The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the self from ancient to modern times. It covers views of the self from pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales who saw the soul as the primal matter and source of movement. Socrates believed man has both a body and soul and that the unexamined life is not worth living. Plato saw the soul as having rational, spirited and appetitive components. Later philosophers like Augustine, Aquinas and Descartes further developed ideas of the soul/mind being distinct from the body. Hume rejected the idea of a soul beyond the physical and saw the self as a bundle of perceptions. Kant and later philosophers viewed the self as organizing sensory experiences.

1. THE SELF
from Various
Philosophical
Perspectives
Lecture 1 in
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Prepared by Prof. Ronuel L. del Rosario

2. PHILOSOPHY
- study of the fundamental nature of
knowledge, reality, and existence,
especially in an academic discipline.
- a particular theory that someone
has about how to live or how to deal
with a particular situation.

3. PHILOSOPHY
- academic discipline concerned with
investigating the nature of significance of
ordinary and scientific beliefs
- investigates the legitimacy of
concepts by rational argument
concerning their implications,
relationships as well as
reality, knowledge, moral judgment,
etc.

4. Much of
philosophy concerns
with the fundamental
nature of self.

5. The Greeks were the ones who
seriously questioned myths and moved
away from them to understand reality
and respond to perennial questions of
curiosity, including the question of the
self.

6. The following are discussions of
different perspectives and under-
standings of the self according to its
prime movers. From philosophers of the
ancient times to the contemporary period.

7. THE PRE-SOCRATICS
The Pre-Socratics (Thales,
Pythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus,
Empedocles, etc.) were concerned with
answering questions such as
• what is the world really made up of?
• why is the world the way it is?
• what explains the changes that happen
around us?

8. THE PRE-SOCRATICS
• arché- origin or source/the “soul”/the
primal matter
• the soul’s movement is the ultimate
arché of all other movement
• arché has no origin outside itself and
cannot be destroyed
• explains the multiplicity of things in the
world

9. DO YOU AGREE THAT THERE
IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
BODY AND THE SOUL?
DO YOU THINK YOU
HAVE BOTH?
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWWEEN THE TWO?

10. SOCRATES
• concerned with the problem of the self
• “the true task of the philosopher is to
know oneself”
• “the unexamined life is not worth
living”
• underwent a trial for ‘corrupting the
minds of the youth’
• succeeded made people think about
who they are

11. SOCRATES
• ‘the worst thing that
can happen to anyone
is to live but die inside’
• “every person is
dualistic”

12. SOCRATES
• man = body + soul
• individual =
imperfect/permanent
(body)
+ perfect & permanent
(soul)

13. PLATO
• 3 components to the soul
rational soul – reason & intellect to
govern affairs
spirited soul – emotions should be
kept at bay
appetitive soul – base desires (food,
drink, sleep, sexual needs, etc.)
• when these are attained, the human
person’s soul becomes just & virtuous

14. WHAT HAPPENS TO A
PERSON WHOSE
3 COMPONENTS
OF THE SOUL
ARE IMBALANCED?

15. (ST.) AUGUSTINE
• ‘spirit of man’ in medieval philosophy
• following view of Plato but adds
Christianity
• man is of a bifurcated nature
• part of man dwells in the world (imperfect)
and yearns to be with the Divine
• other part is capable of reaching
immortality
• body – dies on earth; soul – lives eternally
in spiritual bliss with “God” (#lifegoalz)

16. DO YOU BELIEVE IN THE
CONCEPT OF THE SOUL
COMING TO HEAVEN
AFTER DEATH?

17. WHAT MAKES US
PEOPLE DIFFERENT
FROM ANIMALS?

18. (ST) THOMAS AQUINAS
• man = matter + form
• matter (hyle) – “common stuff that
makes up everything in the universe”
• form (morphe) – “essence of a substance
or thing”; (what makes it what it is)
• the body of the human is similar to
animals/objects, but what makes a
human is his essence
• “the soul is what makes us humans”

19. MODERN PHILOSOPHY

20. Rene DESCARTES
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• human person = body + mind
• “there is so much that we should
doubt”
• “if something is so clear and lucid as
not to be doubted, that’s the only time
one should believe.”
• the only thing one can’t doubt is
existence of the self

21. Rene DESCARTES
• “I think, therefore I am”
• the self = cogito (the thing that thinks)
+ extenza (extension of mind/body)
• the body is a machine attached to the
mind
• it’s the mind that makes the man
• “I am a thinking thing. . . A thing that
doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills,
refuses, imagines, perceives.”

22. DO YOU AGREE WITH
THE STATEMENTS ABOUT THE
SELF (body & soul)
SO FAR?
WHAT SEEMS TO BE
QUESTIONNABLE IN
THEIR CONJECTURES?

23. David HUME
• disagrees with the all the other
aforementioned philosophers
• “one can only know what comes from the
senses & experiences” (he is an empiricist)
• “the self is not an entity beyond the
physical body”
• you know that other people are humans
not because you have seen their soul, but
because you see them, hear them, feel
them etc

24. David HUME
• “the self is nothing but a bundle of
impressions and ideas”
• impression –
- basic objects of our
experience/sensation
- forms the core of our thoughts
• idea –
- copies of impressions
- not as “real” as impressions
- feeling mo lang yun!

25. David HUME
• self = a collection of different
perceptions which rapidly succeed each
other
• self = in a perpetual flux and
movement
• we want to believe that there is a
unified , coherent self, soul, mind, etc.
but ~~actually~~ it is all just a
combination of experiences.

26. Immanuel KANT
• agrees with HUME that everything
starts with perception/sensation of
impressions
• there is a MIND that regulates these
impressions
• “time, space, etc. are ideas that one
cannot find in the world, but is built in
our minds
• “apparatus of the mind”

27. Immanuel KANT
• the self organizes different impressions
that one gets in relation to his own
existence
• we need active intelligence to
synthesize all knowledge and
experience
• the self is not only personality but also
the seat of knowledge

28. HOW DO YOU FEEL
ABOUT THE
DISCUSSION SO
FAR?

29. Gilbert RYLE
• denies the internal, non-physical self
• “what truly matters is the behavior that
a person manifests in his day-to-day
life.”
• looking for the self is like entering LU
and looking for the “university”
(explain!)

30. Gilbert RYLE
• the self is not an entity one can locate
and analyze but simply the convenient
name that we use to refer to the
behaviors that we make

31. MERLEAU-PONTY
• a phenomenologist who says the mind-
body bifurcation is an invalid problem
• mind and body are inseparable
• “one’s body is his opening toward his
existence to the world”
• the living body, his thoughts, emotions,
and experiences are all one.

32. MERLEAU-PONTY
• if you hate this subject, Merleau-Ponty
understands you.

33. ANY QUESTIONS?