes IF THEY OBTAIN FOOD FROM DEAD BODIES;
- Parasites IF THEY LIVE ON OR IN ANOTHER LIVING BEING;
- MYCORRHIZAEâare symbiotic relationships between fungi and plants;
-
- Phylum of ASCOMYCOTA â sac fungi â spores are in ascusâasci , they are beneficial to humans âyeasts for
bakers or vintners (bread, wine);
41. - Phylum of BASIDIOMYCOTAâspores are on basidium. Edible mushrooms and TOADSTOOLS (in-edible ones);
- UMBRELLA LIKE CAP, STALKâsometimes a ring on the stalk;
- DEATH CAP (Amanita phalloides) sp. Is poisonous;
- CHAMPIGNON (Agaricus campestris) is an edible one;
- VALUES: antibiotics (A.Fleming), vitamins, alcohols, wide diversity of chemicals, etcâŠ.;
- During fermentation they can take part in the production of alcohol, vinegar, cheese.
43. Phylum of MOSSES
- Body parts: leaf-like formation, stem-like parts, rhizoids-absorbing water and minerals.
- Non-vascular plants (no transporting tissue);
- They depend on the surrounding moisture.
- Non-flowering plants â they reproduce themselves with spores.
- Helpful in preventing soil erosion;
- Important pioneer plants for the soil formation;
44.
45.
46. Phylum of FERNS
- spore-bearing leaves;
- Horizontal underground stems â called rhizomes;
- THEY ARE THE FIRST VASCULAR PLANTS
- They do not have flowers/seeds but have real tissues
and real organs (stem, root, leaves);
- They need water for reproduction;
47.
48. PHYLUM of GYMNOSPERMS
- Woody plants;
- Mainly evergreens;
- Male pollen cones & female seed cones lack sepals and petals;
- Seed cones have NO OVARIES (ovary sing.)âunprotected buds;
- Widespread root system extracts nutrients with the help of fungi;
- Long thin leavesâneedles;
- They do not have fruit;
- Wind-pollinated flowersâthey are not bright coloured onesâno scent either;
- Their winged seeds are also carried by the wind;
- CYCADS, GNETOPHYTES, CONIFERS,
- Fairly soft woodâgood for making furniture;
- SCOTCH FIR (Pinus silvestrisâERDEI FENYĆ)
- NORWAY SPRUCE (Picea abiesâLUCFENYĆ)
- EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix deciduas)âVĂRĂSFENYĆ)
- Native Hungarian conifers above (3)
49. VASCULAR and FLOWERING PLANTS
- multicellular, eukaryotes;
- terrestrial, stationary;
- Autotrophic beings;
- Parasitic, semi-parasites, symbiosis,
- Diphasic ontogenyâalternation of generations.
- BODY STRUCTURE:
Plant cell
50. PHYLUM of ANGIOSPERMS
- Mainly soft stemmed plants;
- They have flowers (complete or
incomplete) and different seed types;
- They can be annuals, biennials,
Perennialsâdepending on their life cycle;
- Leaves are different in shape & size;
- Seeds develop in the ovary;
- Mainly insect-pollinatedâcoloured
flowers with powerful scent; (nectar)
- Green sepals protect the developing bud.
- Petals are colorful.
- Stamen + pistil = sex organs
- After pollination fruit is formed;
- Fruit contains and protects seeds;
- Inside the seeds there are leaves
called cotyledons;
- DYCOTSâDicotyledons (dycots)â2
cotyledons;
- MONOCOTS-monocotyledonsâ1
cotyledon;
58. CLASS of DICOTYLEDONS & CLASS OF MONOCOTYLEDONS:
Soft stems
Soft or woody
stems
Main root system
Branched veins
Incomplete flowers mainly
Grasses,
orchids,
palms
Trees, shrubs,
herbaceous
plants
64. The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided
into three types based on the nature of the cell walls.
Parenchyma is made up of cells having very thin cell wall that is uniformly thickened. Parenchyma forms
the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants
Collenchyma is made up of unevenly thickened cell wall with more thickenings at the corners and
composed of pectin and other substances. Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support,
particularly in regions of new growth.
Sclerenchyma is made up of a thick and rigid cell wall composed of lignin and other substances.
Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.[
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. TRANSPORT PROCESS IN PLANTS
- ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERALS at the ZONE ABSORPTION (felszĂvĂĄsi
zĂłna) where root hairs are found in the form of soil solution; WATER UPTKE is a
PASSIVE PROCESS (by osmosis the form of diffusionâconcentration
equalization);
- The SOIL WATER passes from the epidermis further across the PARENCHYMA
cells until it reaches the XYLEM.
- As deeper cells have less water in xylem the solution goes up thanked to the
concentration gradients.
- If there are some dead cells in the pathway the solution flows through the
intercellular spaces.
- Mineral ions reach the root hair and pass along with ACTIVE
TRANSPORTATIONâenergy is needed (ONLY SOME minerals â found in large
amount in soil) enter and move passively.
89. STARCH GRANULESâpolysaccharides (monomers of glucoses)â
stored food
Not disturbing the osmotic balance of the cell (as starch is insoluble in water);
STARCHâis broken down to SUCROSE (sweet soluble sugar transported by phloem)
SUCROSE (in buds, fruits, roots, storage organs, etcâŠ) is converted into GLUCOSE;
GLUCOSE:
- It is burnt to provide energy for life functions,
- Excess sugar will be converted into STARCH and stored in plants;
- Simple sugars, like FRUCTOSE is stored in sweet fruits;
- Other indispensable matters are also synthesized from sugars in plants such as:
- Cellulose (cell wall),
- Lipids (fats) for membranes,
- Proteins and oils (for the cytoplasm),
- Pigment matters (for flower petals and photosynthesis).
94. In case of the dry seeds, there is no change in the thermometer reading
because they are not undergoing through the process of respiration.
But distinct rise in temperature in case of germinating seeds is obviously due to
the liberation of heat energy by the respiratory substrate, i.e., germinating
seeds.
Lime water turns milky due to the carbon dioxide evolved during the
process of germination of seeds. When water is poured by opening the
stopcock of water reservoir, it drives out the air through the bent tube, and
as the air passes through the lime water, the latter turns milky due to the
fact that the air contains carbon dioxide.
lime
95. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS
- PRIMARY GROWTH in root and shoot
- Cell division of meristems;
- Cell elongation;
- Cell differentiation;
- The outermost elongated cell is differentiated into epidermis, the underlying one into ground tissue and primary
vascular tissues.
- In the shoot tipsâprimordials are developing (buds, leaves, branches and flowers. In grasses and other
monocots, meristems are found at the base of the leaves (blades).
- SECONDARY GROWTH
- In woody dicots only; THICKENING by
lateral cambium; It divides itself continually
in the growing season and adds secondary
xylem to the inside and secondary phloem
to the outside.
- Cork cambium is formed from the
second year and produces cork
replacing the epidermis.
The tissues outside constitute the bark.
96. ONTOGENY OF PLANTS
- Life cyclesâdiphasic ontogenyâalternation of
generations
- In mosses the GAMETOPHYTA generation dominates;
- Later (ferns, in flowering plants) this phase is
shortened;
- In flowering plants the SPOROPHYTE generation
is the longest;
- GAMETOPHYTE generation starts with the appearance
of gametes. (pollination occurs);
- DIPLOID & HAPLOID generations alter each other;
97. ONTOGENY OF SEEDY PLANTS
- Annual plants germinate, grow and produce seeds in the same year and then they die.
- Biennial plantsâgrow only vegetative parts in the first year, they have a resting period in winter, flowers and
seeds develop only in the second year and then they die.
- Perennial plants (deciduos and evergreen plants)âdo not die after producing their flowers and seed, instead
they bloom and develop fruits, seeds each year for several decades.
- STAGES in the LIFE of SEEDY PLANTS
- Embryo & seed formation, seed dormancy, germination, formation of vegetative parts, formation of
generative partsâdeath at the end.
- S E E D STAGE
- Diploid embryo (from the fertilized egg) + triploid (3n) endosperm (from the fertilized central 2n nucleus);
This embryo is completed with 1 or 2 cotyledonsâprotected by the seed coat (from the covering of the
ovule);
- Seed maturationâembryo completes it development and decreases its water content;
- Seed dormancyâdecreased metabolism that allows to survive drought or cold.
