MRI LSS
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This document discusses MRI examinations of the spine. It aims to understand the basics of spinal MRI, identify normal spinal anatomy on images, and recognize common degenerative lesions. It provides information on tissue contrast on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. It also describes the normal anatomy and common pathologies that can be seen in the lumbar and sacral spine region, including discs, bones, joints, and ligaments.
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Interventional radiology in renal vascular lesionss
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orthopedicaspectsofmetabolicbonediseasebyxiu-091217093240-phpapp01.pptx
This document provides an overview of various metabolic bone diseases and their orthopedic manifestations. It discusses conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy. For each condition, it describes clinical presentations, radiographic findings, and differential diagnoses. Key radiographic signs include generalized osteopenia, abnormal bone mineralization patterns, fractures, subperiosteal bone resorption, and abnormal bone density/sclerosis. The document serves as an educational reference for orthopedic surgeons to understand how metabolic bone diseases commonly present and appear on imaging studies.
avascularnecrosisoffemoralhead-180520122336.pdf
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head results from interrupted blood supply to the bone. It commonly occurs after hip fractures or dislocations. Symptoms include pain in the groin or hip that worsens with activity. Imaging studies can detect changes over time. Treatment options range from non-surgical measures like limited weight bearing to surgical procedures like core decompression, bone grafting, or hip replacement depending on the stage of necrosis. Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis, with many requiring surgery within 3 years and risk of developing necrosis in the other hip.
Avascular necrosis of femoral head
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a pathologic process that results from interruption of blood supply to the bone. AVN of the hip is poorly understood, but this process is the final common pathway of traumatic or nontraumatic factors that compromise the already precarious circulation of the femoral head. Femoral head ischemia results in the death of marrow and osteocytes and usually results in the collapse of the necrotic segment
Metabolic bone diseases
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) encompasses disorders of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis that are often silent until fractures occur. The document discusses several MBDs including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and hyperparathyroidism. It provides details on osteoporosis including definitions, classifications, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis through bone densitometry and radiography, assessment methods, and prevention through exercise, nutrition, and drugs.
Vertebral column associated pathology and radiographic appearance
The document provides information on the basic anatomy of the vertebral column, common vertebral pathologies, and their radiographic appearances. It describes the basic structure and composition of vertebrae and how they vary by region. It then discusses several common pathologies like ankylosing spondylitis, fractures, herniated discs, kyphosis, lordosis, metastases, osteoarthritis, and others. For each condition, it provides a definition and descriptions of associated radiographic findings to aid in diagnosis. The goal is to help readers understand vertebral anatomy and some key pathologies that can be identified on imaging studies.
Orthopedics 5th year, 3rd lecture (Dr. Hamid)
This document summarizes the anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spine. It describes the typical structures of the 5 lumbar vertebrae and discs, as well as the lordosis and exiting nerve roots. It also outlines the anatomy of a typical lumbar vertebra, including the body, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen, and ligaments. Additionally, it discusses the spinal cord, nerve roots, conus medullaris, and cauda equina as they relate to the lumbar spine.
metabolicendocrinedisordersofskeletalsystem-180412142940.pptx
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It covers the composition of bone tissue, production of bone, and evaluation of metabolic and endocrine disorders through radiography. Specific diseases covered include osteoporosis, rickets, scurvy, and their radiographic manifestations such as bone density changes, growth plate abnormalities, and fractures. Osteoporosis can be generalized or regionalized. Common sites of involvement are the spine, pelvis and femur.
Metabolic & endocrine disorders of skeletal system
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It describes the composition of bone tissue and the cells involved in bone production. Various disorders are characterized by abnormalities in bone density, including increased or decreased bone production, resorption, or mineralization. Common radiologic modalities for evaluation include x-ray, CT, bone scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasound. Specific diseases mentioned include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and others.
Management of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis.
The document discusses management of femoral head osteonecrosis, including its causes, diagnosis, classification systems, and treatment options. MRI is highlighted as the most sensitive diagnostic tool. Conservative treatments are recommended for early stages, while hip replacement is usually needed once collapse or secondary degeneration occurs. The key is early diagnosis and treatment to preserve the hip joint.
