The document discusses Eastern philosophical views of man, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. Hinduism sees man as consisting of five sheaths and following four stages of life. Buddhism analyzes man under two categories and as the five aggregates. Confucianism views man as a moral and social being with four main virtues. Taoism sees everything as following the natural way or Tao, with two levels of knowledge and the ability for all men to become sages. Overall, the document outlines different Eastern religious and philosophical perspectives on the nature and role of human beings.
This document discusses several Eastern philosophies and concepts including Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, and others. Some key ideas presented are that life is a journey towards spiritual truths, the universe operates in a cyclical manner, and that the highest state is a state of "no-self" through eliminating false perceptions of oneself. Additionally, it discusses ideas like viewing humanity as interconnected rather than individualistic, and that spiritual and inner development are more important than outward goals and achievements.
Lao Tzu is considered the founder of Taoism in China in the 6th century BC. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which outlines Taoist philosophical concepts like wu wei or non-action. Over time, Taoism developed religious elements with a pantheon of deities and practices like alchemy. Major Taoist sects emerged like the Way of the Celestial Masters founded in the 2nd century CE. Taoism today continues through religious organizations, with the White Cloud Temple in Beijing considered an important center.
Medieval philosophy focused on religious questions about faith and salvation. It was dominated by Christian theology and viewed God as the center of human life. Major questions dealt with the nature of faith and religion, whether faith is internal or religion external. Medieval philosophy blended Greek and Roman philosophical concepts with Christian religious teachings. It declined as the focus shifted during the Renaissance to more human-centered subjects and skepticism toward religious authority grew.
Sartre argues that freedom is absolute and exists as humans make choices. He asserts that existence comes before essence, meaning there is no predetermined nature or role that determines human existence. Freedom is the capacity to choose, and with choice comes responsibility. While humans have freedom, their choices are not without consequences as they cannot choose to fly by jumping off a cliff. Freedom involves both choice and responsibility for that choice.
Religion is defined as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings such as gods or spirits. There are two categories of supernatural beings: those of non-human origin like gods, and those of human origin like ghosts. The three major monotheistic religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism which each believe in one God. Animism describes indigenous spiritual beliefs in supernatural beings. Polytheism involves belief in and worship of multiple gods, which can be soft polytheism viewing gods as aspects of one god, or hard polytheism seeing gods as separate divine beings.
Chapter 4: THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN (Man According to the Oriental Philosophers)Bella Jao
The document discusses views of man from various Eastern philosophies.
1. Hinduism views man as having an eternal soul or atman that is the innermost essence, consisting of five sheaths from physical to pure bliss.
2. Buddhism sees man as an impermanent collection of five aggregates subject to the law of rising and falling, with the goal of enlightenment and nirvana through yoga.
3. Confucianism regards man as a moral and social being who should possess virtues like humaneness, righteousness, ritual propriety and wisdom.
The document provides information about world religions, including their origins, characteristics, and similarities and differences. It discusses how religion involves belief in supernatural powers, and how all religions celebrate a sense of the sacred. It outlines the basic elements of wisdom/creed, worship/cult, and works/code that characterize religions. The document also summarizes the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, including its sacred texts, prayers, and synagogue worship.
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens, regarded as the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He authored many influential works and developed theories like the Theory of Forms, which proposed that the physical world is merely a shadow of the ideal "Forms." Plato also created the Allegory of the Cave to distinguish those who mistake sensory knowledge for truth from those who see the truth. His writings explored virtue ethics and the ideal just state, and examined the tripartite theory that the soul has rational, spirited, and appetitive elements.
This document discusses several Eastern philosophies and concepts including Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, and others. Some key ideas presented are that life is a journey towards spiritual truths, the universe operates in a cyclical manner, and that the highest state is a state of "no-self" through eliminating false perceptions of oneself. Additionally, it discusses ideas like viewing humanity as interconnected rather than individualistic, and that spiritual and inner development are more important than outward goals and achievements.
Lao Tzu is considered the founder of Taoism in China in the 6th century BC. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which outlines Taoist philosophical concepts like wu wei or non-action. Over time, Taoism developed religious elements with a pantheon of deities and practices like alchemy. Major Taoist sects emerged like the Way of the Celestial Masters founded in the 2nd century CE. Taoism today continues through religious organizations, with the White Cloud Temple in Beijing considered an important center.