- G E R M I N A T I O N
- External factor triggering the germination are WATER, OXYGEN, TEMPERETURE and rarely light.
- Internal factors: plant hormones.
- DICOTS usually germinate above the groundâEPIGEAL GERMINATION
- Most of the MONOCOTS germinate under the groundâHYPOGEAL GERMINATION
98. V E G E T A T I V E STAGE
- When the first leaves emerge and do photosynthesis,
- In dicots: shrunken cotyledons fall off or change to canopy leaves,
- In dicots: primary root growing from the radicle gives rise to many lateral branchesâtaproot system
- In monocots: primary root disappears and many adventitious roots developâfibrous root system,
- External factors of vegetative stage: water, CO2,temperature, light, minerals in soil,
- Internal factor: auxin hormoneâresponsible for growth,
R E P R O D U C T I V E STAGE
- Temperature+moistureâDAY LENGTH connected to season changesâPHOTOPERIODISM
- Short-day plants (strawberries, corn, rice, beans, cotton) bloom when they are illuminated for less than
12 hours (8â12 hours/dayâearly spring & autumn), they need 16 hours uninterrupted long darkness,
- Long-day plants (wheat, peas, spinach, potatoes)â12-16 hours of daylight needed,
- Day-neutral plants (tomatoes, roses)âare not affected in flowering.
99. P H Y T O H O R M O N E SâHORMONAL REGULATION
IN PLANTS
- INTERNAL FACTORS, causing them to grow taller, to change color in autumn, to make their fruit
ripen,
- ORGANIC SUBSTANCES,
- Produced in different plant parts and transported to target tissues,
- A U X I N S
- Indole-acetic acidâthe tip of the shoot synthesizes it,
- GROWTH hormone, by cell elongation
- Highest concentration in the shoot tips then it decreases then it increases again toward the
root tip,
- Controls tropismâgrowth toward or away from external stimuli,
- Positive phototropism (ĂrpĂĄd PaĂĄl)âauxin moves to the shaded side of the stemâelongation
of the dark sideâthe plant bends toward the light source,
100. - Geotropism of auxinsâplant response to gravity,
- High concentration of auxin promotes fruit development, inhibiting the dropping of fruits,
- In autumn: ripened fruit fall and dropping the leaves of trees,
- Above certain concentration of auxin slows down growthâtherefore it can be used as an herbicide,
- G I B B E R E L I N S
- Also a growth hormone (cell division + cell elongation) helps budding, fruiting as well,
- C Y T O K I N I N S
- Found in dividing tissuesâstimulating cell division
- A B S C I S S I C ACID
- Inhibitor hormoneâinhibits growth (opposed to auxins, gibberelins & cytokinins)âpromotes aging-
separation of leaves and fruits from the trees in autumn, It maintains dormancy period in winter time,
- E T H Y L E N E
- Growth inhibitor hormoneâgas state,
- Promoting the ripening of fruits,
101. P l a n t sâ m o t i o n s
- They are sensitive to stimuli;
- Inner motions: transportation;
- Outer movements: no locomotion, BUT position change with different body parts;
- CHEMOTAXIS (active motion elicited and determined by a stimulus) swimming of mossesâ sperms
- TROPISMS (determined by the direction of stimuli) such as:
- A) phototropism
- B) geotropism
- C) hydrotropism
- D) Thigmotropism (tactile)
- E) Chemotropism
- NASTIC MOTIONS (independent from the direction of stimuli & based on the turgidity â water
content changes)
- A) tigmonastic (water flows out from cells by diffusionâcell shrinks rapidly)
- B) photonastic (opening/closing of flowers due to light effects)
- C) thermonastic (tulip flowers open and close themselves depending on the temperature
conditionsâchanges)
102. R E V I S I O N
ï” Plantsâ nutrition
ï” Experimental work
ï” Plantsâ ontogenetic development
ï” Phytohormones
ï” Plantsâ movements
110. The ANIMAL KINGDOM
Characteristics of animals
- multicellular eukaryotic and tissued living beings;
- Nearly all are motile, some sessile living beings;
- Heterotrophs (living on autotrophs)PARASITES (ecto-endo), CONSUMERS
(herbivores, carnivores, scavangers);
- Sexual reproduction is dominant over the rare asexual oneâappears among
simpler animals.