Spine disease e srs update version
This document provides an overview of common spinal diseases and abnormalities that can be evaluated radiologically. It describes the anatomy of the spine and then covers various conditions including spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, infections like TB and spondylodiscitis, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, scoliosis, vertebral hemangioma, multiple myeloma, bone metastases, hyperparathyroidism, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, achondroplasia, spina bifida, renal osteodystrophy, and cervical ribs. For each condition, it provides brief details on symptoms, radiological features, and characteristics visible on x-ray
Field Care Audit 10/2014
This document provides an overview of orthopedic anatomy and injuries of the skeletal system. It describes the basic anatomy and functions of bones and joints in the upper and lower extremities. Specific topics covered include bone structure, development and healing; anatomy of the hand, wrist, arm, shoulder, spine, pelvis and leg; common orthopedic injuries such as fractures and dislocations; and concepts such as compartment syndrome. The goal is to educate emergency physicians on orthopedic assessment and management.
Osteochondroma (dr. mahesh)
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that projects from the external surface of bones. It consists of a bony projection capped with cartilage. The majority of osteochondromas are solitary lesions that present during childhood in long bones like the femur or humerus. Multiple or hereditary osteochondromas can occur as part of genetic syndromes. Osteochondromas are usually asymptomatic but can cause pain or neurological symptoms from local effects. Malignant transformation is rare in solitary lesions but higher in hereditary forms. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and follow up, with plain radiographs, CT and MRI used to characterize lesions. Surgical excision is reserved for symptomatic osteochondromas.
Muscloskeletal disease in small animals
This document summarizes anatomy and physiology of bone, muscle, and joints as well as skeletal disorders and congenital disorders present at birth. It discusses the structure and functions of the skeletal system including bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It also describes muscle tissue types and functions. Finally, it outlines various congenital and acquired musculoskeletal diseases such as osteochondrodysplasia, dysostosis, traumatic injuries, nutritional diseases, developmental orthopedic bone diseases, and joint diseases including hip dysplasia.
MR Imaging of shoulder and knee joints
Introduction to evaluation of shoulder and knee joints on mr imaging with examples of routinely seen pathologies and approach to diagnosis making
Pattern skelet 3.ppt
This document summarizes various joint diseases categorized into degenerative, inflammatory, and less common types. Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is described as a wearing down process common in weight-bearing joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory polyarthritis causing bone erosion and cartilage destruction seen symmetrically in small joints. Seronegative arthritides like ankylosing spondylitis predominantly involve the spine causing bony spurs (syndesmophytes) forming a "bamboo spine." Gout is caused by urate crystal deposition usually in the first MTP joint. Pseudogout produces chondrocalcinosis from calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition commonly in the knee.
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single adenoma of the parathyroid glands and results in bone resorption and hypercalcemia. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency as the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH in response to prolonged hypocalcemia. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism develops in some cases of longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism as the parathyroid glands become autonomous. Radiographic findings include generalized osteopenia, brown tumors, subperiosteal bone resorption, and bone cysts. Treatment involves medication, surgery
Orthopedic Aspects Of Metabolic Bone Disease By Xiu
This document summarizes various metabolic bone diseases and their orthopedic manifestations and radiographic findings. It covers osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy. For each condition, it describes clinical presentation, pathogenesis, characteristic radiographic findings including areas of bone involvement and patterns of bone changes, and differential diagnoses.
Achondroplasia, pseudochondroplasia & hypochondroplasia
Radiological features of achondroplasia, pseudochondroplasia and hypochondroplasia with explanation with the help of images.
The congenital and acquired diseases of spine
1) The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the spine as well as common spinal deformities like scoliosis.
2) Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that is usually accompanied by some rotational deformity. It can be classified based on cause and location.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and progression of the curvature and may involve bracing, casting, or surgery to correct or prevent worsening of the deformity.