Medieval philosophy focused on religious questions about faith and salvation. It was dominated by Christian theology and viewed God as the center of human life. Major questions dealt with the nature of faith and religion, whether faith is internal or religion external. Medieval philosophy blended Greek and Roman philosophical concepts with Christian religious teachings. It declined as the focus shifted during the Renaissance to more human-centered subjects and skepticism toward religious authority grew.
Sartre argues that freedom is absolute and exists as humans make choices. He asserts that existence comes before essence, meaning there is no predetermined nature or role that determines human existence. Freedom is the capacity to choose, and with choice comes responsibility. While humans have freedom, their choices are not without consequences as they cannot choose to fly by jumping off a cliff. Freedom involves both choice and responsibility for that choice.
Religion is defined as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings such as gods or spirits. There are two categories of supernatural beings: those of non-human origin like gods, and those of human origin like ghosts. The three major monotheistic religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism which each believe in one God. Animism describes indigenous spiritual beliefs in supernatural beings. Polytheism involves belief in and worship of multiple gods, which can be soft polytheism viewing gods as aspects of one god, or hard polytheism seeing gods as separate divine beings.
Chapter 4: THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN (Man According to the Oriental Philosophers)Bella Jao
The document discusses views of man from various Eastern philosophies.
1. Hinduism views man as having an eternal soul or atman that is the innermost essence, consisting of five sheaths from physical to pure bliss.
2. Buddhism sees man as an impermanent collection of five aggregates subject to the law of rising and falling, with the goal of enlightenment and nirvana through yoga.
3. Confucianism regards man as a moral and social being who should possess virtues like humaneness, righteousness, ritual propriety and wisdom.
The document provides information about world religions, including their origins, characteristics, and similarities and differences. It discusses how religion involves belief in supernatural powers, and how all religions celebrate a sense of the sacred. It outlines the basic elements of wisdom/creed, worship/cult, and works/code that characterize religions. The document also summarizes the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, including its sacred texts, prayers, and synagogue worship.
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens, regarded as the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He authored many influential works and developed theories like the Theory of Forms, which proposed that the physical world is merely a shadow of the ideal "Forms." Plato also created the Allegory of the Cave to distinguish those who mistake sensory knowledge for truth from those who see the truth. His writings explored virtue ethics and the ideal just state, and examined the tripartite theory that the soul has rational, spirited, and appetitive elements.
The document provides an overview of the nature and history of philosophy. It discusses how philosophy began with early Greek philosophers asking questions about the natural world and seeking rational explanations. Key philosophers and schools of thought mentioned include the Milesians, Pre-Socratics like Parmenides and Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, the Stoics, Skeptics, and Cynics of the ancient world. It then outlines the development of philosophy through the medieval scholastic tradition, as well as the birth of modern science with figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, and Leibniz in the early modern period.
Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. It is derived from the Greek words "philia" meaning love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. Philosophy involves asking fundamental questions about human thought, knowledge, existence, and reality. It aims to understand the meaning and purpose of life through reasoning. Some key philosophers mentioned include Aristotle, Thales, Empedocles, Democritus, and Heraclitus. Philosophy can be studied both formally as an academic discipline involving fields like ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, and informally as a personal philosophy to resolve existential questions about the human condition.
Western philosophy developed through various historical periods and schools of thought. In ancient Rome, Stoicism emphasized morality, virtue and emotional control. During the Medieval period, Scholasticism applied philosophy to religious doctrines. The Renaissance saw the rise of Humanism and an emphasis on understanding humanity. The Enlightenment era was defined by Rationalism, which viewed reason as the basis of knowledge, and Empiricism, which held that knowledge comes from experience. Modern philosophy included movements like Existentialism, which focused on individual responsibility, and Pragmatism, which emphasized practical applications of ideas.
This document provides an introduction to a course on philosophy. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and the search for meaning. It outlines the course, which will cover definitions of philosophy, why it is studied, its major fields and issues. It discusses perceptions of philosophy and provides reminders for students. Specifically, it emphasizes developing skills in analysis, criticism and synthesis through careful reading. It also explains how the study of philosophy helps prepare students for theological studies by developing rigorous thinking habits and understanding philosophical foundations of religious doctrines.
