This document summarizes various joint diseases categorized into degenerative, inflammatory, and less common types. Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) is described as a wearing down process common in weight-bearing joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory polyarthritis causing bone erosion and cartilage destruction seen symmetrically in small joints. Seronegative arthritides like ankylosing spondylitis predominantly involve the spine causing bony spurs (syndesmophytes) forming a "bamboo spine." Gout is caused by urate crystal deposition usually in the first MTP joint. Pseudogout produces chondrocalcinosis from calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition commonly in the knee.
D Firas Joint Imaging-1 (Muhadharaty).pptxhussainAltaher
Dr. Firas Abdullah's document discusses various types of joint diseases and their radiological signs. It begins by outlining the aims of discussing joint imaging and diagnosing different types of arthritis. Examples of plain film signs of joint disease are provided, such as joint space narrowing and erosions. Common types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gouty arthritis are then described in detail through their clinical and radiological features. Other joint pathologies such as infection, avascular necrosis, and developmental dysplasia of the hip are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, gout, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. It provides details on the clinical presentation, imaging appearance, and characteristics of each condition. Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly involves small joints of the hands and feet and can lead to erosions, periarticular osteopenia, and subluxation. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies like psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are associated with HLA-B27 and involve the spine, sacroiliac joints, and entheses. Gout typically causes monoarticular inflammation at the
This document provides a summary of various joint diseases and conditions as seen on radiographs. It compares and contrasts osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, describing features such as joint space narrowing, erosion, and subchondral sclerosis. Infectious arthritis, septic arthritis, and Charcot joints are also summarized. Avascular necrosis, Perthes' disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and developmental dysplasia of the hips are discussed along with their characteristic radiographic findings.
This document discusses various bone and joint diseases and their radiological features. It covers rickets and osteomalacia, noting their effects on bone mineralization and growth plates. Hyperparathyroidism is discussed as causing decreased bone density and subperiosteal bone resorption. Paget's disease causes thickening of bone trabeculae and cortex, leading to bone enlargement. Hemolytic anemias like thalassemia can cause bone marrow hyperplasia seen as thinning cortices and prominent trabeculae. Radiation exposure may lead to osteonecrosis, osteoporosis or sarcomatous changes. Osteoarthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing and subchondral
This document summarizes bone and joint diseases as seen on radiographs. It describes generalized decreased and increased bone density caused by conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism and Paget's disease. Specific findings of osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism are outlined. Joint diseases discussed include osteoarthritis and its features of joint space narrowing and soft tissue swelling. Diagnosis of arthritis depends on the number and location of involved joints and presence of underlying diseases.
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing arthritis. It covers the main pathophysiologic types of joint disease including synovitis, enthesitis, crystal deposition, infection, and structural/mechanical derangements. For each type, it describes the characteristic pathologic features. In evaluating a patient's joint pain, the history and physical exam aim to differentiate inflammatory from noninflammatory arthritis and determine the specific pathophysiologic process involved based on features like onset, duration, distribution and symmetry of joint involvement, and extra-articular manifestations. Signs on physical exam of inflammatory arthritis include swelling, pain with motion, erythema, warmth, and limited range of motion.
This document provides an overview of the radiographic features seen in various rheumatic diseases. It describes the early and late manifestations seen in rheumatoid arthritis on x-rays, including periarticular osteopenia, erosions, and bone deformities. Features of psoriatic arthritis include asymmetric joint involvement and enthesophyte formation. Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by sacroiliac joint fusion and syndesmophyte formation leading to a "bamboo spine." Gout typically causes well-defined erosions, often with overhanging edges. Calcium pyrophosphate disease results in chondrocalcinosis. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is identified by flowing
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by breakdown of cartilage and bone changes. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on education, exercises, braces, medications, and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and improve function.
D Firas Joint Imaging-1 (Muhadharaty).pptxhussainAltaher
Dr. Firas Abdullah's document discusses various types of joint diseases and their radiological signs. It begins by outlining the aims of discussing joint imaging and diagnosing different types of arthritis. Examples of plain film signs of joint disease are provided, such as joint space narrowing and erosions. Common types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gouty arthritis are then described in detail through their clinical and radiological features. Other joint pathologies such as infection, avascular necrosis, and developmental dysplasia of the hip are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, gout, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. It provides details on the clinical presentation, imaging appearance, and characteristics of each condition. Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly involves small joints of the hands and feet and can lead to erosions, periarticular osteopenia, and subluxation. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies like psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are associated with HLA-B27 and involve the spine, sacroiliac joints, and entheses. Gout typically causes monoarticular inflammation at the
This document provides a summary of various joint diseases and conditions as seen on radiographs. It compares and contrasts osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, describing features such as joint space narrowing, erosion, and subchondral sclerosis. Infectious arthritis, septic arthritis, and Charcot joints are also summarized. Avascular necrosis, Perthes' disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and developmental dysplasia of the hips are discussed along with their characteristic radiographic findings.