Radiographic imaging of TMJ
This document summarizes diagnostic imaging techniques for disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes the anatomy of the TMJ and its components. It then discusses various disorders including developmental abnormalities like condylar hyperplasia and hypoplasia, soft tissue abnormalities like internal derangements, remodeling and different types of arthritis. It also covers trauma-related conditions, tumors, and diagnostic features seen on imaging for each disorder. A wide range of TMJ pathologies are described with an emphasis on radiographic presentations.
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orthopedicaspectsofmetabolicbonediseasebyxiu-091217093240-phpapp01.pptx
orthopedicaspectsofmetabolicbonediseasebyxiu-091217093240-phpapp01.pptx
Vertebral column associated pathology and radiographic appearance
Vertebral column associated pathology and radiographic appearance
metabolicendocrinedisordersofskeletalsystem-180412142940.pptx
metabolicendocrinedisordersofskeletalsystem-180412142940.pptx
Metabolic & endocrine disorders of skeletal system
Metabolic & endocrine disorders of skeletal system
Orthopedic Aspects Of Metabolic Bone Disease By Xiu
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Achondroplasia, pseudochondroplasia & hypochondroplasia
Achondroplasia, pseudochondroplasia & hypochondroplasia
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The pathway to uroradiology
1. MDCT uses a rotating X-ray tube and row of detectors to provide stronger X-rays than conventional CT. It can perform multiphase scans and multiplanar reconstructions.
2. MRI is useful for evaluating scrotal masses when ultrasound findings are discrepant, testicular involvement is diffuse, or fibrous lesions, lipomas or hemorrhage are suspected.
3. FDG-PET is limited in detecting localized prostate, bladder, and renal cancers due to low glycolytic activity of malignant cells and urinary excretion of FDG. However, it can help evaluate changes in tumor burden and site during and after therapy.
Brain Infections3
This document discusses various infections of the brain and meninges, including fungal infections, parasitic infections (toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis), and tuberculosis. It provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, imaging appearance on CT and MRI, and characteristics of lesions caused by these infectious agents. Key points include descriptions of the ring-enhancing lesions, edema, and enhancement patterns seen with toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis on imaging. It also outlines the leptomeningeal and basal cistern enhancement, ventriculomegaly, and infarcts associated with tuberculosis meningitis and parenchymal tuberculosis granulomas.
Brain Infections2
The document discusses various infections of the brain and meninges, including congenital/neonatal infections and acquired infections. It focuses on meningitis, describing the different categories and common causative bacteria for acute pyogenic meningitis at different ages. It also discusses parenchymal infections such as cerebritis and abscesses, describing the imaging appearance on CT and MRI over the course of infection and abscess formation. Encephalitis is also summarized, noting common viral causes and the pathology and imaging characteristics.
Brain Infections 1
This document discusses various infections that can affect the brain and meninges in congenital and neonatal contexts. It focuses on cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, and herpes simplex infections. For each one, it describes the pathology, clinical presentation, and key imaging findings on plain X-rays, ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Common imaging features among the infections include calcifications, cysts, white matter abnormalities, and ventricular enlargement. Cytomegalovirus in particular is known to cause periventricular calcifications and cerebral destruction. The document emphasizes that imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of congenital and neonatal brain infections.
Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor is the most common childhood abdominal malignancy, usually occurring in children ages 3-4. It arises from mesodermal precursors in the kidney and presents as a large, heterogeneous mass that commonly invades the renal vein and inferior vena cava. Wilms tumor can be sporadic and unilateral or familial and bilateral. It is associated with congenital anomalies and genetic syndromes. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI to identify the renal mass along with any metastases.
Tumor like lesions of testis
This document discusses various tumor-like lesions of the testis. It first classifies primary testicular tumors, noting that 95% are germ cell tumors such as seminomas or non-seminomas including teratomas. It then discusses specific tumor-like lesions such as epidermoid cysts, testicular microlithiasis which appears as microcalcifications, and granulomatous orchitis which can be caused by various pathogens. Radiologic characteristics and clinical features are provided for many of the discussed lesions.