Taoism originated in China as a combination of philosophy and psychology attributed to Lao-Tse in the 6th century BCE. It views the universe as constantly recreating itself through the balance of opposing but complementary forces called yin and yang. With over 20 million followers today, Taoism teaches that finding perfection, balance and harmony comes from living according to natural principles like wu-wei or non-action. It was adopted as a state religion in 440 CE but faced periods of suppression after the Communist victory in 1949 and during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
This document discusses key concepts in philosophy, including truth, knowledge, propositions, and methods for determining what is true. It provides definitions and examples of facts, claims, opinions, beliefs, explanations, arguments, and logical fallacies. Common biases are also explained. The overall purpose is to guide the reader in distinguishing truth from opinion and analyzing statements using philosophical methods.
Confucius' teachings, preserved in the Analects, focused on creating ethical models of family and public interaction, and setting educational standards.
This document discusses the differences between religion and philosophy. It states that while religion and philosophy often deal with similar questions about life, ethics, and reality, they differ in key ways. Religion involves faith in a supreme power and adherence to rituals and leadership, while philosophy relies solely on reason and critical thinking. Religions may incorporate the miraculous, while philosophy is grounded solely in natural explanation. Some examples of Asian religions provided are Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, Sikhism, and Christianity. Examples of philosophies are Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. It is possible for a philosophy to become one's religion
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from 600 BC to 322 BC. It discusses some of the major early philosophers known as the Pre-Socratics, including Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. It then focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning beliefs and seeking truth. Plato emphasized the role of philosopher-kings and equal rights. Aristotle studied nature scientifically and analyzed different forms of government.
This document provides an overview of medieval philosophy with a focus on faith and religion. It discusses:
- St. Augustine's views on faith being personal and internal while religion is external and can change. He emphasized that humans find true happiness only in God.
- St. Thomas Aquinas believed faith and reason were compatible. He developed proofs for God's existence and emphasized virtues. His Summas organized theological knowledge through logic.
- St. Anselm developed the ontological argument that it is logically necessary for God, the greatest conceivable being, to exist.
So in summary, medieval philosophers explored the relationship between faith, reason and religion, with many emphasizing that fulfillment is found through
Humanism is an approach that focuses on human values and rejects religious beliefs, centering on human worth. Key figures in humanistic psychology include Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who developed the concept of the actualization tendency. Viktor Frankl focused on finding meaning and logotherapy. Humanistic psychology views humans as essentially good and focuses on healthy psychology rather than mental illness.
- Greek philosophy began with the Pre-Socratic period, including early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes who attempted to explain the universe through singular elements like water or air.
- Additional early philosophers included Heraclitus, who believed in constant change, and the atomists Leucippus and Democritus, who were the first to theorize that matter was made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Socrates disagreed with the Sophists' teachings and used questioning to help students discover ethical truths for themselves, influencing both Plato and Aristotle, two of the most important Greek philosophers.
This document outlines the objectives and content of an introductory philosophy course. The objectives are for students to reflect critically on their experiences, develop analytical thinking skills, apply these skills to daily life, act with truth, care for the environment and others, and articulate a personal philosophy. The document defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and man's search for meaning. It discusses what philosophy is, different philosophical questions, and introduces some key philosophical concepts like holism, freedom, and the self. It also outlines the main branches of philosophy as epistemology, metaphysics, and axiology.
The document provides an overview of several Eastern religions and philosophies including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It summarizes some of the key beliefs and concepts of each. For Christianity, it discusses beliefs around the resurrection of the body. For Hinduism, it outlines concepts like Brahman, Atman, and the belief in reincarnation and karma. For Buddhism, it summarizes the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and goal of achieving Nirvana. For Confucianism, it describes the five relationships and virtues governing each.
The document summarizes key aspects of empiricism according to philosophers like Aristotle, Aquinas, and Locke. It discusses how empiricists believe that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. Aristotle believed we develop universal ideas from our experiences with particular objects through induction. For Aquinas, the intellect can abstract the essence of things from our senses. Locke viewed the mind as initially blank, with ideas developing from sensation and reflection. He distinguished between simple and complex ideas.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Anarchism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Confucianism is a philosophy founded by Confucius that focuses on social order, ethics, and restoring harmony. It teaches human-heartedness and proper behavior in relationships. Confucius established schools advocating learning strategies like reviewing lessons and eliciting student understanding. He believed education should be available to all and aimed at developing good citizens, family members, and subjects of the emperor.