This document discusses various bone and joint diseases and their radiological features. It covers rickets and osteomalacia, noting their effects on bone mineralization and growth plates. Hyperparathyroidism is discussed as causing decreased bone density and subperiosteal bone resorption. Paget's disease causes thickening of bone trabeculae and cortex, leading to bone enlargement. Hemolytic anemias like thalassemia can cause bone marrow hyperplasia seen as thinning cortices and prominent trabeculae. Radiation exposure may lead to osteonecrosis, osteoporosis or sarcomatous changes. Osteoarthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing and subchondral
This document summarizes bone and joint diseases as seen on radiographs. It describes generalized decreased and increased bone density caused by conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism and Paget's disease. Specific findings of osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism are outlined. Joint diseases discussed include osteoarthritis and its features of joint space narrowing and soft tissue swelling. Diagnosis of arthritis depends on the number and location of involved joints and presence of underlying diseases.
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing arthritis. It covers the main pathophysiologic types of joint disease including synovitis, enthesitis, crystal deposition, infection, and structural/mechanical derangements. For each type, it describes the characteristic pathologic features. In evaluating a patient's joint pain, the history and physical exam aim to differentiate inflammatory from noninflammatory arthritis and determine the specific pathophysiologic process involved based on features like onset, duration, distribution and symmetry of joint involvement, and extra-articular manifestations. Signs on physical exam of inflammatory arthritis include swelling, pain with motion, erythema, warmth, and limited range of motion.
This document provides an overview of the radiographic features seen in various rheumatic diseases. It describes the early and late manifestations seen in rheumatoid arthritis on x-rays, including periarticular osteopenia, erosions, and bone deformities. Features of psoriatic arthritis include asymmetric joint involvement and enthesophyte formation. Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by sacroiliac joint fusion and syndesmophyte formation leading to a "bamboo spine." Gout typically causes well-defined erosions, often with overhanging edges. Calcium pyrophosphate disease results in chondrocalcinosis. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is identified by flowing
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by breakdown of cartilage and bone changes. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made based on clinical features and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on education, exercises, braces, medications, and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and improve function.
1. Melorheostosis is a rare mesenchymal dysplasia that produces thickened bone with a characteristic dripping wax appearance, most commonly affecting the limbs.
2. It typically presents in childhood and adolescence between ages 5-20 years as limb stiffness or pain.
3. While the condition is usually asymptomatic, when symptoms do occur they include joint stiffness, contractures, pain and limb length discrepancies.
Arthritis and arthroplasty- dr. Mahmoud Abdel KareemAhmed-shedeed
This document provides information about osteoarthritis (OA), including its definition, prevalence, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, natural history, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that OA is the most common form of arthritis, affecting over 20 million people in the US. Risk factors include age, obesity, family history, and previous joint injury or disorder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms like pain and stiffness, physical exam findings, and x-ray evidence of cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment includes conservative options like medications, exercise, and weight loss, as well as intra-articular injections or surgery for advanced cases.
This document provides an overview of various metabolic bone diseases and their orthopedic manifestations. It discusses conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy. For each condition, it describes clinical presentations, radiographic findings, and differential diagnoses. Key radiographic signs include generalized osteopenia, abnormal bone mineralization patterns, fractures, subperiosteal bone resorption, and abnormal bone density/sclerosis. The document serves as an educational reference for orthopedic surgeons to understand how metabolic bone diseases commonly present and appear on imaging studies.
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It covers the composition of bone tissue, production of bone, and evaluation of metabolic and endocrine disorders through radiography. Specific diseases covered include osteoporosis, rickets, scurvy, and their radiographic manifestations such as bone density changes, growth plate abnormalities, and fractures. Osteoporosis can be generalized or regionalized. Common sites of involvement are the spine, pelvis and femur.
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It describes the composition of bone tissue and the cells involved in bone production. Various disorders are characterized by abnormalities in bone density, including increased or decreased bone production, resorption, or mineralization. Common radiologic modalities for evaluation include x-ray, CT, bone scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasound. Specific diseases mentioned include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and others.
