This document provides an overview of cell types, structures, and functions. It begins by outlining the cell theory and defining cells. It then distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as plant and animal cells. The document proceeds to describe various cellular structures such as the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and chloroplasts. It concludes by emphasizing the important and extraordinary functions performed by the various cellular organelles.

1. CELL TYPES,
STRUTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
Presented By- Niju Mathew
1

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CELL THEORY
 PROKAROYTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
 ANIMALAND PLANT CELL
 CELL WALL
 NUCLEUS
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
 ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
 RIBOSOMES
 MITOCHONDRIA
 GOLGI BODY
 LYSOSOME
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES 2

3. 3
CELL THEORY
 All living things are made up of cells.
 Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
DEFINITION OF CELL
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues, which in turn group together to form organs, such as the heart
and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles.
Figure 1. Basic plant cell

4. DISCOVERY OF CELLS
Figure 3. Robert Hooke’s drawings of the
cellular structure of cork and sprig of
sensitive plant from Micrographia (1665)
Cells: small, membrane
enclosed
units filled with a
concentrated aqueous
solution of chemicals and
endowed with the
extraordinary ability to
create copies of themselves
by growing and then dividing
in two
Figure 2. Drawing of the
microscope set up used by R.
Hooke in 1665

5. Prokaryotic vs.
5
Eukaryotic
• no nucleus
• no membrane enclosed organelles
• single chromosome
• no streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division without mitosis
• simple flagella
• smaller ribosomes
• simple cytoskeleton
• no cellulose in cell walls
• no histone proteins
• nucleus
• membrane enclosed organelle
• chromosomes in pairs
• streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division by mitosis
• complex flagella
• larger ribosomes
• complex cytoskeleton
• cellulose in cell walls
• DNA bound to histone proteins
Figure 4. Prokaryotic cell Figure 5. Eukaryotic cell

6. Cell types and functions
6
Figure 6 . Plant cell Animal cell

7. Comparison:
Plant cells Animal cells
7
 Large, central vacuole
 Chloroplasts
 Rigid cell wall outside of cell
membrane
 No large, central vacuole
 No chloroplasts
 No rigid cell wall

8. CELL PARTS
ORGANELLES
SURROUNDING THE CELL
8

9. CELL MEMBRANE
Outer membrane of cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell Double
layer
9
Figure 7 . Cell Membrane

10. CELL WALL
10
• Most commonly found in plant
cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells
Figure 8 . Cell Wall

11. Nucleus
NUCLEUS
1. Membranous nuclear envelope
2. Chromosomes of DNA and protein (Histones)
11
Figure 9 Nucleus

12. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
12
 Surrounds nucleus
 Made of two layers
 Openings allow material to enter and
leave nucleus
Figure 10 . Nuclear Membrane

13. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Moves materials around in cell
 Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
 Rough type (pictured): ribosomes
embedded in surface
13
Figure 11 . ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

14. RIBOSOMES
14
 Each cell contains
thousands
 Make proteins
 Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell
Figure 12 . RIBOSOMES

15. MITOCHONDRIA
15
 Produces energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
 Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
 Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates Figure 13 MITOCHONDRIA

16. GOLGI BODIES
16
 Protein 'packaging plant'
 Move materials within the cell
 Move materials out of the cell
Figure 14 GOLGI BODIES

17. LYSOSOME
17
 Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
 Transports undigested material to cell
membrane for removal
 Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Figure 15 LYSOSOME

18. CHLOROPLAST
18
 Usually found in plant cells
 Contains green
chlorophyll
 Where photosynthesis takes
place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Figure 16 CHLOROPLAST

19. CONCLUSION
 Various parts of the cell function very important but extraordinary functions.
 Each phase performs the job for which it is chemically and structurally suited; thus, the
nucleolus synthesizes protein and ribonucleic acid.
 A massive phase of the protein synthesis of the cell is carried out through the ribosomes related
with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm
 The chromosomes of the nucleus comprise the genes that produce hereditary outcomes in the
cell.
 It also describes that the oxidation things to do of the cell are carried in the mitochondria and
that, as a result of respiratory exercise of these structures, ATP is produced, which is available
for electricity and structural purposes in the cell.
19

20. REFERENCES
• Glaser R. Biophysics. - Springler Verlag, 2000.
• Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P.
Essential cell biology. Garland Science. 2014.
• Rodney M. J. Cotterill. Biophysics: An Introduction. 2002
• Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco,
CA 94111
• Kingsley R. Stern, James E. Bidlack & Shelley H. Jansky., INTRODUCTORY PLANT
BIOLOGY, Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Published by
McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New Yours, NY 10020. www.mhhe.com
• Movement across membranes
http://www.biologymad.com/resources/diffusionrevision.pdf Google Advance Image
search