Confucius was an important Chinese philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC and emphasized ethics, morality, and virtue. He did not write his own ideas down, but his students collected his sayings in The Analects after his death. Confucius focused on education and developing good citizens through teachings of filial piety, honesty, hard work, and concern for others. He believed that through education and self-reflection, people could reach their highest potential and live harmoniously together in society by following the principles of ren (benevolence) and li (proper ritual conduct). Confucius established many of the principles of education that are still used today, such as the importance of teachers as role models,
This document outlines the history of philosophy from ancient to modern times. It discusses major philosophers and philosophical movements throughout different periods including Greek/Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern, and contemporary eras. Key philosophers mentioned include Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Kant, and existentialists. Major topics of philosophy covered include rationalism, empiricism, idealism, pragmatism, and existentialism. The document also discusses the scientific revolution sparked by Copernicus and Galileo and influence of philosophers like Bacon, Hobbes, and Rousseau during the Enlightenment era.
Psychology emerged from philosophy and early explanations of human behavior centered on supernatural concepts. Key developments included Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879, marking the beginnings of modern scientific psychology. Early schools of thought guiding psychological work included structuralism, which used introspection to study the mind's fundamental elements, and functionalism, which focused on what the mind does.
This document provides an introduction to psychology, covering its definition, historical background, and key figures. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The historical background is divided into the pre-scientific period, including early Greek, Middle Ages, and Islamic philosophers who studied the mind and soul, and the scientific period starting in the Renaissance. Key figures mentioned who advanced the scientific study of psychology include Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Paul Broca, and Weber.
The document provides an overview of the nature and history of philosophy. It discusses how philosophy began with early Greek philosophers asking questions about the natural world and seeking rational explanations. Key philosophers and schools of thought mentioned include the Milesians, Pre-Socratics like Parmenides and Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, the Stoics, Skeptics, and Cynics of the ancient world. It then outlines the development of philosophy through the medieval scholastic tradition, as well as the birth of modern science with figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, and Leibniz in the early modern period.
Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. It is derived from the Greek words "philia" meaning love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. Philosophy involves asking fundamental questions about human thought, knowledge, existence, and reality. It aims to understand the meaning and purpose of life through reasoning. Some key philosophers mentioned include Aristotle, Thales, Empedocles, Democritus, and Heraclitus. Philosophy can be studied both formally as an academic discipline involving fields like ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, and informally as a personal philosophy to resolve existential questions about the human condition.
Western philosophy developed through various historical periods and schools of thought. In ancient Rome, Stoicism emphasized morality, virtue and emotional control. During the Medieval period, Scholasticism applied philosophy to religious doctrines. The Renaissance saw the rise of Humanism and an emphasis on understanding humanity. The Enlightenment era was defined by Rationalism, which viewed reason as the basis of knowledge, and Empiricism, which held that knowledge comes from experience. Modern philosophy included movements like Existentialism, which focused on individual responsibility, and Pragmatism, which emphasized practical applications of ideas.
This document provides an introduction to a course on philosophy. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and the search for meaning. It outlines the course, which will cover definitions of philosophy, why it is studied, its major fields and issues. It discusses perceptions of philosophy and provides reminders for students. Specifically, it emphasizes developing skills in analysis, criticism and synthesis through careful reading. It also explains how the study of philosophy helps prepare students for theological studies by developing rigorous thinking habits and understanding philosophical foundations of religious doctrines.
Taoism originated in China as a combination of philosophy and psychology attributed to Lao-Tse in the 6th century BCE. It views the universe as constantly recreating itself through the balance of opposing but complementary forces called yin and yang. With over 20 million followers today, Taoism teaches that finding perfection, balance and harmony comes from living according to natural principles like wu-wei or non-action. It was adopted as a state religion in 440 CE but faced periods of suppression after the Communist victory in 1949 and during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
This document discusses key concepts in philosophy, including truth, knowledge, propositions, and methods for determining what is true. It provides definitions and examples of facts, claims, opinions, beliefs, explanations, arguments, and logical fallacies. Common biases are also explained. The overall purpose is to guide the reader in distinguishing truth from opinion and analyzing statements using philosophical methods.