Transitional cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal pelvis and ureteral tumor, representing around 80% of malignant renal pelvis tumors. Risk factors include exposure to chemical carcinogens like tobacco and certain medications which cause chronic irritation and hyperplastic or metaplastic changes in the urinary tract epithelium. On imaging, transitional cell carcinoma appears as an irregular filling defect in the renal pelvis or ureters, often causing proximal dilation. Both CT and MRI can detect and characterize these tumors.
Testicular tumors
1. Testicular cancer represents 1% of cancers in men and is classified as germ cell tumors (95%), gonadal stromal tumors, or secondary tumors from other cancers.
2. Germ cell tumors are further divided into seminomas and non-seminomas including teratomas, embryonal cell carcinomas, and choriocarcinomas.
3. Ultrasound is useful for imaging testicular tumors and can show characteristics such as hypoechogenicity, heterogeneity, cysts, and calcifications that help differentiate tumor types.
Renal lymphoma
Renal lymphoma can involve the kidneys through either primary or secondary spread. Imaging findings on CT scans commonly demonstrate multiple renal masses, a solitary mass, renal invasion from adjacent retroperitoneal disease, perirenal involvement, or diffuse renal infiltration. MRI findings are generally similar to CT, with lymphoma appearing as low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and isointense or moderately hyperintense on T2-weighted images, often with minimal contrast enhancement.
RCC
This document discusses renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for 85% of renal tumors. RCC most commonly affects men between 50-70 years old. Pathology shows tumors originating from tubular epithelium that can be cystic or solid. Bilateral and multicentric RCC can occur in patients with certain conditions. RCC spreads locally and to distant sites like lungs and bones. Presenting symptoms include hematuria, flank pain, or incidental discovery on imaging. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT, MRI, ultrasound and biopsy to identify tumors and metastases.
Prostate carcinoma
Most prostate cancers are slow growing and do not manifest during a man's lifetime. While many men are found to have microscopic prostate cancer at autopsy, most die with rather than from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer most commonly presents as adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone of the prostate and has local spread through the prostate capsule or seminal vesicles and distant spread via lymph nodes or hematogenously to bones and lungs. Imaging like ultrasound, CT, MRI, and bone scans are used to diagnose and stage prostate cancer.
Overall GUT Tumors
This document discusses various tumors of the genito-urinary system, including renal, ureter, bladder, prostate and testicular tumors. It focuses on renal tumors, dividing them into benign and malignant categories. Benign renal tumors include angiomyolipoma, oncocytoma and multilocular cystic nephroma. Malignant renal tumors include renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor and urothelial carcinoma. The document also discusses the Bosniak classification system for categorizing cystic renal masses based on imaging features, dividing them into categories I through IV.
Oncocytoma
This document discusses renal tumors, specifically oncocytoma. It provides details on the pathology, imaging appearance, and diagnostic criteria of oncocytoma based on various imaging modalities. Oncocytoma is a benign renal tumor that is most commonly seen in the 6th-7th decades of life. It appears as a well-defined, solid, hypo- to isoechoic mass on ultrasound and isoattenuating or slightly hyperattenuating on CT with a possible central hypoattenuating scar. MRI shows the tumor as isointense to hypointense on T1-weighted imaging and iso- to slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging, with the possibility of a spoke-wheel
Nephroblastomatosis
Nephroblastomatosis consists of diffuse or multifocal involvement of the kidneys with nephrogenic rests, which are foci of metanephric blastema that persist beyond 36 weeks gestation and have potential for malignant transformation into Wilms tumor. It is believed that nephrogenic rests give rise to approximately 30-40% of Wilms tumors and are found in up to 99% of bilateral Wilms tumors. Imaging such as ultrasound, CT, and MRI can be used to detect macroscopic nephrogenic rests in screening high-risk patients or evaluating for neoplastic change, but microscopic rests are not identifiable.
