India has a variety of economically important mineral resources. The major minerals produced in India are iron-ore, bauxite, mica, coal, and petroleum. Iron-ore accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total value of metallic minerals produced in India and is one of the country's most important exports. Other important minerals include bauxite, mica, coal deposits which are majorly found in states like Bihar and West Bengal, and petroleum from regions like Assam. Mineral resources play a vital role in India's industrial development and economic progress.

2. MINERAL WEALTH OF OUR PLANET
NON RENEWABLE AND INEXHAUSTABLE
NATURE OF MINERALS,
MINERAL CLASSIFICATION,MINERALS OF
INDIA AND IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS.
PRESENTED BY
GOWRI V PRABHU
1st MSc EVS

3. INTRODUCTION
• Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous inorganic solid
substance having a definite chemical composition and
characteristic crystalline structure,colour and hardness.
• A mineral resource is the concentration of materials that are of
economic interest in or on the crust of the Earth. Almost all
minerals found on Earth are used in one way or another for
economic benefit.
•The Social and Economic development of a nation depends on
its capacity to utilize its natural resources without its wasteful
use to the extent possible. Examples of minerals include gold,
gravel, sand, aluminum, copper, limestone, clay and diamond.

4. MINERAL WEALTH OF OUR
PLANET• The Earth is a huge storehouse. It has great supply of minerals.
•The slow but persistent action of number of geo-chemical processes and
biological activity has given rise to large deposits of different minerals in
various parts of the world.
• More than 3500 different minerals have been identified. The three classes
of mineral resources are metals, non-metals and fuels.
• Minerals are not evenly distributed in the Earths crust. Concentrations of
mineral resources profitable to extract are found in just a few areas.

5. MINERAL WEALTH OF OUR
PLANET• Iron minerals like Hematite, Magnetite and Siderite are the most
abundant minerals .In the form of these minerals a huge quantity of Iron,
about 100000 Million metric tons is available to us.
•Iron is followed by Aluminum which occurs as Bauxite, Manganese which
occurs as pyrolusite, Chromium as chromites, Copper as chalcopyrite, Zinc
as sphalerite and Lead as Galena in the order of decreasing abundance .

7. Metallic Minerals
I. Metallic mineral are those minerals which can be melted to
obtain new products.
II. Iron, cooper, bauxite, tin, manganese are some examples.
III. These are generally associated with igneous rocks.
IV. They are usually hard and have shines or luster of their own.
V. They are ductile and malleable.
VI. When hit, they do not get broken.

8. Non -Metallic Minerals
I. Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new
products on melting.
II. Coal, salt, clay, marble are some examples.
III. These are generally associated with sedimentary rocks.
IV. They are not so hard and have no shine or luster of their
own.
V. They are not ductile and malleable.
VI. When hit, they may got broken into pieces.

9. I. The Mineral resources which are used for
generating energy.
II. Coal , petroleum ,Oil are fuel minerals.
Fuels

10. NON-RENEWABLE NATURE OF
MINERAL DEPOSITS
• Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels[such as coal, petroleum and natural gas]
are non renewable resources.
•These are present in Earths crust and their extraction occurs where they are
concentrated by natural geological processes(such as heat,pressure,organic
activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable
to extract. These processes generally take thousands to millions of years, through
plate tectonics, tectonic subsidence and crustal recycling. Thus mineral deposits
are of Non-Renewable nature.

11. INEXHAUSTIBLE NATURE OF
MINERAL DEPOSITS
• Though Mineral deposits can get exhausted, their elements
or the metal which are obtained from these deposits cannot
be conveniently consumed in real sense as the matter is
indestructible.
•These can be changed from one state to another, from one
chemical combination to another.
• We may exhaust high grade of deposits but the element
concerned will be always there, to be obtained from lower
grade deposits, to be recovered from waste dumps or from
any of its form.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL
DEPOSITS
• Classification of mineral deposits are based on their geologic certainty and
economic values.
• Mineral deposits can be classified as :
• Mineral occurrences of geological interest but not necessarily of economic
interest.
• Mineral resources that are potentially valuable and for which reasonable
prospects exists for eventual economic extraction.
• Mineral resources or ore reserves that are variable and legally, economically
technically feasible to extract.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL
• Minerals are classified based on key chemical
constituents. The two dominant systems are :

14. • Mineralogists group minerals into families based on their
chemical composition. There are different grouping systems in
use but the Dana system is the most commonly used.
•The Dana system divides minerals into seven basic classes.