Confucius' teachings, preserved in the Analects, focused on creating ethical models of family and public interaction, and setting educational standards.
This document discusses the differences between religion and philosophy. It states that while religion and philosophy often deal with similar questions about life, ethics, and reality, they differ in key ways. Religion involves faith in a supreme power and adherence to rituals and leadership, while philosophy relies solely on reason and critical thinking. Religions may incorporate the miraculous, while philosophy is grounded solely in natural explanation. Some examples of Asian religions provided are Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, Sikhism, and Christianity. Examples of philosophies are Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. It is possible for a philosophy to become one's religion
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from 600 BC to 322 BC. It discusses some of the major early philosophers known as the Pre-Socratics, including Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. It then focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning beliefs and seeking truth. Plato emphasized the role of philosopher-kings and equal rights. Aristotle studied nature scientifically and analyzed different forms of government.
This document provides an overview of medieval philosophy with a focus on faith and religion. It discusses:
- St. Augustine's views on faith being personal and internal while religion is external and can change. He emphasized that humans find true happiness only in God.
- St. Thomas Aquinas believed faith and reason were compatible. He developed proofs for God's existence and emphasized virtues. His Summas organized theological knowledge through logic.
- St. Anselm developed the ontological argument that it is logically necessary for God, the greatest conceivable being, to exist.
So in summary, medieval philosophers explored the relationship between faith, reason and religion, with many emphasizing that fulfillment is found through
Humanism is an approach that focuses on human values and rejects religious beliefs, centering on human worth. Key figures in humanistic psychology include Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who developed the concept of the actualization tendency. Viktor Frankl focused on finding meaning and logotherapy. Humanistic psychology views humans as essentially good and focuses on healthy psychology rather than mental illness.
- Greek philosophy began with the Pre-Socratic period, including early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes who attempted to explain the universe through singular elements like water or air.
- Additional early philosophers included Heraclitus, who believed in constant change, and the atomists Leucippus and Democritus, who were the first to theorize that matter was made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Socrates disagreed with the Sophists' teachings and used questioning to help students discover ethical truths for themselves, influencing both Plato and Aristotle, two of the most important Greek philosophers.
This document outlines the objectives and content of an introductory philosophy course. The objectives are for students to reflect critically on their experiences, develop analytical thinking skills, apply these skills to daily life, act with truth, care for the environment and others, and articulate a personal philosophy. The document defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and man's search for meaning. It discusses what philosophy is, different philosophical questions, and introduces some key philosophical concepts like holism, freedom, and the self. It also outlines the main branches of philosophy as epistemology, metaphysics, and axiology.
The document provides an overview of several Eastern religions and philosophies including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It summarizes some of the key beliefs and concepts of each. For Christianity, it discusses beliefs around the resurrection of the body. For Hinduism, it outlines concepts like Brahman, Atman, and the belief in reincarnation and karma. For Buddhism, it summarizes the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and goal of achieving Nirvana. For Confucianism, it describes the five relationships and virtues governing each.
The document summarizes key aspects of empiricism according to philosophers like Aristotle, Aquinas, and Locke. It discusses how empiricists believe that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. Aristotle believed we develop universal ideas from our experiences with particular objects through induction. For Aquinas, the intellect can abstract the essence of things from our senses. Locke viewed the mind as initially blank, with ideas developing from sensation and reflection. He distinguished between simple and complex ideas.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Anarchism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Confucianism is a philosophy founded by Confucius that focuses on social order, ethics, and restoring harmony. It teaches human-heartedness and proper behavior in relationships. Confucius established schools advocating learning strategies like reviewing lessons and eliciting student understanding. He believed education should be available to all and aimed at developing good citizens, family members, and subjects of the emperor.