This document provides an overview of the common radiographic findings seen in different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and pseudogout. For each type of arthritis, it describes characteristic bone erosions, osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, subchondral changes, soft tissue abnormalities, and patterns of involvement that are seen on x-ray imaging.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on arthritis. It defines arthritis as inflammation of one or more joints. The three most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing symmetrical polyarthritis. Gouty arthritis results from uric acid crystal deposition in joints and tissues. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of these three arthritis types.
This document summarizes osteoarthritis of the knee. It describes OA as a degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage and bone changes. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, and genetics. Symptoms include pain and stiffness that worsen with use. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint motion, and may include medications, injections, exercise, or surgery like knee replacement for severe cases.
Paget disease and osteomyelitis are bone disorders characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. Paget disease commonly affects individuals over 40 and involves thickening and deformity of bones from excessive bone resorption and formation. Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that can be caused by trauma, poor vascular supply, or hematogenous spread. It involves infection of the bone marrow and can lead to bone death, impaired growth, and skin infections if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone.
Spondyloarthropathies By Dr Rekha Vankwani.pptxZOHAIB57
1. Sero-negative arthritis refers to types of inflammatory arthritis that are negative for rheumatoid factor and other autoantibodies. These include spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis.
2. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene. Symptoms include back pain and stiffness that improves with exercise.
3. Treatment involves NSAIDs, TNF inhibitors, exercise and maintaining posture. Surgery may be used for joint replacement.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Treatment focuses on exercises, braces, medications, and surgery if conservative measures fail.
This document discusses several benign bone lesions that can mimic malignant tumors based on their appearance. It provides details on the classification, characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging appearance and histology of solitary bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous dysplasia, osteofibrous dysplasia and myositis ossificans. Key information includes that solitary bone cysts commonly affect long bones in males under 20 and have a fluid-filled cyst wall containing fibroblasts. Aneurysmal bone cysts contain blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septa and can arise de novo or in association with other bone tumors. Fibrous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion involving
This document discusses several tumor-like bone lesions including solitary bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia. It describes the typical clinical features, gross appearance, microscopic findings, and differential diagnosis for each lesion. Solitary bone cysts commonly occur in long bones of males under 20 and contain fluid-filled cysts. Aneurysmal bone cysts typically involve the metaphysis of long bones and contain blood-filled cysts separated by fibrous septa. Fibrous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic condition involving abnormal bone formation that can be monostotic or polyostotic.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are chronic joint disorders. Osteoarthritis involves the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage in a joint. It is associated with aging and risk factors like obesity, joint injury, and genetics. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It can eventually damage cartilage and bone within joints and may affect other organs. Both diseases are diagnosed based on symptoms, physical exam, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint mobility, and may include medications, weight loss, or joint replacement surgery.
This document discusses osteoporosis and metabolic bone disorders. It defines osteoporosis as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue microarchitecture, leading to fragile bones that are prone to fracture. It notes the risk factors for osteoporosis and classifies it as either primary/involutional (related to aging) or secondary (caused by underlying conditions). Radiographic features include decreased bone density, trabecular changes, cortical thinning and vertebral deformities. The document outlines evaluation of secondary osteoporosis and describes spinal manifestations visible on imaging.
This document provides an overview of common benign bone lesions. It begins with an introduction to bone tumors and their classification as benign or malignant. Several common benign bone tumors are then described in detail, including their clinical features, radiological appearance, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Examples discussed include osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, bone islands, chondromas, osteochondromas, chondromyxoid fibroma, chondroblastoma, non-ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, unicameral bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, and hemangioma. For each lesion, the key presenting symptoms, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment approaches such as surgery or observation, and recurrence risks
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that involves the breakdown of articular cartilage and underlying bone. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips. Risk factors include age over 45, female sex, joint injuries, obesity, and hereditary factors. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on pain management, physical therapy, braces, and surgery like joint replacement for severe cases.
This document discusses avascular necrosis (AVN), also known as osteonecrosis. It begins by defining AVN as the death of bone components due to interrupted blood supply. Key areas that are commonly affected are described. The document then covers the pathophysiology, various causes (traumatic, non-traumatic), clinical presentation, imaging techniques, staging classifications, and management strategies for AVN. Treatment approaches include conservative options, decompression procedures, realignment osteotomies, arthrodesis, and arthroplasty.
1) Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease affecting synovial joints that results from stresses that damage joint tissues.
2) It is most common in people over 40 and prevalence increases with age, making it a major cause of disability in the elderly.
3) Treatment involves both non-pharmacologic options like exercise and weight loss as well as pharmacologic options like acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids to manage pain.
