This document discusses various types of minerals and their uses. It covers basic minerals like iron, copper and zinc. It also discusses power minerals including coal, petroleum and natural gas which are used for power generation. Precious minerals such as gold, silver and uranium are also mentioned. The document provides details on the extraction and uses of various minerals like iron, coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and hydroelectric power. Major producing and importing countries of different minerals are also listed.

1. Chapter 9
Mineral resources

2. Minerals
• Nature has gifted man enormous treasure in
shape of various minerals under or above the
earth.
• Minerals plays an important role in machine
age.
• The invention of machines become possible
with help of minerals.

3. Classification of Minerals
• Basic Minerals: which considered to be the
base of industry or machines.
• Such as Iron, Copper, lead Zinc

4. • Power Minerals: provide power to run
machines.
• Such as Coal, petroleum, natural gas and
hydro electricity.

5. • Precious Minerals
• Such as Gold, Silver, Uranium, Platinum and
Diamond.

6. Basic Minerals
• The most useful metal.
• Greatest than other metal, due to its
cheapness and its qualities of being easily
molded, hardened and softened.
• Industrial progress become is impossible
without availability of iron ore.

7. • The value of iron ore depends on the
percentage of pure iron content found in the
iron ore.

8. Magnetite
• The best quality of iron ore.
• It content 72% of iron content very few
impurities are mixed with it.
• The best example of magnetite ore is a Kiruna
and Gelivaara in Sweden.

9. Hematite
• The second best quality having reddish color.
• It contains about 60 to 70% iron content.
• This ore is common in U.S.A, Russia and India.

10. Limonite
• The third quality if iron ore
• It contains yellowish to brown color.
• The iron content which it possess are about
50%.
• The ore is found in France and Germany in
Europe.

11. Siderite
• The lowest quality of iron ore.
• It contains about 30% to 40% of iron content.
• This ore is found in England, and Newfounland
in U.S.A.

12. Extraction of iron content from ore
• Impurities of iron ore removed by chemical
process.
• 1. Pig iron
• First process of iron ore smelting gives shape
to iron n remove some impurities.

13. 2. Cast iron
• In second process sulfur, phosphors and
limestone mixed to change the shape as cast
iron.

14. 3. Wrought iron
• To make the cast iron more pure, limestone
and manganese is used in third process.
4. Stainless steel
• It is known as best quality of iron.
• The chromium, nickel and tungsten are used
and convert into stainless steel

18. Precious minerals
Gold
• Gold ranks an important postion among all
precious minerals.
• The use of gold is common in the world.
• Gold reserve is the common measure of a
country’s economy.

19. Union of south Africa
• Leading producer of gold.
• 40% of gold world’s gold is mined here.
• Wit Water Rand it is situated in the province
of Transvaal.

21. uranium
• Uranium was found in 1798 by German
scientist Cold Roth.
• It is said about uranium that it is a solid and
hard metal like substance having radioactive
characteristic.

22. Its colors

23. • It is considered as the most precious minerals
of the world.
• It is now on man how he uses these, either for
constructive or destructive purposes.
• In this atomic age in the international market
one pound of uranium price is approximately
$ 4000.

24. • It is the opinion of experts that a small
quantity of uranium possess enormous energy
to perform innumerable function.
• One pound of uranium can produce 12 million
kilowatts of electricity.

25. Characteristics of Uranium
• Uranium is a metal and by splitting it
enormous quantity of electricity is obtained
which is called atomic power energy.
• World War II
• Two bombs were produced and dropped on
the historical places of Japan, Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.

26. Peaceful purpose of Atomic Energy
• After 1995 many countries initiated to harness
this uncontrollable miracle for production of
electricity.
• In 44 countries approximately 500 atomic
energy power plants are functioning
successfully.

27. • 17% requirement of the world is being fulfilled
by using this energy.
• In France, in the continent of Europe 75%
electricity is produced by this source.

