This document discusses cell diversity based on origin, size, shape, and other characteristics. It describes two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and various membrane-bound organelles. Cell size can vary greatly from 0.1 micrometers in some bacteria to meters in some plant and animal cells. Cell shape also varies significantly between cell types and can change based on cell function.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
Diversity of cell size & shape By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slidesICHHA PURAK
This Power point presentation describes Cell as basic unit of life. The slides provide information about Discovery of cell,cell theory,number,size,shape and cell types .Differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and point out major differences in plant and animal cell and also about structure and function of cell organelles
Diversity of cell size & shape By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slidesICHHA PURAK
This Power point presentation describes Cell as basic unit of life. The slides provide information about Discovery of cell,cell theory,number,size,shape and cell types .Differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and point out major differences in plant and animal cell and also about structure and function of cell organelles
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
5. Cell Diversity In Origin:-
Based upon its origin it is basically divided into two types:-
Prokaryotic Cell Diversity - Prokaryotic cells are primitive type of cells. These
cells lacks true nucleus and other cell organelle like mitochondria, chloroplasts,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, etc. The word prokaryotes is derived
from Greek word ‘pro’ means primitive or old and ‘karyotes’ means nucleus or
main.
e.g.Cyanobacteria,
Bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cell Diversity - Eukaryotic cells have true nucleus and it also contains
cell organelles. The word eukaryotes is derived from Greek word ‘eu’ meanstrue
and ‘karyotes’ means nucleus.
e.g. General green plants,
Starch containing amyloplasts,
Typical AnimalCells,
A live unicellular organism.
7. NUMBER, SIZE AND SHAPE OF CELL
NUMBER OF CELLS
Some organisms are unicellular i.e. bacteria, yeast, Chlamydomonas, diatoms,
Cosmarium etc whereas most of organisms as plants and animals are multicellular.
Human body is built of about one trillion cells.
In case of unicellular forms single cell is capable of independent existence and to
perform all the essential functions of life
In green alga Pandorina, the coenobium is having a fixed number of cells (8/16/32 )
. Colonies like Volvox ,Nostoc etc have many cells enclosed by mucilaginous
sheath
A multicellular organism is made of many cells
Different cells become specialized for performing different functions. Cells are
grouped into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into organ systems. Organ
systems together form organism
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system
Organism
8. SIZE OF CELL
Generally cell size ranges between 0.2µm-20 µm
Smallest cell : PPLO : Mycoplasma gallisepticum :0.1 µm
Bacteria : Unicellular : About 10 times smaller than Animal cell
Escheritia coli : Rod shaped Bacteria : 1-2 micron long
Protozoa : Amoeba proteus : 220–760 µm
Generally plant cells are larger than animal cell
Generally Animal cell range from 10µm to 30 µm & plant cell 10µm to 100µm
Exceptions : Ostrich egg cell : 75 mm long
Acetabularia a unicellular green alga is about 10 cms in length
Bast fibre (phloem fibre ) of some plants (Ramie) are about 50-55 cm long
A giraffe's nerve cell can reach about two meters
Cell volume The volume of a cell is fairly constant for a particular cell type and is
independent of the size of organism. The difference in the total mass of the organ or
organism depends on the number ,not on the volume of the cells
9. Which Cell Type is
Larger?
11
Plant cell Animal cell Bacteria>
>
>
Generally plant cells are larger than animal cell
Animal cells are larger than bacterial cell
10.
11. WHYARECELLS SO SMALL?
In order to survive, cells must constantly interact with their surrounding
environment and can grow only to a certain size .
If the cell grows beyond a certain limit , enough material will not be able to
cross the
membrane to accommodate with increased cellular volume.
The reason cells can grow only to a certain size has to do with their
surface area to volume ratio.
Here, surface area is the area of the outside of the cell, called
the plasma membrane. The volume is how much space is
inside the cell.
The ratio is the surface area divided by the volume. If the surface area
to volume ratio is small, the cell is very big.
When this happens, the cell must divide into smaller cells with
favourable surface area/volume ratios.
If the ratio is big, the surface area is greater than the volume then the
cell is small
13. There is great variability in cell shape i.e. spherical, polygonal, disc like, cuboidal,
columnar,spindle like or fibre like.