Palliative care presentation slide4.pptxssuser504dda
Hypercalcaemia is caused by high levels of calcium in the blood and is often associated with cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma, rather than bone metastases. Common cancers linked to hypercalcaemia include head and neck cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, cervical cancer, and cancers of the esophagus and myeloma. Symptoms of hypercalcaemia include thirst, frequent urination, constipation, abdominal pain, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and potentially unconsciousness.
Palliative class presentation slid3.pptxssuser504dda
1. Symptom control in palliative care requires a systematic approach including thorough assessment of each symptom, diagnosis of the underlying cause, explanation to the patient, individualized treatment, and continuous monitoring.
2. Common gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are addressed through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management depending on the specific cause.
3. Breathlessness, wound care, and malignant spinal cord compression are also managed based on identifying and treating their underlying causes while providing pain relief and other supportive care measures.
1. Melorheostosis is a rare mesenchymal dysplasia that produces thickened bone with a characteristic dripping wax appearance, most commonly affecting the limbs.
2. It typically presents in childhood and adolescence between ages 5-20 years as limb stiffness or pain.
3. While the condition is usually asymptomatic, when symptoms do occur they include joint stiffness, contractures, pain and limb length discrepancies.
Arthritis and arthroplasty- dr. Mahmoud Abdel KareemAhmed-shedeed
This document provides information about osteoarthritis (OA), including its definition, prevalence, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, natural history, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that OA is the most common form of arthritis, affecting over 20 million people in the US. Risk factors include age, obesity, family history, and previous joint injury or disorder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms like pain and stiffness, physical exam findings, and x-ray evidence of cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment includes conservative options like medications, exercise, and weight loss, as well as intra-articular injections or surgery for advanced cases.
This document provides an overview of various metabolic bone diseases and their orthopedic manifestations. It discusses conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy. For each condition, it describes clinical presentations, radiographic findings, and differential diagnoses. Key radiographic signs include generalized osteopenia, abnormal bone mineralization patterns, fractures, subperiosteal bone resorption, and abnormal bone density/sclerosis. The document serves as an educational reference for orthopedic surgeons to understand how metabolic bone diseases commonly present and appear on imaging studies.
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It covers the composition of bone tissue, production of bone, and evaluation of metabolic and endocrine disorders through radiography. Specific diseases covered include osteoporosis, rickets, scurvy, and their radiographic manifestations such as bone density changes, growth plate abnormalities, and fractures. Osteoporosis can be generalized or regionalized. Common sites of involvement are the spine, pelvis and femur.
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It describes the composition of bone tissue and the cells involved in bone production. Various disorders are characterized by abnormalities in bone density, including increased or decreased bone production, resorption, or mineralization. Common radiologic modalities for evaluation include x-ray, CT, bone scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasound. Specific diseases mentioned include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and others.
This document provides an overview of the common radiographic findings seen in different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and pseudogout. For each type of arthritis, it describes characteristic bone erosions, osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, subchondral changes, soft tissue abnormalities, and patterns of involvement that are seen on x-ray imaging.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on arthritis. It defines arthritis as inflammation of one or more joints. The three most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone growth. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder causing symmetrical polyarthritis. Gouty arthritis results from uric acid crystal deposition in joints and tissues. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, investigations, and management of these three arthritis types.
This document summarizes osteoarthritis of the knee. It describes OA as a degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage and bone changes. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, and genetics. Symptoms include pain and stiffness that worsen with use. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint motion, and may include medications, injections, exercise, or surgery like knee replacement for severe cases.
Paget disease and osteomyelitis are bone disorders characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. Paget disease commonly affects individuals over 40 and involves thickening and deformity of bones from excessive bone resorption and formation. Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that can be caused by trauma, poor vascular supply, or hematogenous spread. It involves infection of the bone marrow and can lead to bone death, impaired growth, and skin infections if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove infected bone.
Spondyloarthropathies By Dr Rekha Vankwani.pptxZOHAIB57
1. Sero-negative arthritis refers to types of inflammatory arthritis that are negative for rheumatoid factor and other autoantibodies. These include spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis.
2. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene. Symptoms include back pain and stiffness that improves with exercise.
3. Treatment involves NSAIDs, TNF inhibitors, exercise and maintaining posture. Surgery may be used for joint replacement.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. Risk factors include obesity, joint injury, genetics, and age. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Treatment focuses on exercises, braces, medications, and surgery if conservative measures fail.