111. THE A N I M A L KINGDOM
- Cell structure
- Tissue types
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue
- ORGANS
Respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion, hormonal system, neural system, reproduction
112.
113. ORGAN SYSTEMS:
- Respiratory system;
- Digestive system;
- Circulatory system;
- Excretory system;
- Immune system;
- Hormonal system;
- Nervous system;
- Locomotor system;
BODY PLANS:
- Asymmetrical (Sponges);
- Radially symmetrical plan (Cnidariansâjelly fish);
- Bilaterally symmetrical plan (highly developed animals)â they have 2 similar halves
(left & right), anterior and posterior body sections or tail part, ventral and dorsal
body parts;
114. REPRODUCTION AND BODY DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
Fertilization
- 2 gamets (egg+sperm)âzygote (totipoty-cell);
- Separate sexes (vĂĄltivarĂș)âsexual dimorphismâORâhermaphroditic (hĂmnĆs);
- ONTOGENYâPHYLOGENY
117. Classification of ANIMALS
Invertebratesâ95%
Vertebrates (backbone)
I) Animals with pseudotissuesâSPONGES
II) Animals with true tissues
- Animals with no body cavityâCNIDARIANS
- Animals with body cavities:
a) PROTOSTOMES
- Flatworms,
- Roundworms
- Ringworms
- Molluscs
- Arthropods
b) DEUTEROSTOMES
- Echinoderms
- Prochordata
- Cephalochordata
- Vertebrata
118.
119.
120.
121.
122. The phylum of SPONGES
- They live in oceans and seas â shallow waters â sessile â
- filter feeding throughout spores;
- Cleaning waters by their filtartion;
- Asymmetrical body â different colours;
- Ballâshaped, tubeâshaped, flattened, branched, etcâŠ
- Mainly solitary (living alone) but some colonial ones;
- They appeared cca. 600 million years agoâdid not change too muchâdead end of evolution;
- NO TISSUESâpseudotissues onlyâspecializied cells only for a special function;
- They show the gastrula stage with 2 germ layers only;
- Spicules (hard support)
- Pores and osculum (2 types of openings in&out); feeding + respiration take place here;
- Choanocytes (collar flagellated cellsâendoderm);
- Amoebocytes (vagrant cells);
- Asexual reproduction by budding;
- Sexual reproductionâhermaphroditic living beings with extarnal fertilization or self-fertilization;
- Freshwater sponge, Venus basket, Bath sponge;
123.
124.
125. The phylum of CNIDARIA
(ANIMALS WITHOUT A BODY CAVITY BUT WITH TISSUES)
- 9000 known species;
- Free-swimmingâsessile /reef-builder coral parts/--(jelly fishâpolyp);
- RADIAL SYMMETRY;
- ECTO AND ENDODERM LAYER WITH MESOGLEA (gelâwith neural cellsâscatteredâ
no centre);
- 2 basic body forms POLYPâtube shaped with mouth and tentacles around that;
- MEDUSAâumbrella shaped with tentacles hanging down.âstinging cells
CNIDOCYTES-nematocysts;
- RESPIRATION/NUTRITIONâsimilar to SPONGES;
- Diffused nervous system;
- Epithelial muscle cells;
- Regeneration is similar to SPONGES;
- ASEXUAL/SEXUAL reproductions alter eac otherâalternation of generations
137. PHYLUM of RINGWORMS
Reproduction:
laying eggsâ
incomplete
metamorphosis.
- segmented;
- Bristles on
each segment;
- Moist skin;
- Muscle & skin
stuck together;
- Circular
muscle;
- Humus is their
food;
138.
139. PHYLUM of MOLLUSCS
- SOFT BODIED ANIMALS MOST OF THEM WITH HARD SHELLS.
- Under their shells there is a MANTLE (köpeny) which covers the inner organs.
- They are mainly marine, some are fresh water ones but few live on land.
- CLASS of SNAILSâGastropods
- CLASS of BIVALVES
- Oystersâtwo hard shells with muscular hinge.
- Gills trap plankton and cilia sweep the food toward the mouth.
- They lay eggs.
- Sp: Freshwater shell (tavikagylĂł-Anodonta cygnaea)
- Pearl oyster (GyöngykagylĂłâPinctada radiata)
- Large muscular foot;
- Mouth part with
radula;
- Mainly they eat plants;
- Laying tiny eggs.
