FA3 Activity for CBSE syllabus, Grade X.

1. TYPES OF MINERAL & ENERGY RESOURCES
IN INDIA
Ebad ur Rahman
FA3 Activity
X-B1

2. CONTENTS
• What is a Mineral?
• Criteria for a Mineral
• Occurrence of Minerals
• Types of Minerals
• Conservation of Minerals
• What are Energy Resources?
• Classification of Energy Resources
• Conservation of Energy Resources
• Acknowledgements

3. WHAT IS A MINERAL?
It is defined as a homogenous naturally occurring substance
with a definable internal structure. It is different from a rock,
which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and
does not have a specific chemical composition. There are over
5,300 known mineral species; over 5,070 of these have been
approved by the International Mineralogical Association(IMA).

4. CRITERIA FOR A MINERAL
1. Naturally occurring.
2. Stable at room temperature.
3. Represented by a chemical
formula.
4. Usually abiogenic (not
resulting from the activity of
living organisms).
5. Ordered atomic
arrangement.

5. OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS
Minerals are mostly found in ‘ores’,
which are used to describe the
accumulation of any mineral mixed
with other elements. Mineral content
of these ores must be in sufficient
concentration to make its extraction
commercially viable. Their structure
determines the relative case with
which the mineral ores may be
mined, which also determines the
cost of extraction.
Minerals mostly occur in these forms:
• In igneous and metamorphic rocks
they occur as ‘veins’ and ‘iodes’.
• In sedimentary rocks a number of
minerals occur in ‘beds’ or ‘layers’.
• Decomposition of surface rocks
leaves a residual mass of weathered
material containing ores.
• Minerals may occur as alluvial
deposits in sands of valley floors and
the base of hills.
• Ocean waters contain large
quantities of minerals, but they are
too widely diffused to be of
economic significance.

6. TYPES OF MINERALS
Ferrous
Minerals
• Account for 3/4th of the total value of the
production of metallic minerals.
• Provide a strong base for the development of
metallurgical industries.
• India exports substantial quantities.
• Eg: Iron ore, Manganese etc.
• Play a vital role in metallurgical, engineering
and electrical industries.
• India doesn’t have good reserves and
production.
• Eg: Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc etc.
Non-Ferrous
Minerals

7. TYPES OF MINERALS
Non-Metallic
Minerals
• No metallic luster.
• Break easily.
• Do not have high profit margin.
• Eg: Mica, Silica, Limestone, Marble etc.
• Composed of Ca, Mg carbonates.
• Found in sedimentary rocks.
• Used for many raw materials.
• Eg: Limestone, Quartzite, Serpentine etc.
Rock
Minerals

8. 33%
22%
15%
30%
Production of Manganese state
wise, 2003-04
Orrisa Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Others

9. 58%
42%
Production of Copper state wise,
2003-04
Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan`
45%
17%
14%
11%
13%
Production of Bauxite state wise,
2003-04
Orissa Gujarat Jharkhand Maharashtra Others
Production of Limestone state
wise, 2003-04
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Others

10. CONSERVATION OF MINERALS
Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be
replenished and their new reserves created once, these are
depleted. Also these are Earthly treasure which belongs to entire
mankind of present and future generations. Some steps to their
conservation are:
• Resource planning
• Sustainable development
• Reducing, Reusing and Recycling
• Uses of alternative sources
• Improvement of technology to use the low-grade ores
profitably.
• Public awareness

11. What are Energy Resources?
Energy resources are generally defined as anything that
can be used as a source of energy. Access to energy
resources is vital to economic development and prosperity.
The estimates for the amount of energy in these resources is
given in zettajoules (ZJ), which is 1021 joules. The world's
available energy resources threatened to be strained by
population growth and rapid economic growth in large
countries such as China. At the same time, it's vital that the
world develop new energy resources that do not contribute
to global warming and other environmental problems.

12. CLASSIFICATION
OF
ENERGY RESOURCES
Conventional Sources
• Are used abundantly
• Practiced and used for a long time.
• Cause pollution
• Are exhaustible
• Very expensive to be maintained, stored
and transmitted.
• Eg: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Oil etc.
Non-Conventional Sources
• Are yet in the process of development.
• Recently discovered
• Generally, pollution-free
• Are inexhaustible
• Less expensive and easy to maintain.
• Eg: Solar energy, Tidal energy, Geo-
thermal energy, Wind energy etc.

15. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy
consumption through using less of an energy service. Driving the
same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of
energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both
energy reduction techniques. Even though energy conservation
reduces energy services, it can result in
increased environmental quality, national security, personal
financial security and higher savings. It is at the top of the
sustainable energy hierarchy. It also lowers energy costs by
preventing future resource depletion.

16. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my Social Science teacher, Mr. Sheljan for being a
great source of help in the progress of this project. My geography
textbook, Contemporary India has been a source of great help. Next, I
would like to thank the following websites, which were a great source
of information:
• www.Wikipedia.com
• www.gradestack.com
• www.ovoenergy.com
• www.ehow.com
• www.answers.com
• www.google.com