This document discusses several benign bone lesions that can mimic malignant tumors based on their appearance. It provides details on the classification, characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging appearance and histology of solitary bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous dysplasia, osteofibrous dysplasia and myositis ossificans. Key information includes that solitary bone cysts commonly affect long bones in males under 20 and have a fluid-filled cyst wall containing fibroblasts. Aneurysmal bone cysts contain blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septa and can arise de novo or in association with other bone tumors. Fibrous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion involving
This document discusses several tumor-like bone lesions including solitary bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, and fibrous dysplasia. It describes the typical clinical features, gross appearance, microscopic findings, and differential diagnosis for each lesion. Solitary bone cysts commonly occur in long bones of males under 20 and contain fluid-filled cysts. Aneurysmal bone cysts typically involve the metaphysis of long bones and contain blood-filled cysts separated by fibrous septa. Fibrous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic condition involving abnormal bone formation that can be monostotic or polyostotic.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are chronic joint disorders. Osteoarthritis involves the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage in a joint. It is associated with aging and risk factors like obesity, joint injury, and genetics. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It can eventually damage cartilage and bone within joints and may affect other organs. Both diseases are diagnosed based on symptoms, physical exam, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint mobility, and may include medications, weight loss, or joint replacement surgery.
This document discusses osteoporosis and metabolic bone disorders. It defines osteoporosis as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue microarchitecture, leading to fragile bones that are prone to fracture. It notes the risk factors for osteoporosis and classifies it as either primary/involutional (related to aging) or secondary (caused by underlying conditions). Radiographic features include decreased bone density, trabecular changes, cortical thinning and vertebral deformities. The document outlines evaluation of secondary osteoporosis and describes spinal manifestations visible on imaging.
This document provides an overview of common benign bone lesions. It begins with an introduction to bone tumors and their classification as benign or malignant. Several common benign bone tumors are then described in detail, including their clinical features, radiological appearance, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Examples discussed include osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, bone islands, chondromas, osteochondromas, chondromyxoid fibroma, chondroblastoma, non-ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, unicameral bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, and hemangioma. For each lesion, the key presenting symptoms, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment approaches such as surgery or observation, and recurrence risks
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that involves the breakdown of articular cartilage and underlying bone. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips. Risk factors include age over 45, female sex, joint injuries, obesity, and hereditary factors. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and confirmed with x-rays showing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and bone changes. Treatment focuses on pain management, physical therapy, braces, and surgery like joint replacement for severe cases.
This document discusses avascular necrosis (AVN), also known as osteonecrosis. It begins by defining AVN as the death of bone components due to interrupted blood supply. Key areas that are commonly affected are described. The document then covers the pathophysiology, various causes (traumatic, non-traumatic), clinical presentation, imaging techniques, staging classifications, and management strategies for AVN. Treatment approaches include conservative options, decompression procedures, realignment osteotomies, arthrodesis, and arthroplasty.
1) Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease affecting synovial joints that results from stresses that damage joint tissues.
2) It is most common in people over 40 and prevalence increases with age, making it a major cause of disability in the elderly.
3) Treatment involves both non-pharmacologic options like exercise and weight loss as well as pharmacologic options like acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids to manage pain.
Palliative care presentation slide4.pptxssuser504dda
Hypercalcaemia is caused by high levels of calcium in the blood and is often associated with cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma, rather than bone metastases. Common cancers linked to hypercalcaemia include head and neck cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, cervical cancer, and cancers of the esophagus and myeloma. Symptoms of hypercalcaemia include thirst, frequent urination, constipation, abdominal pain, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and potentially unconsciousness.
Palliative class presentation slid3.pptxssuser504dda
1. Symptom control in palliative care requires a systematic approach including thorough assessment of each symptom, diagnosis of the underlying cause, explanation to the patient, individualized treatment, and continuous monitoring.
2. Common gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are addressed through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management depending on the specific cause.
3. Breathlessness, wound care, and malignant spinal cord compression are also managed based on identifying and treating their underlying causes while providing pain relief and other supportive care measures.
Palliative care presentation slide2.pptxssuser504dda
Laws governing the use of morphine and other opioids (class A drugs) are regulated by international treaties like the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and its 1972 protocol, as well as by national laws. At the international level, the UN's International Narcotics Control Board oversees proper medical use and prevents abuse. Nationally, importation and distribution of opioids is tightly controlled and regulated by statutes like the National Drug Policy and Authority Act of 1993, which specify storage, transportation, prescription, and disposal requirements and penalties for non-compliance.