- Sp: Edible snail; (Ăti
csiga-Helix pomatia)
141. ARTHROPODSâPhylum of ARTHROPODAâĂZELTLĂBĂAK TĂRZSE
- Greatest diversity with 4 classes
- More than 80% of all animals belong
to this phylum (more than a million species);
- Protostomes, bilateral symmetry and coelom;
- JOINTED APPENDAGESâwide variety of motions;
- Appendages: antenna, legs, (wings)
- EXOSKELETONâcuticle made of protein+chitinâ
supporting the body with muscles attached to its
inner surface + protection of the inner organs
(completed in terrestrial species with waxy layer);
143. ARTHROPODSâ NERVOUS SYSTEM:
- GANGLIONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- BRAIN â processes the stimuli from the developed sense organs from the region of their head;
- Double ventral nerve cord (âhasi idegrost kötegâ);
-
144. - PAIR OF GANGLIA in each segmentâmainly coordinating motion;
(similar to that of ringworms);
- Reduced segmentsâ number reached greater complexity of them mainly on their head
part with a variety of SENSE ORGANS;
- ANTENNAE (feelers), stalklike jointed structures detecting movement, sounds, chemicals;
- These antennae sometimes are used for communication as well; (sensing pheromones);
- COMPUND EYES, or SIMPLE EYES
145. PHYLUM of ARTHROPODS
- RESPIRATORY ORGANS: TRACHEAL TUBES, GILLS, BOOK-LUNGS (âlemezes tĂŒdĆ);
- OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: OPEN-CIRCULATION NO BLOOD
146. DIGESTION OF ARTHROPODS
- Digestive tract with enzyme producing GLANDS;
- Different mouthparts with a variety of jaws called MANDIBLES (ĂĄllkapcsok)âadapted for feeding methods;
152. RELATIVES of the PHYLUM OF CHORDATA (Vertebrates)
- Notochord (gerinchĂșr) appearedâfirm structure;
- Tubular nervous systemâwith dorsal nerve cord;
- PHYLUM of PROCHORDATES e.g. Tunicates
- PHYLUM of CEPHALOCHORDATES e.g. Lancelets
153. PHYLUM of CHORDATES (gerincesek törzse)
COMMON FEATURES:
- ENDOSKELETON WITH SKELETAL MUSCLES,
- VERTEBRAL COLOUMN;
- LIMBS FOR LOCOMOTION;
- SKIN;
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM well developed deuterostomatas;
- RESPIRATIONâgills, lungs, skin respiration;
- CLOSED CIRCULATION;
- ADAPTATION WITH BODY HEAT;
- KIDNEYS;
- SEPARATE SEXES;
- WELL DEVELOPED NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM;
- TUBULAR NERVOUS SYSTEM;
- BILATERAL SYMMETRY;
- 5 MAIN CLASSES: FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS
154. VERTEBRATESâANIMALS with BACKBONES
Common features:
- ENDOSKELETON (cartilaginous and/or bony) to which powerful skeletal muscles attach;
- Their skeleton has an AXIS formed by the skull and the backbone to which limbs connect;
- The backbone is known as VERTEBRAL COLUMN;
- LIMBS: fins, legs, wings;
- If they have legsâthey are pentadactyl (5 digits on each leg);
- Their skin is adapted to the living conditions;
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: fore- mid and hind guts) with glandsâdigestive enzymes;
- Stomach, liver, pancreas join to the tract;
- RESPIRATION: gills, lungs, skinâin lung respiration nostrils appeared;
- CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: blood with cellular components+plasma;
- Circulation is adapted to the body heat;
- EXCRETION: kidneysâfiltering metabolic waste from the blood;
- Dimorphismâseparate sexes;
- NEURO-ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- TUBULAR NERVE SYSTEMâbrain, pinal cord, well developed sensing organs;
- BILATERAL SYMMETRY
- SEGMENTATION (spinal cordâvertebral column);
- Three body cavity systemâaround the heart, lungs and in the abdomen.
164. A) FIND the shortest DEFINITION possible of the following terms:
1) Scales
2) Gill slits in cartilaginous fish
3) Swim-bladder
4) Spawning
B) COLLECT 2 species names of jawless fish.