15. SilicatesSilicates
 Silicates are often divided into two major groups: ferromagnesianSilicates are often divided into two major groups: ferromagnesian
silicates and non-ferromagnesian silicatessilicates and non-ferromagnesian silicates
 Ferromagnesians include minerals such as olivine and pyroxene.Ferromagnesians include minerals such as olivine and pyroxene.
 Non-ferromagnesians include feldspar, and quartzNon-ferromagnesians include feldspar, and quartz
 Silicates comprise the majority of minerals in the Earth’s crust andSilicates comprise the majority of minerals in the Earth’s crust and
upper mantle. Over 25% of all minerals are included in this group, withupper mantle. Over 25% of all minerals are included in this group, with
over 40% of those accounting for the most common and abundantover 40% of those accounting for the most common and abundant
minerals.minerals.
 Feldspar, Quartz, are the most common silicatesFeldspar, Quartz, are the most common silicates

16. OxidesOxides
 Oxides are minerals that include one or more metal cations bonded toOxides are minerals that include one or more metal cations bonded to
oxygen or hydroxyl anions.oxygen or hydroxyl anions.
 Examples of oxide minerals include: Hematite (FeExamples of oxide minerals include: Hematite (Fe22OO33), and Magnetite), and Magnetite
(Fe(Fe33OO44).).
HematiteHematite

17. SulfidesSulfides
 Sulfides are minerals composed of one or more metal cations combined withSulfides are minerals composed of one or more metal cations combined with
sulfur. Many sulfides are economically important ores.sulfur. Many sulfides are economically important ores.
 Pyrite (FeSPyrite (FeS22) or “fool’s gold”, Galena (PbS), Cinnabar (HgS) and Molybdenite) or “fool’s gold”, Galena (PbS), Cinnabar (HgS) and Molybdenite
(MoS(MoS22) are a few commonly occurring sulfide minerals) are a few commonly occurring sulfide minerals
Pyrite “Fool’s Gold”Pyrite “Fool’s Gold” CinnabarCinnabar

18. SulfatesSulfates
 Sulfates are minerals that include SOSulfates are minerals that include SO44 anionic groups combined with alkalianionic groups combined with alkali
earth and metal cations.earth and metal cations.
 Anhydrous (no water) and hydrous (water) are the two major groups ofAnhydrous (no water) and hydrous (water) are the two major groups of
Sulfates.Sulfates.
 Barite (BaSOBarite (BaSO44) is an example of a anhydrous sulfate and Gypsum (CaSO) is an example of a anhydrous sulfate and Gypsum (CaSO44 ··
2H2H22O) is an example of a hydrous sulfate.O) is an example of a hydrous sulfate.
BariteBarite GypsumGypsum

19.  Halides consist of elements like chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br),Halides consist of elements like chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br),
fluorine (F), iodine (I) ,sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and potassiumfluorine (F), iodine (I) ,sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and potassium
(K)(K)
 Some examples include Halite and Fluorite .Some examples include Halite and Fluorite .
HalidesHalides
FluoriteFluoriteHaliteHalite

20. CarbonatesCarbonates
 Carbonates are anionic groups of carbon and oxygen.Carbonates are anionic groups of carbon and oxygen.
 Common carbonate minerals include calcite andCommon carbonate minerals include calcite and
dolomite.dolomite.
CalciteCalciteDolomiteDolomite

21. Native ElementsNative Elements
 Native elements are minerals that are composed of aNative elements are minerals that are composed of a
single element.single element.
 Some examples are: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu),Some examples are: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu),
Iron (Fe), Diamonds (C), Graphite (C), and Platinum (Pt) .Iron (Fe), Diamonds (C), Graphite (C), and Platinum (Pt) .
GoldGold
Gold Silver

22. •The German mineralogist Karl Hugo Strunz introduced a scheme of classifying
minerals based both on their chemical composition and their crystal structure.