Palliative care presentation slides.pptxssuser504dda
Myths surround the use of opioids for pain management. Several studies from India and Africa have shown no cases of addiction in patients using morphine for pain control, dispelling the myth that opioids inevitably lead to addiction. Physical dependence and tolerance are normal physiological responses to long-term opioid use and do not indicate addiction. Effective pain management can be achieved through a combination of pharmacological treatments like opioids and non-pharmacological methods rather than relying solely on as-needed pain medications.
Development studies - presentation .pptxssuser504dda
Development studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines development issues and problems in developing countries. It emerged after World War II as economists and social scientists studied development in less developed nations. Over time, development studies has become cross-disciplinary, drawing from fields like economics, politics, sociology, and anthropology. It aims to understand development challenges from historical and comparative perspectives to inform solutions through interdisciplinary research and knowledge production.
Group Reproductice health Coursework.pptssuser504dda
The document summarizes the goals and components of antenatal care. It discusses:
1) The goals of antenatal care which include reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, improving physical and mental health, and preparing women for labor and delivery.
2) The components of assessment during antenatal care visits, which involve taking a medical history, conducting a physical exam including vital signs, abdominal exam to check fetal position and growth, and assessing other body systems.
3) The physical exam focuses on assessing the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological systems, as well as weight, height and abdominal growth. Fetal presentation, position and growth are evaluated through abdominal palpation.
This mortality audit summarizes the case of a 55-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department with loss of consciousness. He had a history of diabetes and hypertension. Initial examination found him febrile and with reduced neurological function. Imaging and labs were performed. He was admitted to the high dependency unit but later suffered cardiorespiratory arrest and died. The discussion examines patient factors like comorbidities, systemic factors like policies and personnel factors like education. While death may not have been preventable, earlier specialty consultation and monitoring could have improved care.
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptxssuser504dda
This document provides guidance on examining the respiratory system through history taking and physical examination. It details what to ask patients regarding symptoms like breathlessness, cough, sputum production, and chest pain. It also explains how to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultate the chest. Specific tests are described like measuring chest expansion, examining neck veins, and evaluating breath sounds and vocal fremitus. A thorough respiratory exam provides clues to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.
This document discusses crush injury and crush syndrome, providing information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Crush syndrome results from prolonged compression of muscle and can cause systemic complications like renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Early IV fluid resuscitation is the main treatment and aims to prevent complications through alkalinizing urine and maintaining adequate urine output. Factors like delayed presentation, multiple limbs crushed, and insufficient fluids increase risk of renal failure.
Male Reproductive System ......... .pptxssuser504dda
The document summarizes the key components of the male reproductive system. It describes the main organs including the testes, duct system, accessory sex glands, scrotum, and penis. It provides details on the function of each organ such as sperm production in the testes, sperm transport through the ducts, and semen formation with secretions from glands. Temperature regulation of the testes by the scrotum is also summarized.
Antenatal Care -REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.pptxssuser504dda
The document discusses antenatal care (ANC), including definitions, goals, objectives, and components. ANC aims to promote maternal and fetal health during pregnancy through activities like history taking, physical exams, tests, and health education. Over time, models of ANC have evolved from traditional irregular care to focused ANC with 4 visits, and now the WHO recommends 8 contacts. Key ANC components include registration, exams, screening tests, education, and monitoring progress throughout pregnancy.
The student completed a clinical clerkship at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital (JRRH) in various departments including the outpatient department, accident and emergency, surgical wards, operating theatre, and postoperative care. The goals of the clerkship were to gain hands-on surgical experience, develop an understanding of workplace responsibilities, and apply theoretical knowledge to real patients. The student observed and assisted with over 100 surgeries, conducted patient examinations and clerking, presented cases, and provided postoperative care like stitch removal. The clerkship helped improve clinical skills and confidence while gaining exposure to the demands of a surgical workplace.
Intravenous urography (IVU) involves injecting iodine contrast media intravenously and imaging the urinary tract with x-rays. It was developed in 1929 to noninvasively examine the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The procedure involves preparing the patient, administering low-osmolar contrast media intravenously, and taking x-ray images over time as the contrast passes through and outlines the urinary system. IVU is used to evaluate urinary obstruction, trauma, anatomy variations, and other conditions. Radiologists examine the images for abnormalities in kidney size and shape, the ureters, and bladder as well as signs of obstruction, tumors, stones,
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5. Degenerative joint disease
• Due to mechanical wearing down and is usually a
process of ageing.