28. Use in other fields
• Used for defense purpose.
• In ships, submarines, rockets and for satellites
this energy is utilized
• Used in agriculture.
• Medicine and Surgery Departments

29. • Canada: leading producer.
• Australia: Second producer of Uranium.
• Exporter: Canada, Australia, S.Africa, Nigeria,
Turkey.
• Importer: Japan, France, Italy, Belgium India
and UK

30. Energy Resource
• Coal
• Coal has an important postion among power
resources.
• In industry revolution coal played an
important role.
• It is supposed to be cheapest, but bulky
source of power.

31. Theories about the origin of coal
• Carbon, hydrocarbon, moisture and ash are
the main constitute of coal.

32. Classification of Coal
• 1. Anthracite.
• it is jet black in color and contain 80% of
carbon.
• It is smokeless, very hard, burn with little
flame but when it burns it produce greater
heat.
• It is used in smelting of iron ore.

33. 2. Bituminous
• It is black contain 60 to 80% of carbon.
• It is mostly used in domestic purpose.
• 3. Lignite
• it is known as Brown Coal
• It has 33% carbon and 20 to 35% moisture.
• It is heating power is low.

34. 4. Peat
• It is not coal but semi-decomposed vegetative
matter.
• It burn well but when dries.
• Mostly found in Ireland, France and Russia.

35. Extracting of coal
• Mostly found in beds of sedimentary rocks.
• Some coal minerals found in deep.
• In Brazil at Saint- John a coal mine has a depth
of 6726 feet.

36. World coal production

38. Its uses and by production
• The main purpose of coal is smelting of iron
ore.
• Supplying heat for domestic prpose.
• Its by products are coal tar, dyes, perfumes,
synthetic quinine, color films, swing thread,
type writer ribbon etc
• About 200,000 by products are derived from
coal.
•

39. • Exporter: Russia, U.S.A, Poland, Germany and
Australia
• Importer: Japan, France, Italy and Holland

40. Oil minerals or Petroleum
• Petroleum were used as medicine about
thousand years age by Chinese, Egyptians and
North Americans.
• Its importance increased too much when it
was discovered in 1819 that Kerosene can be
used for lighting purpose

41. Causes of origin
• The mineral oil is result of microscopic
organisms mixed with marine deposits
converted into liquid by applications of heat
and pressure.
• The mineral oil consists chiefly of hydrogen
and carbon occurs in sedimentary rocks like
water

42. Extracting of oil
• Survey of interior rocks taken.
• After laboratory test when the experts
become sure about the oil, drilling conducted.
• Sometimes they have to go very deep
• The world’s depth record was a well in
California which reached 15004 feet.

43. Its uses
• Mineral oil extracted from earth has a shape
of blackish liquid know as crude oil.
• After passing so many processes it adops the
following shapes
• Gasoline petrol diesel kerosene
Furness oil Road oil.
• Remaining dust is used as cement.

45. Natural Gas
• Natural gas is also has an important need of
today.
• It is used for industrial, domestic and for so
many purposes.

46. Natural gas producing countries

47. Hydro Electricity
• Water a very useful mineral.
• It is an inexhaustible wealth of nature for us.
• Water was being used as a power to run small
flour mils.
• The first hydro electric station began its work
in France 1883.

48. • It is considered to be a cheapest and more
economical in comparison to other sources.
• Some experts called it as “White Coal”.

49. Factors for development of Hydro-
Electricity
1. the volume of the water in river at different
times
2. slope of land
3. uniformity in discharge of water
4. nature of rock
5. distance from the market and the industries
6. Easy means of transport

52. Potential hydro electric region
• It has been discovered that continent of Africa
has most ideal conditions for development of
hydro-electricity.
• north America producing about 80% of the
world’s hydro- electricity.

54. Nuclear Energy
• The electricity which is obtained by consuming
atomic power is called atomic energy or
nuclear energy