This document provides an overview of mineral resources, including definitions, classification, history, uses, exploitation, and environmental impacts of mineral extraction. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and internal crystal structure. Minerals are divided into four main types: metallic, non-metallic, mineral fuels, and radioactive minerals. The document discusses how minerals have been used by humans for hundreds of years and lists some major minerals found in India such as coal, lignite, uranium, aluminum, and iron. It also summarizes some of the environmental impacts of mining, including land degradation, water and air pollution, and health hazards. A case study on mining in Udaipur, India is

1. MINERAL RESOURCES
PREPARED BY
Geetashree Gogoi
P.B.BSC.Nsg.
CON. PIMS

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Definition
 History
 Classification
 Uses of Mineral Resources
 Exploitation of Mineral Resources
 Environmental Impacts of Mineral Extraction
 Impacts of Mining
 Case Study

3. N
Naturally occurring materials in the Earth’s crust or on the surface
of the Earth or beneath ocean water that can be extracted and
used for the welfare of mankind are called Mineral Resources.
These minerals have been formed by geological processes over
millions of years. As it takes a very long time to form these
resources,once removed,they get exhausted and hence fall in the
category of ‘non-renewable Earth resources’.
A mineral is naturally occurring ,inorganic solid with a specific
chemical composition and a specific internal crystal structure.

4. TERMINOLOGY
 Ore – combination of minerals from which metal or sulfur can be extract
 Alloy – combination of metals or metals combined with one or more other
elements
 Smelting – extract metal from its ore by a process involving heating and melting
 Seeping – flow or leak slowly
 Encroachment - illegal entering (gradually and without permission)upon the land.
 Quarry – a place,typically a large,deep pit,from which stone or other materials are
extracted.
 Effluent – liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea.
 Fauna – the animals of a particular region,habitat,or geological period
 Devoid – entirely lacking or free from.
 Scattered – distracted

5. N
A mineral is an element or an inorganic
compound that occurs naturally and is solid.It is
usually has a crystalline internal structure made
up of an orderly,three dimensional arrangement
of atoms or ions.
Minerals are the definite chemically
bonded substances,created through chemical
processes between organic and inorganic
matters present in the earth’s crust.

6. HISTORY
Some minerals consist of a single element,such as gold
silver,diamond and sulphur. However, most of the over
2000 identified minerals occur as inorganic compounds
formed by various combinations of the eight elements
that make up 98.5% by weight of the earth’s
crust.Examples are salt,mica and quartz etc.
The history is hundreds year
old.Iron,steel,copper,zinc,lead,gold,silver,cobalt etc.
metals were extracted from minerals in India.

7. But now building materials coal,iron ore,manganese
ore,gold,petroleum,natural gas,copper
ore,ilmenite,glass sand,lead and zinc ores, chromite,
raynite, silmenite, magnesite, gypsom, monazite,
beryl, dolomite, bauxite etc. are produced from
minerals in India.
The minerals from metals like
bismuth,cadmium,graphite,platinum,tungsten
tin,silver,gold are extracted,are in least quantity.

8. Quartz

10. CLASSIFICATION
Minerals available in earth crust can be divided into four types –
1.Metallic minerals – We cannot extract metal directly from minerals.There is
difference between minerals and ores.Therefore,for extracting
metals,minerals are treated by different processes before extraction.Metallic
minerals are generally found in combined state.According to availability of
metals,metallic minerals are further divided into -
 Ferrous alloys-Iron,magnetite,haematite,limonite
 Non-ferrous alloys-The minerals/alloys of this type contain the metals like
titanium,antimony,arsenic,beryllium,copper,zinconium,lithium etc.
 The minerals/alloys containing very least quantity of metals whose
extraction is costlier. Eg-gold,silver,platinum,iridium etc.

11. 2.Non-metallic minerals –minerals whose products are other than
metals comes in this head.This include
limestone,mica,asbestos,salts,rocks,granite,marble,cuddapah slabs
etc.
3.Minerals Fuels-These include the materials used to provide
energy.Eg-coal,natural gas,fossil fuels,and petroleum etc.
4.Radiactive minerals-The minerals exhibiting radioactivity are
called radioactive minerals.Eg- P32
Minerals obtained from the land are called terrestrial
minerals.Eg-Aluminium,copper,silver,gold etc.
Minerals obtained from the sea are called marine
minerals.