• It is commoner in weight bearing joints. It may be
accelerated or caused by :
- previous fracture with malunion and abnormal stress on
the joint, or through the articular surface
-infection
- ischaemic necrosis
- ligamentous damage with instability of the joint
- secondary to RA and other synovial joint diseases
6. Radiographic features of
degenerative disease
• Distribution -asymmetric
• large weight bearing joints: hips & knees
• lumbar spine; cervical spine
• distal interphalangeal joints
• Joint space narrowing which is asymmetrical and most
marked on the weight bearing part of the joint
• Osteophyte formation – bone spurs projecting from the
joint margin.
• Periarticular sclerosis - most marked adjacent to the
joint space loss
• Periarticular cyst formation
• Loose bodies due to detached osteophytes.
8. Degenerative disease of the lumbar
spine
• In the spine degenerative disease occurs
at numerous sites. The term osteoarthritis
is reserved for the apophyseal (facet)
joints. Degenerative disc disease is called
spondylosis and leads to narrowing of the
disc space often associated with
osteophytes or bony spurs which develop
at the margins of the bodies adjacent to
the discs.
11. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal
hyperostosis
• (DISH or Forestier’s
disease) is seen in the
elderly male population.
• It is characterised by
flowing calcification along
the anterolateral aspect of
at least 4 contiguous
vertebral bodies.
• The disc spaces are
preserved.
• The sacro-iliac joints are
normal.
• The changes are most
marked in the thoracic
spine. The cause is
unknown.
12. Synovial arthropathy or
inflammatory joint disease –
polyarthropathy
• This may be sero- negative or sero- positive.
The commonest of these is rheumatoid disease
(RA) which is usually seropositive.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis:
- is a chronic polyarthritis due to inflammation
causing bone erosion with cartilage destruction.
The main features are articular erosions, loss of
joint space, periarticular osteoporosis and
subluxations.
13. Rheumatoid arthritis rad. Features
1
• Fairly symmetrical distribution
• Multiple joints involved
• Soft tissue swelling around the joint
• Osteoporosis is the first sign – periarticular in
distribution at first, later becoming generalised.
• Small joints first affected: metacarpo-
phalangeal, metatarso-phalangeal and the
carpus. The foot is often affected before the
hand
15. Rheumatoid arthritis rad. Features
2
• Bone erosions along the joint margins
• Joint space narrowing which is usually symmetrical (uniform).
• With destruction of articular surfaces subluxations develop
especially in the metacarpo-phalangeal joints resulting in the
characteristic ulnar deviation of the fingers seen in this disease.
• As the disease progresses joint spaces are totally obliterated and
bony ankylosis may occur
• Changes in the cervical spine with erosion of the odontoid peg and
atlanto-axial subluxation.
• Secondary osteoarthritis
• Bakers cysts behind the knee are common. These may rupture
producing similar symptoms to a deep vein thrombosis
22. Seronegative arthritides:
radiographic features:
• Asymmetrical distribution, usually involving few joints.
Joint space narrowing, bone erosion & bone proliferation
• Especially likely to involve the spine –vertical bony spurs
form rather than horizontal spurs (syndesmophytes).
Later may get bony ankylosis which on the AP film
resembles a bamboo shoot, called “bamboo spine”
• Sacro-iliac joints are commonly involved especially in
ankylosing spondylitis. Erosions and joint space
widening is followed by sclerosis and ankylosis.
• Peripheral joints, asymmetrical, usually interphalangeal
joints rather than metacarpo-phalangeal joints,
associated with very little osteoporosis which is quite
different from rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Crystal arthropathy : Gout &
PseudogoutGout :
• Gout is caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and
around a joint. There is a raised serum uric acid level with recurrent
attacks of acute very painful arthritis. There is soft tissue swelling
around the joint.
• X-ray features of gout:
• Soft tissue swelling
• Usually the first metatarso-phalangeal joint but can be any joint
• Erosions which have a “punched out” appearance, usually separate
from the articular surface
• The joint space is preserved
• Normal bone density
• Tophi due to crystals deposited in the soft tissues, bone and around
joints. They may contain calcification
26. Gout
What is gout? What radiographic features are shown in this diagram?
27. Pseudogout –
• this occurs secondary to the deposition of
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
in the joint.
• It characteristically produces calcification
of the articular cartilage
(chondrocalcinosis).
• The commonest joint to be affected is the
knee.
28. Neuropathic joint-
• this occurs secondary to
loss of sensation due to a
peripheral neuropathy
which may be secondary
to leprosy, diabetes or
yringomyelia (upper
limbs). There are gross
degenerative changes
with joint disorganisation,
new bone formation and
subluxations
This was a patient with
syringomyelia. what is
syringomyelia? How does
if affect joints? How is it
29. Haemophilia-
• changes occur in the bones and joints
secondary to bleeding.
