Mineral resources refer to naturally occurring substances found in the Earth's crust that are economically valuable. They include metals, gemstones, and fuels. Minerals play a crucial role in global economies by providing raw materials for construction, manufacturing, energy, and technology. Minerals are categorized as metallic, non-metallic, or fuels. Mining is the extraction of these resources and involves surface or underground excavation. While mining provides resources for development, it can also negatively impact the environment through deforestation, soil erosion, water and air pollution, land subsidence, and displacement of communities.