This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It begins by defining minerals and describing their common composition and properties. It then classifies minerals as metallic or non-metallic, and sometimes critical or strategic based on their importance. The document outlines major uses of minerals and describes how they are exploited through mining. Both surface and subsurface mining techniques are discussed. The environmental impacts of mining are then examined, including pollution of air, water, land degradation, and health impacts. Specific examples of environmental damage from mining in India are provided. The document concludes by suggesting remedial measures to mitigate mining's environmental impacts.
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environmentIAEME Publication
This research report puts light on the research and the study of gold mining plant in Oman and its assessment and its contribution of gold mining into various other environmental media on the
basis of heavy metals. In this research study, various samples were collected from crop plants,stream waters and soil of the plant area of gold mining.
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
3. INTRODUCTION
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solids having a definite chemical
composition and characteristic physical
properties.
There are thousands of minerals occurring in
different parts of the world.
However, most of the rocks, we see everyday are
just composed of a few common minerals like
quartz, feldspar, biotite, dolomite, calcite, laterite
etc.
These minerals, in turn, are composed of some
elements like silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium,
calcium, aluminium etc. 3
4. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Based on their properties, minerals are basically of
two types:
(i) Non metallic minerals e.g. graphite, diamond,
quartz, feldspar.
(ii) Metallic minerals e.g. Bauxite, laterite, haematite
etc.
Minerals are sometimes classified as Critical and
Strategic.
(i) Critical minerals are essential for the economy of
a nation e.g. iron, aluminium, copper, gold etc.
(ii) Strategic minerals are those required for the
defence of a country e.g. Manganese, cobalt, platinum,
chromium etc.
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5. USES AND EXPLOITATION
Uses of minerals are as follows:
(i) Development of industrial plants and machinery.
(ii) Generation of energy e.g. coal, lignite, uranium.
(iii) Construction, housing, settlements.
(iv) Defense equipments-weapons, armaments.
(v) Transportation means.
(vi) Communication- telephone wires, cables, electronic devices.
(vii) Medicinal system- particularly in Ayurvedic System.
(viii) Formation of alloys for various purposes (e.g. phosphorite).
(ix) Agriculture. as fertilizers, seed dressings and fungicides
(e.g. zineb containing zinc, Maneb-containing manganese
etc.).
(x) Jewellery e.g. Gold, silver, platinum, diamond.
5
8. SOME MAJOR MINERALS OF INDIA
(a) Energy generating minerals Coal and lignite: West
Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P., A.P. Uranium
(Pitchblende or Uranite ore): Jharkhand, Andhra
Pradesh (Nellore, Nalgonda), Meghalaya, Rajasthan
(Ajmer).
(b) Other commercially used minerals
i. Aluminium (Bauxite ore): Jharkhand, West
Bengal, Maharashtra, M.P., Tamilnadu.
ii. Iron (haematite and magnetite ore):
Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P., A.P., Tamilnadu,
Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa.
iii. Copper (Copper Pyrites): Rajasthan (Khetri),
Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, M.P., West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh and Uttaranchal. 8
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
MINERAL EXTRACTION AND USE
The issue related to the limits of the mineral resources in our
earth.s crust or in the ocean is not so significant. More important
environmental concern arises from the impacts of extraction and
processing of these minerals during mining, smelting etc.
(i) Jaduguda Uranium Mine, Jharkhand: exposing local people
to radioactive hazards.
(ii) Jharia coal mines, Jharkhand: underground fire leading to
land subsidence and forced displacement of people.
(iii) Sukinda chromite mines, Orissa: seeping of hexavalent
chromium into river posing serious health hazard, Cr6+ being
highly toxic and carcinogenic.
(iv) Kudremukh iron ore mine, Karnataka: causing river
pollution and threat to biodiversity.
(v) East coast Bauxite mine, Orissa: Land encroachment and
issue of rehabilitation unsettled.
(vi) North-Eastern Coal Fields, Assam: Very high sulphur
contamination of groundwater. 9
10. IMPACTS OF MINING
Mining is done to extract minerals (or fossil fuels)
from deep deposits in soil by using sub-surface
mining or from shallow deposits by surface
mining.
The former method is more destructive,
dangerous and expensive including risks of
occupational hazards and accidents.
10
11. Surface mining can make use of any of the
following three types:
(a) Open-pit mining in which machines dig holes and
remove the ores (e.g. copper, iron, gravel, limestone,
sandstone, marble, granite).
(b) Dredging in which chained buckets and draglines are
used which scrap up the minerals from under-water
mineral deposits.
(c) Strip mining in which the ore is stripped off by using
bulldozers, power shovels and stripping wheels (e.g.
phosphate rocks).
11
12. THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY
MINING ACTIVITIES
De-vegetation and defacing of landscape: The
topsoil as well as the vegetation are removed from the
mining area to get access to the deposit. While large
scale deforestation or de-vegetation leads to several
ecological losses. The landscape also gets badly
affected. The huge quantities of debris and tailings
along with big scars and disruptions spoil the aesthetic
value of the region and make it prone to soil erosion.
Subsidence of land: This is mainly associated with
underground mining. Subsidence of mining areas often
results in tilting of buildings, cracks in houses,
buckling of roads, bending of rail tracks and leaking of
gas from cracked pipelines leading to serious disasters.
12
13. THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY
MINING ACTIVITIES
Groundwater contamination: Mining disturbs the
natural hydrological processes and also pollutes the
groundwater. Sulphur, usually present as an
impurity in many ores is known to get converted into
sulphuric acid through microbial action, thereby
making the water acidic. Some heavy metals also get
into the groundwater and contaminate it posing
health hazards.
Surface water pollution: The acid mine drainage often
contaminates the nearby streams and lakes. The
acidic water is detrimental to many forms of aquatic
life. Sometimes radioactive substances like uranium
also contaminate the water bodies through mine
wastes and kill aquatic animals. Heavy metal
pollution of water bodies near the mining areas is a
common feature creating health hazards.
13
14. THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY
MINING ACTIVITIES
Air pollution: In order to separate and purify the metal
from other impurities in the ore, smelting is done which
emits enormous quantities of air pollutants damaging the
vegetation nearby and has serious environmental health
impacts. The suspended particulate matter (SPM), SOx,
soot, arsenic particles, cadmium, lead etc. shoot up in the
atmosphere near the smelters and the public suffers from
several health problems.
Occupational Health Hazards: Most of the miners suffer
from various respiratory and skin diseases due to constant
exposure to the suspended particulate matter and toxic
substances. Miners working in different types of mines
suffer from asbestosis, silicosis, black lung disease etc.
14
15. REMEDIAL MEASURES
Safety of mine workers is usually not a priority subject of
industry.
Statistical data show that, on an average, there are 30
non-fatal but disabling accidents per ton of mineral
produced and one death per 2.5 tons of mineral produced.
In order to minimize the adverse impacts of mining it is
desirable to adopt eco-friendly mining technology.
The low-grade ores can be better utilized by using
microbial-leaching technique.
The bacterium Thiobacillus ferroxidans has been
successfully and economically used for extracting gold
embedded in iron sulphide ore.
The ores are inoculated with the desired strains of
bacteria, which remove the impurities (like sulphur) and
leave the pure mineral.
15
16. REMEDIAL MEASURES
This biological method is helpful from economic
as well as environmental point of view.
Restoration of mined areas by re-vegetating them
with appropriate plant species, stabilization of
the mined lands, gradual restoration of flora,
prevention of toxic drainage discharge and
conforming to the standards of air emissions are
essential for minimizing environmental impacts
of mining.
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