Generally cells are spherical but in multicellular forms due to pressure become
polyhedral . In plants as cells have cell wall appear hexagonal or polygonal .
Cells some times change shape because of function as Amoeba and leucocytes .
While animal cells tend to have irregular shapes, plant cells are typically
rectangular or cube shaped.
CELLSHAPE
14.
15. Cell shape Example
1. Variable cells Amoeba, Leucocytes, Myxomycetes.
2. Fixed cells
(i) Spherical cells eggs of many animals.
(ii) Flattened cells Squamous epithelium,
endotheliums,
and upper layer of epidermis.
(iii) Cuboidal cells Thyroid gland follicles
(iv) Columner cells The cells lining the intestine.
(v) Discoidal cells Red Blood Cells Or Erythrocytes
(vi) Spindle shaped cells Smooth muscle fibres
(vii) Elongated cells Nerve cells or Neurons
(viii) Branched cells Chromatophores Or Pigment
cells of
skin.
(ix) Polyhedral (with 8,12 or14
sides)
Squamous Epithelium
16. Dougherty (1957) classified cells into prokaryotic (Pro
meaning primitive, karyon meaning nucleus) and eukaryotic
(Eu meaning true, Karyon meaning nucleus) types on the
basis of structural organization of their nucleus.
The cells which possess a primitive type of nucleus devoid of
nuclear membrane are the prokaryotic cells. On the other
hand, eukaryotic cells are those which possess a true, well
organized nucleus having typical chromosomes and nuclear
membrane.
Dodge et al (1966) proposed a third type (Mesokaryotic)
which can be placed in between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
TYPE OF CELLS
17. There is primitive type of nucleus which is not bounded by nuclear
membrane as true nucleus and is termed as nucloid
There are no membrane bound cell orgalleles, infolding of plasma
membrane called mesosomes take their function The nuclear material
lies diffused in central part of the cell, the genetic material
consists of DNA, but it is not associated with
proteins (Histones).
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
The cells of bacteria, Archaea, blue green algae,
Mycoplasma, rickettsiae are included in this type
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
18.
19. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Eukaryotic: In this type of cell organization, there is
definite or true nucleus surrounded by definite nuclear
membrane.
The genetic material consists of DNA complexed with
histone proteins to form well developed chromatin/
chromosomes. Nucleus has nucleolous.
There are different membrane bound cell organelles such
as mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi body
,plastids etc for different functions. Plastids are presents
in the plants cell only.
This types of cells are in general larger and more
organized than prokaryotic cells
Most of the plants and animal cells fall under this
category except Blue Green Algae(BGA).
20.
21. MESOKARYOTIC CELLS
In some organisms ( the Dinoflagellates ) the genetic material
is surrounded by a nuclear membrane
( Eukaryotic character) but histone protein is not
associated with DNA ( prokaryotic character)
The nucleus is larger in size and has been named as
mesokaryon by Dodge (1966).
These types of cells which are intermediate between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic are called mesokaryotic cells. In
these types of cells, the mitotic spindle is not formed.
The cells of certain algae like Gymnodinium
and Peridinium are the example of such type.
22. Some cells are even smaller than prokaryotic cell
Smallest known cell is of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
(PPLO-Pleuro Pneumonia like
organism- a bacterium prokaryote ) Size – 0.1 µm -
0.3 to 0.5
µm . The size of this cell may not be more than
1000 to 5000 times that ofa
hydrogen atom.
W. V. Iterson (1969) placed PPLOs with bacteria in the
group Mycoplasmata.
Novikoff and Holtzman (1970) have
excluded them from bacteria and
considered them as simplest prokaryotic cells.
OTHER CELL TYPES
1. Absence of cell wall and mesosomes
2. Selectively permeable plasma
membrane
(75A⁰ in thickness ), composed of
lipoproteins
3.The cytoplasm has ribosomes
and
enzymes required for protein synthesis and ATP
metabolism
4.Nucleus is absent and instead there occurs
double stranded DNA molecule of circular or fibrillar
type.
5. It does not need a host cell (can live
freely)