12. USES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 Graphite,calcite,etc are used in the preparation of Paints.
 Limestone,gypsum,calcium,etc. are used for the manufacture of Cement.
 Quartz,felspar,etc are used for the manufacture of Glass.
 Chinaclay,mica,gypsum,red oxide,etc are used for manufacture of
Ceramics.
 Mica,magnesite,etc are used for the manufacture of Insulators.
 Bricks and stones are used for Construction.
 Tajmahal is made up of White Marble.
 Common salt adds taste to food.
 Chemical fertilizers are made of minerals.

13. EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 Development of industrial plants and machinery.
 Generation of energy. Eg-coal,lignite,uranium.
 Defense equipments weapons,ornaments.
 Communication-telephone wires,cables,electronic devices.
 Formation of alloys for various purpose-phosphorite.
 Agriculture as fertilizers,seed dressings and fungicides.
 Transportation means,Ayurvedic and Jwellery etc.

14. SOME MAJOR MINERALS OF INDIA
1. Energy generating minerals of India –
i. Coal & Iignite : West Bengal,Jharkhand,Orissa,MP,AP
ii. Uranium : Jharkhand,AP,Meghalaya,Rajasthan
2. Other commonly commercially used minerals –
i. Aluminium : Jharkhand,West Bengal,Maharastra,MP,Tamilnadu
ii. Iron :
Jharkhand,Orissa,MP,AP,Tamilnadu,Karnataka,Goa,Maharastra
iii. Copper : Rajasthan,Bihar,Jharkhand,Karnataka,MP,West
Bengal,AP and Uttaranchal

15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
MINERAL EXTRACTION
 The issue related to the limits of the mineral resources in our earth’s
crust or in the ocean is not so significant. More important
environmental concern arises from the impacts of extraction and
processing of these minerals during mining smelting etc.
 Indian Scenario : India is the producer of 84 minerals,the annual value
of which is about Rs 50000 crore.
 At least six major mines need a mention here which are known for
causing severe problems –
I. Jaduguda Uranium Mine, Jharkhand – exposing local people to
radioactive hazards

16. I. Jharia coal mines,Jharkhand – underground fire leading to
land subsidence and forced displacement of people.
II. Sukinda chromite mines,Orissa – seeping of hexavalent
chromium into river causing serious health hazard. It is
highly toxic and carcinogenic.
III. Kudremukh iron ore mine,Karnataka causing river pollution
and threat to biodiversity.
IV. East coast Bauxite mine,Orissa - land encroachment and
issue of rehabilitation unsettled.
V. North-Eastern coal fields,Assam – very high sulphur
contamination

17. IMPACTS OF MINING
 Mining is done to extract minerals from deep deposits in soil by
using sub surface mining or from shallow deposits by surface
mining.
The Environmental damage caused by mining activities are as
follows :
 Devegetation and defacing of landscape .
 Subsidence of land
 Ground water contamination
 Surface water pollution
 Air pollution
 Occupational health hazards

19. CASE STUDIES
o Mining and quarrying in Udaipur
About 200 open cast mining and quarrying centres in
Udaipur, about half of which are illegal are involved in stone
mining including soapstone,building stone,rock phosphate and
dolomite. The mines spread over 15000 hectares in Udaipur
have caused many adverse impacts on environment .About
150 tones of explosives are used per month in blasting.
The waste water flows towards a big tank of Bag Dara.
Due to scarcity of water people are compelled to use this
effluent for irrigation purpose.

20. The blasting activity has adversely affected the
fauna and the animals like tiger,lion,deer and even
hare,fox,wild cats and birds have disappeared
from the mining area.
The over burden,washoff,discharge of mine water
etc.pollute the water. The maton mines have badly
polluted the Ahar river. The hills around the mines
are devoid of any vegetation except a few
scattered patches and the hills are suffering from
acute soil erosion.

21. ANY QUESTION ?

22. THANK YOU