23. •India is rich in mineral resources.
• The major minerals produced in India are Iron-ore, Bauxite, Mica, Coal
and Petroleum.
Iron-ore:
•India possesses over 20% of world’s total reserves of iron.
•Iron ore of very good quality (Hematite and Magnetite) is obtained from
principal areas in Orissa and Singhbhum in Bihar.
• Besides these, iron ore is obtained from Durg in Madhya Pradesh and
Salem in Tamil Nadu.
• Deposits of iron ore are also found in Karnataka, Iron-ore accounts for
nearly 2/3rd of the total value of metallic minerals produced in India.
It is also a good foreign exchange earner next only to tea, sugar, jute and
cotton.

24. Bauxite:
•Bauxite is the ore of aluminum. Important bauxite
deposits occur in Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and
Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa and Tamil Nadu.
•Bauxite deposits are exploited at Lohardaga in Ranchi
district.
• Amarkantaka in Madhya Pradesh contains the largest
deposit of bauxite.

25. Mica:
•India is the largest producer of mica in the world and the
largest supply comes from Bihar.
•In Bihar the most important areas are Gaya and Hazaribagh in
the ‘mica belt’ 150 km. long and 32 km. wide.
•Another important area is Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. The
Nellore mica belt 100 km. long and 25 km wide.
• Mica is also obtained from Rajasthan. It is used in electrical
industry.

26. Coal:
•India is one of the principal producers of coal in the
world.
• Bihar and West Bengal produce the largest quantity
of coal in India and the quality is good.
•Bokhara, Karanpura, in Bihar and Raniganj in West
Bengal are the most important mining centers.
•Besides these areas, coal is found at in Orissa, and
Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

27. Petroleum :
•It is also called mineral oil or crude oil. It is dark, thick liquid found at a
great depth under the rocks or the sea bed.
•We get petrol, diesel, kerosene oil, heavy oil, wax, Vaseline, and tar when
petroleum is refined.
•Many other products as dyes, paints, drugs and chemicals are the by-
products of petroleum.
•Petroleum is known as 'black gold'.
•Petroleum is found at Digboi in Assam, and Bombay High off the shore of
Bombay.
• The petroleum produced in India is not sufficient to meet our
requirements. Petroleum refineries have been set up at many places in
India.

28. Manganese :
•Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel.
• It is also used in chemicals and glass industries.
•India is one of the largest producers of manganese in the world.
• Some manganese is exported to other countries.
•In India it is found in Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra.

29. Copper :
•It is a valuable metal. Being a good conductor of electricity, it is
used for making electric wires and electrical appliances.
• It alloys with zinc to form brass and with tin to form bronze.
• It is also used for making household utensils.
• It is found at Khetri in Rajasthan. Some copper has been found
in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

30. Gold :
•It is a very precious metal. It is used for making
ornaments. It is the basis of international trade.
•Some gold is produced from the mines at Kolar and Hutti
in Karnataka and Anantapuram in Andhra Pradesh.
Diamond :
•It is a precious stone.
• Diamonds are found at Panna mine in Madhya Pradesh
and Kollur mine in Andrapradesh.

31. •The significance of mineral resources embraces several areas. They are an
integral part of industrial development, economic progress, and national
security.
•Mineral resources are related to significant economic activity that converts
natural mineral wealth into goods for industrial and domestic consumption.
•Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide
variety of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and
zinc.
•Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to
light, heat and run our world.
•Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer,
plastics, toothpaste, medicines. Minerals also play an important role in the
processing of materials.

32. • Bentonite is important in well drilling and Barite is important in oil drilling.
•Chert Used to make stone tools and used as fill to provide a stable base for
roads.
•Coal Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal
are processed into a variety of organic solvents and compounds such as
plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar
substitute.
•Fluorite Used as a flux - i.e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate
metals from waste material.
•The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries.

33. •Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in
cement.
•Iron is used for tools, for appliances ,and for building supports.
•Limestone is used as building stone, ornamental stone for surfaces and
sculpture and to make cement.
•Mussel shells are used as ceremonial objects. European Americans have
used shells as ornaments - buttons and pearls for jewelry.
• Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry
to produce petroleum based products notably plastics.
•Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings
and roads

34. •Mineral deposits in the earth are limited.
•We should use them carefully.
•We should not exhaust all of our resources un-
thoughtfully.
•We should find some alternative to minerals.
•We should use solar, wind and water energy as an
alternative to coal and petrol.