The Middle Ages/Medieval Period spanned from the 3rd to 15th centuries AD and was split into the Christian Period from 3rd-5th centuries and the Muslim Period from 5th-15th centuries. During this time, major philosophers contributed influential ideas, including Plotinus and St. Augustine focusing on religious thoughts and the immortality of the soul during the Christian Period. The Muslim Period saw the rise of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and philosophers such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn-Miskawayh, Ibn Sina, and Al-Ghazali who wrote extensively on topics like logic, philosophy, physics and the relationship between philosophy and religion.

1. Middle Ages/Medieval Period
Presented by Rustam

2. Classification of History
Pre- scientific Period
Greek Period
Middle Ages or
Medieval Period
Scientific Period
Renaissance
Period
Modern
Period

3. Pre- scientific Period

4. Middle Ages/Medieval Period 3-15 A.D
Christian's Period 3-5 A.D
• Plotinus
• St. Augustine
Muslim Period 5-15 A.D
• Al-kindi
• Al-Farabi
• Ibn-e-Miskwayh
• Abn-e-Ceena
• Al-Ghazali
• Ibn-e-Rushed
• Ibn-e-khaldoon🔴

5. Christian's Period 3-5 A.D

6. Christian's Period 3-5 A.D
Plotinus 205-270 A.D
• Born in Egypt
• Influenced by Aristotle
Religious thoughts
• God 1, Wisdom 2, Soul 3
and Matter is on the bottom
• Human soul inclined to
matter and declined from
its position
St. Augustine 354-430 A.D
• Spanish Philosopher
• Do good and far bad
• External love
• Freedom of soul
• Influenced by Plato
• Admitted Dualism
• Soul Immortal body mortal
• Father of introspection

7. Muslim Period 5-15 A.D

9. House of wisdom in Baghdad 8 century
• The House of Wisdom, Grand Library of
Baghdad, Major Abbasid public Univeristy and
Intellectual center in Baghdad.
• Founded by Harun al-Rashid in 8th century.
• The House of Wisdom and its contents were
destroyed in the Siege of Baghdad in 1258.
• Many Intellectual and Philosophers born in
this house who give the Birth to science.

10. Al-kindi 801-873 A.D
• Founder of Muslim philosophy
• Interrelate philosophy & religion
• Both focused on truth
• He wrote 250 books
• Influenced by Plato
• Soul exists independently & separate from
body, temporarily guides body functions
• After death will join God and become eternal

11. Al-Farabi 870-950 A.D
• Great Muslim Philosopher
• Skilled in 70 languages
• Man need society
• Man need institutions
• Simplified Aristotle’s thoughts
• Correlate Aristotle and Plato
• Soul is independent & temporarily connected
with body
• He wrote on logic, philosophy, physics, political
science music and mathematics.

12. Ibn-e-Miskwayh 945-1030 A.D
• Famous Muslim Philosopher,
• Historian and Physician
• He wrote 13 books
• Founder of Evolution
• Darwin’s came later
• Person Need society
• Soul is immaterial
• Passed from material, botanical & animal stage
• Reach to conscious, sentiment & aspiration

13. Three stages of Soul
• Nafas-e-Ammara (ID)
Lowest stage of self and soul consisting of bad impulses
and sins etc
• Nafas-e-Lawwama ( Superego)
Intermediate stage of soul which criticizes and curses the
evil deed and evil desires. It praises good desires and
deeds.
• Nafas-e-Mutmainnah (Ego)
The upper most civilized portion of soul or self known as
mind. It keeps mental satisfied by social norms .

14. Abn-e-Ceena 980- 1037 A.D
• Great Philosopher, poet, physician musician
and expert in art
• Known as Ivicenna in Europe
• He wrote 276 books
• Never left any prob unsolved
• Solved his problems in sleep
• Study Aristotle’s Metaphysics 40 times
• Differentiated perception in primary & Second

15. External and Internal information
External through 5 sensations
1. Touch
2. Sight
3. Hearing
4. Smell
5. Taste
Internal through 5 sources
1. Sensations (5 senses)
2. Ideation ( thoughts)
3. Imagination (ideas)
4. Hallucination (material to
non material on the basis
on insight)
5. Retention ( memory)

16. Mind Influences Body in two ways
• It orders body to move or act
• It activate will power that can help in treating
the physically ill without any medicine. So he
discover Hypnotism as therapeutic technique.

17. Al-Ghazali 1058- 1111 A.D
• Philosopher & Scholar
• How to control self
• Focus on knowledge importance
• Child & Educational psychology
• Individual differences in
education
• His life in two stages
• First he study Greek philosophy and find doubts
• Secondly He joined Mysticism
• He says that reality is far beyond from doubts
• He searched for truth in each and every life’s step

18. Human Nafas Or soul have 4 powers
• Power of knowledge
• Power of aggression
• Power of sex
• Power of justice
• Mental health depends on the balance of
these four powers

19. Ibn-e-Rushed 1126-1198 A.D
• Great Muslim Philosopher
• Influenced by Aristotle
• Reasoning to access reality
• Man is asocial animal
• Wanted freedom for females
• Self confidence in women
• Kitab-un-Nafas on psychology

20. Soul is not separate
5 types of soul
1. Nutritional soul
2. Sensational soul
3. Imaginative soul
4. Conscious soul
5. Aspirational soul
Human wisdom has 3 functions
1. Abstraction (dealing with
ideas rather than events)
2. Unity
3. Discrimination

21. Views about wisdom, science & reason
• Animal sensation human learn through wisdom
• Human and spiritual knowledge both are separate
• Human knowledge changed through environment
• Ghazali obstructed the science
• Rushed propagated the materialistic views
• Europeans get help by his views in science
• They succeed in Renaissance movement with
Rushd’s views

22. Ibn-e-khaldoon 1332- 1406 A.D
• Muslim historian, economist and
political scientist
• Past help to future
• Geographic, religious & economic
factors changed human behavior
• When reasoning failed than religion
is only source who revealed reality &
truth.
• Soul can exist even without body

23. Thanks