• The commonest joint to be affected is the
knee. In the acute phase there is
haemarthrosis which later leads to erosion
of the articular surfaces with characteristic
widening and squaring of the intercondylar
notch
31. Ischaemic necrosis: (Aseptic necrosis;
avascular necrosis; bone infarct)
• The term osteonecrosis implies that a segment of bone has lost
the blood supply so that the cellular elements within it die.
• This has several causes, the commonest of which are:
• thrombosis
• vascular compression by oedema or joint effusion
• trauma
• diabetes
• sickle cell disease, haemoglobinopathies
• steroids
• infection
• caisson disease – divers
• idiopathic
32. Avascular necrosis : rad,
appearance
• The infarcted area is denser than normal
bone because the normal bone becomes
demineralised through disuse. The bone
without blood supply remains denser.
Later it remains denser as new bone is
laid down on the old framework. In joints,
a subcortical necrotic zone of
transradiancy occurs which results in
collapse and flattening of the surface.
osteoarthritis develops later.
34. Osteochondritis:
s
• This is a disease of the epiphyses,
beginning as necrosis followed by healing
- as in avascular necrosis. Some, such
as Perthes disease, are thought to be due
to vascular occlusion. Others are linked to
trauma. Specific names are given to the
disease at different sites, the commonest
being Perthes disease which is
osteochondritis of the upper femoral
epiphysis.
35. Perthes disease 1:
• Onset age 3-10 years. Commoner in boys.
• Often bilateral.
• The first sign is widening of the joint space- lateral
displacement of the femoral head, probably due to
effusion.
• Subcortical fissures develop which often seen best on
the lateral view
• Increase in density of the epiphysis follows due to
compression and calcification in dead bone.
• Later, cystic changes develop in the metaphysis. The
joint space is preserved until late.
• There is often delayed appearance of the epiphysis.
36. Perthes 2
• There is persistent deformity after healing with residual flattening of the
femoral head.
• osteoarthritis develops laterOnset age 3-10 years. Commoner in boys.
• Often bilateral.
• The first sign is widening of the joint space- lateral displacement of the
femoral head, probably due to effusion.
• Subcortical fissures develop which often seen best on the lateral view
• Increase in density of the epiphysis follows due to compression and
calcification in dead bone.
• Later, cystic changes develop in the metaphysis. The joint space is
preserved until late.
• There is often delayed appearance of the epiphysis.
• There is persistent deformity after healing with residual flattening of the
femoral head.
• osteoarthritis develops later
38. Scheuermans disease -
Adolescent kyphosis
• This is due to involvement of the ring
epiphyses at the margins of the vertebral
bodies. It occurs age 13-17 years.
• A kyphosis develops in the thoracic spine,
the end plates become irregular and there
may be radiolucent lesions (Schmorls
nodes) with sclerosis .
• There is wedging of the anterior body and
loss of disc space
39. Osgood Schlatters disease:
• This is due to involvement of the tibial
apophysis. Imaging is not indicated as it
can be diagnosed clinically. When X-rays
are taken they show fragmentation.
40. Blounts disease
• Occurs age 1-3 years most commonly. Is
due to involvement of the proximal tibial
epiphysis leading to depression of the
medial metaphysis with a bony spur.
42. OSTEOCHONDRITIS DESSICANS
• This is related to trauma
and occurs as a result of a
shearing, rotational force
which causes a chondral
or osteochondral fracture.
The commonest site is in
the knee where it usually
involves the medial
femoral epiphysis. A small
bony fragment separates
surrounded by a
radiolucent ring. It is the
commonest cause of a
loose body within the joint
in young people.
43. Other s
• Freibergs disease– involves a metatarsal
head, usually the 2nd
• Keinbocks disease– involves the lunate
bone in the wrist
44. Pagets disease.
• This is rare in Africa but common in Northern Europe. The cause is
unknown. It consists of 3 phases:
• Initially there is resorption of bone due to increased osteoclastic
activity - lytic phase
• New bone is formed in an attempt at repair but this is abnormal bone
resulting in bone expansion and abnormal modelling - mixed lytic
and sclerotic phase
• Inactive phase - sclerotic phase
• Common sites are the skull (where it produces a cotton wool
appearance in the vault), pelvis & spine.
• The bony trabeculae are coarse and thickened with increase of bone
width. In the spine it may present as a sclerotic vertebral body.
Sometimes it is not possible to differentiate it on radiological
appearances alone from prostatic metastases. Characteristically
there is increase in size of the affected bone.
• .