- Cells divide through the process of mitosis in order to grow, repair, or replace damaged cells. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells that each receive a complete set of chromosomes.
- The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
- Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives the full complement of genetic material from the parent cell, allowing organisms to grow and maintain healthy tissues through cell replacement.
Fluid Mosaic Model The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. ... The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane
Stem cells are the cells which have the capability to differentiate into any cells of the body when provided with right stimulus and environment. This presentation teaches about stem cells, characteristics, types and cultivation of stem cells in artificial environment. Sample practice questions are also provided in the end to review the concept learned from this presentation.
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
Fluid Mosaic Model The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. ... The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane
Stem cells are the cells which have the capability to differentiate into any cells of the body when provided with right stimulus and environment. This presentation teaches about stem cells, characteristics, types and cultivation of stem cells in artificial environment. Sample practice questions are also provided in the end to review the concept learned from this presentation.
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
2. To Be Answered…To Be Answered…
THINK:
How many cells are you composed of?
When an organism grows bigger do you
get more cells or just bigger cells or both?
When do your cells divide the fastest?
Slowest?
Do cells ever stop dividing?
Are all cells capable of division and
replacement?
3. Why Would a Cell Divide?Why Would a Cell Divide?
As cells absorb nutrients and get larger, the
volume of the cell increases faster than the
surface area
This means that a cell can no longer absorb
nutrients and get rid of wastes fast enough to
support its demands (volume)
So what’s a cell to do?
Solution: divide in 2!
Surface area
for exchange
not great
enough to
support cell’s
needs
4. When Would a Cell Divide?When Would a Cell Divide?
Growth
Repair or Replacement
Cancer
Different cells divide at different rates:
Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours
Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes
5. Getting Older…Getting Older…
All cells are only allowed to complete a
certain number of divisions
Then they die (programmed cell death)
How does cell division change over a lifetime?
Childhood = cell division > cell death
Adulthood = cell division = cell death
The Later Years = cell division < cell death
7. Stages of the Cell CycleStages of the Cell Cycle
2 stages = interphase (growth & replication of
DNA) & mitotic phase (division of cell into 2
daughter cells)
Cell spends
about 90% of
the time in
interphase
8. InterphaseInterphase
Divided into 3 phases:
G1 (1st
gap) = small cell is absorbing nutrients,
growing & doing its job (i.e. making proteins)
S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow &
duplicates its DNA (i.e. chromosomes) in
preparation for making duplicate cells during
mitosis
G2 (2nd
gap) = cell keeps growing & doing its
job (i.e. making proteins); it grows too big…
solution = divide in 2
9. Mitosis: A Closer LookMitosis: A Closer Look
Prior to entering the mitotic
phase, the cell has just
come out of interphase
Replicated DNA during S
(synthesis)
2 complete sets of
chromosomes that must
be distributed equally
between 2 cells = mitosis
Interphase
10. The Mitotic PhaseThe Mitotic Phase
Equal distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes (DNA)
into 2 identical daughter cells
Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
11. Cell Cycle TidbitsCell Cycle Tidbits
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends on the cell- skin cells = ~24
hours, nerve cells = never after
maturity, cancer cells = very short
Remember: every cell only has a
certain # of divisions it can undergo,
then it dies = apoptosis (programmed
cell death)
12. ProphaseProphase
Chromatin condenses
visible chromosomes
Appear as sister
chromatids held together
by centromere
Nuclear membrane
dissolves
The centrioles migrate to
opposite poles & spindle
fibers form between them
http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
19. What Happens After Mitosis?What Happens After Mitosis?
The cell
returns to
interphase
Chromosomes
uncoil back
into chromatin
The cycle
repeats itself
over & over…
20. At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle?At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle?
Different cells can
be in different
stages
Interphase
Mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
21. Can You Identify the Stages of Mitosis?Can You Identify the Stages of Mitosis?
Put the
following
mitosis
stages in the
correct
sequence
22. The GuarenteeThe Guarentee
The product of
mitosis is 2 cells
The daughter cells
are identical to
each other & to the
mother cell
Mother
cell
Identical
daughter
cells
Why is this so
important?
23. The Daughter CellsThe Daughter Cells
In humans, the 2
daughter cells will have
46 chromosomes (23
pairs)
1 chromosome
originally from mom & 1
from dad
Each chromosome is
said to have the same
gene sequence
Identical
daughter
cells
24. The Beauty of Asexual ReproductionThe Beauty of Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis is a
form of
asexual
reproduction
New
individuals are
produced by 1
parent & thus,
are identical to
their parent
Mother
cell
Identical
daughter
cells
Runners produces by
strawberries
Cuttings from plants
Budding by hydra & yeast
Editor's Notes
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today
Thanks to person who introduced me
Explain presentation style
Different, wacky, interactive
Reason for madness- will be reviewed during implications
May be asked to be an active participant
May be asked to reinforce others
Will be reinforced with candy
Comments/questions welcomed throughout
Reinforce me for doing well
Have participants guess the number of new things they will learn today