Multilocular cystic nephroma
Multilocular cystic nephroma is a rare, benign kidney tumor that appears as a well-defined, multicystic mass. It contains multiple noncommunicating fluid-filled cysts separated by fibrous septa and surrounded by a thick, fibrous capsule. Imaging such as CT, MRI, and ultrasound are useful in characterizing the multicystic structure and delineating the tumor from normal kidney tissue. The cysts have slightly higher density than water on CT and appear as high signal intensity areas separated by low signal intensity septa on MRI.
Bladder carcinoma
The document discusses tumors of the urinary bladder, including transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. It describes the clinical presentation, spread, and imaging findings of urinary bladder carcinoma. Imaging modalities like plain X-ray, IVU, ultrasound, CT, and MRI are discussed for evaluating urinary bladder masses, wall thickening, calcifications, fistulas, and metastasis.
Angiomyolipoma
This document discusses angiomyolipomas (AML), a type of benign renal tumor composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat cells. It describes the typical presentation of isolated and tuberous sclerosis-associated AML, including that isolated AML most often present as solitary lesions in the right kidney in women, while AML associated with tuberous sclerosis are typically bilateral and occur equally in men and women. Imaging findings are also summarized, noting the characteristic fat content visible on CT and MRI that appears echogenic on ultrasound and enhances heterogeneously after contrast. Angiography further demonstrates the hypervascular and tortuous nature of AML vasculature.
Congenital anomalies ii
The document discusses various congenital abnormalities that can occur in the kidneys and urinary tract. It lists the key things to evaluate for each organ, including number, size and development, position, rotation, and fusion for the kidneys. It also lists common urinary tract abnormalities such as pelvi-ureteric obstruction, ureteric duplication, and vesicoureteric reflux. Imaging modalities for evaluating these abnormalities are mentioned, including ultrasound, intravenous urography, and computed tomography urography. Common bladder abnormalities like bladder extrophy and posterior urethral valves are also listed.
Congenital anomalies
The document discusses various congenital anomalies of the kidneys, renal pelvis and ureter, and urinary bladder and urethra. It describes anomalies including renal agenesis, hypoplasia, dysplasia, fusion anomalies, pelviureteric junction obstruction, ureteric duplication, ureterocele, vesicoureteric reflux, megaureter, retrocaval ureter, ectopic ureter, bladder extrophy, posterior urethral valves, and congenital diverticula. Diagnostic imaging modalities for evaluating these anomalies are also mentioned, including IVU, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and isotope scans.
Basics of CT
This document discusses various principles and techniques in computed tomography (CT) imaging. It covers the basic x-ray concept, how CT acquires data using a rotating x-ray tube and detectors, and how this raw data is processed into images. It also summarizes several image processing techniques used in CT, including reconstruction of axial images from raw data, multi-planar reformatting, maximum intensity projection, surface shaded display, and volume rendering.
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Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
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A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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MRI LSS
- 2. Objectives • Understand the basics of MRI examinations of the spine. • Identify the normal anatomy of vertebral column on MR images. • Identify the MR picture of common degenerative lesions of the spine.
- 3. FM AM T1 T2
- 5. T1
- 6. T2
- 9. T1 T2 Fat Hyperintense Hyperintense Water Hypointense hyperintense Cortical bone Hypointense Hypointense Fibrous tissue Hypointense Hypointense
- 30. Lumbo-Sacral Spine Bone Osteophytes Modic Changes Disc Disc dissication Bulge/Protrusion/ Herniation Apophyseal joint Osteoarthritis Ligaments Ligamentum flavum thickening Posterior logitudinal ligament tear
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34. T1 T2 Modic I Hypointense Hyperintense Edema Modic II Hyperintense Hyperintense Fatty degeneration Modic III Hypointense Hypointense Bony sclerosis
- 35. T1 T2 Modic I Hypointense Hyperintense Edema
- 36. T1 T2 Modic II Hyperintense Hyperintense Fatty degeneration
- 37. T1 T2 Modic III Hypointense Hypointense Bony sclerosis
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
- 53. Normal Bulge (≥ 50%) Protrusion (≤ 50%) Central Paracentral Postero-lateral Lateral