C) COLLECT 2 species names of cartilaginous fish.
D) COLLECT 10 species names of the bony fish.
INDIVIDUAL WORK (within 10 minutes)
168. REPTILESâindividual work
Explain the following related terms:
1) Ancient reptilesâstem reptiles;
2) Dinosaurs;
3) Phylogeny of reptiles;
4) Impermeable dry skin;
5) Quadruped;
6) Reptilesâ respiration;
7) Reptilesâ circulation;
8) Reptilesâ excretion;
9) Reptilesâ digestion;
10)Reptilesâ reproduction;
11)Features of the groups of Reptiles: SNAKES & LIZARDSâTURTLES--CROCODILIANS
169. B I R D S (Class of AVES)
- 9000 DIFFERENT SPECIES;
- Reptilian relationship is indicated by:
- The existence of claws on toes,
- Scales on feet,
- Internal fertilization,
- Amniotic eggs,
- The earliest known fossilâ ARCHAEOPTERYX (gyĂkmadĂĄr)
- BIRDS SKELETON
184. Lungs and Heart of Mammals
Keeping the rate of metabolism high takes a constant and
plentiful supply of oxygen. Thatâs because cellular
respiration, which produces energy, requires oxygen. The
lungs and heart of mammals are adapted to meet their
oxygen needs.
185.
186.
187. Summary
âąMammals may be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.
They have four types of teeth, so they can eat a wide range
of foods.
âąTraits of the heart and lungs keep the cells of mammals well
supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
âąMammals have a relatively large brain and a high level of
intelligence.
188.
189.
190. THE BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALSâE T H O L O G Y
- Ethologyâall the behavior of an animal is the ETHOGRAM.
- 2 types: INNATE/inbornâinherited and LEARNED/acquired behavior patterns;
- INNATE BEHAVIOUR 3 KNOWN TYPES: 1)Unconditioned reflex, 2)Taxis 3)Fixed action patterns;
- 1)Unconditioned reflex
- 2)Taxis
192. A certain behavior takes place if both required factors, the
MOTIVATION and the KEY STIMULUS are present.
- MOTIVATIONâ(is the factor of the internal environment) triggered by the sexual desire,
fright, curiosity, hunger, thirst, etcâŠ
- KEY STIMULUSâis the factor of the external environment. /LORENZ + TINBERGEN
Ex: MALE STICKLEBACK FISH â red belly of males
197. OPERANT CONDITIONING
- learning by trial
- The animal must be motivated â has to be hungry to seek the reward by performing
the activity;
198. INSIGHT
- The most complex behavior â an animal solves a problem without trial and errors.
199. COMBINATION OF INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOURSâI N S T I N C T
- Species performed by all members of the species in the same way, with
the same regularity;
200.
201. CYCLES OF BEHAVIOUR
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMâbehaviour that occurs at a daily basisâe.g. sleeping at night and
Active during the day OR NUCTURNAL animals are active at night only.
CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMâannualy repeated behaviourâ
birds migrate south in autumn and return springtime.
Biological clockâinternal biological process that runs on its
own: e.g. fiddler crabs are dark in colour during the day and light
at night or the menstrual cycle.
202. BEHAVIOUR OF SUSTENANCE
- ORIENTATION & NAVIGATION
Taxis (PASSIVE WAY)âsensing of the environmental stimuli by the animal. Aerotaxis, Phototaxis, etcâŠ
Memory (PASSIVE as well)â mental map helps orientationâbee killer wasp finding its nest.
Echolocation (ACTIVE WAY)âe.g.Bats, Dolphins emit ultrasounds and listen their return.
Migration (ACTIVE WAY)âants, birds, etc⊠compounded behaviour.
COMFORT ACTIVITIESâbathing, sand-bathing, scratching, preening (tollĂĄzkodĂĄs), grooming (kurkĂĄszĂĄs),
sleeping.
FEEDING BEHAVIOURâsearching for food, hunting (predators)âbehaviour of preys.
DEFENCE BEHAVIOURâcamouflageâmimicrywarning coloration, etcâŠ
- REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
MonogamyâPolygamy
Mate selection
Courtship & sexual play
Mating
Parental care