Confucius was an important Chinese philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC and emphasized ethics, morality, and virtue. He did not write his own ideas down, but his students collected his sayings in The Analects after his death. Confucius focused on education and developing good citizens through teachings of filial piety, honesty, hard work, and concern for others. He believed that through education and self-reflection, people could reach their highest potential and live harmoniously together in society by following the principles of ren (benevolence) and li (proper ritual conduct). Confucius established many of the principles of education that are still used today, such as the importance of teachers as role models,
This document outlines the history of philosophy from ancient to modern times. It discusses major philosophers and philosophical movements throughout different periods including Greek/Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern, and contemporary eras. Key philosophers mentioned include Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Kant, and existentialists. Major topics of philosophy covered include rationalism, empiricism, idealism, pragmatism, and existentialism. The document also discusses the scientific revolution sparked by Copernicus and Galileo and influence of philosophers like Bacon, Hobbes, and Rousseau during the Enlightenment era.
Psychology emerged from philosophy and early explanations of human behavior centered on supernatural concepts. Key developments included Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879, marking the beginnings of modern scientific psychology. Early schools of thought guiding psychological work included structuralism, which used introspection to study the mind's fundamental elements, and functionalism, which focused on what the mind does.
This document provides an introduction to psychology, covering its definition, historical background, and key figures. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The historical background is divided into the pre-scientific period, including early Greek, Middle Ages, and Islamic philosophers who studied the mind and soul, and the scientific period starting in the Renaissance. Key figures mentioned who advanced the scientific study of psychology include Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Paul Broca, and Weber.
Oriental philosophy developed mainly in China and India, focusing on ethics and humanity's relation to the cosmos rather than rituals. The two main traditions are Chinese and Indian philosophy. Chinese philosophy aimed to improve society through disciplines like Confucianism, focusing on proper living. Some key Chinese philosophers included Confucius, Laozi, Sun Tzu, Zhuangzi, and Mencius. Indian philosophy was intertwined with religion, with the main philosophies being Hinduism and Buddhism. Both emphasized concepts like samsara, karma, and aiming for freedom from suffering.
Religions of south,southeast, east asiajohnharrell
This document provides an overview of several major religions of South and East Asia, including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism. It describes the origins, beliefs, practices, and geographic regions of each religion. Hinduism originated in India and believes in reincarnation. Islam was founded by Muhammad in the Middle East and follows the teachings of the Quran. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and teaches that suffering can be ended by ridding attachments. Shintoism is the indigenous religion of Japan that teaches supernatural beings live in nature. Confucianism was developed by Confucius in China and is based on social harmony through virtue and proper behavior.
This document provides an overview of Eastern philosophy, including its key aims and traditions. It discusses Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Hinduism believes in a cosmic unity and that the purpose of life is enlightenment through reincarnation governed by karma. Buddhism, founded by Buddha, teaches that suffering can be eliminated by removing desire through following the Four Noble Truths and achieving nirvana. Taoism, based on the Tao, emphasizes living in harmony with nature. Confucianism focuses on social ethics and proper behavior within relationships to cultivate virtue and order.
Filsafat manusia adalah cabang ilmu filsafat yang membahas mengenai makna menjadi manusia. Filsafat manusia menjadikan manusia sebagai objek studinya. Dalam cabang ilmu filsafat ini manusia akan mengajukan pertanyaan mengenai diri mereka sebagai manusia.[3] Filsafat manusia terus berkembang karena manusia adalah objek yang penuh dengan misteri. Titik tolak filsafat manusia adalah pengetahuan dan pengalaman manusia, serta dunia yang melingkupinya. Dalam sejarah ada beberapa istilah yang mendahului filsafat manusia, yaitu psikologi filsafat, psikologi rasional, eksperimental dan empiris.
Filsafat manusia perlu dipelajari karena manusia mempunyai kemampuan dan kekuatan untuk menyelidiki dan menganalisis sesuatu secara mendalam. Manusia berpikir dan menganalisis banyak hal. Pada suatu titik manusia akan sampai kepada saat di mana dia akan bertanya mengenai arti keberadaannya sendiri sebagai manusia. Dengan demikian filsafat manusia mengantar manusia untuk menyelami kehidupannya sendiri, dan sangat mungkin mendapat pencerahan mengenai menjadi manusia yang lebih utuh. Dalam sejarah, manusia selalu berusaha memecahkan permasalahan pokok tentang makna dan eksistensinya yang selalu sulit memperoleh jawaban. Filsafat manusia ada untuk mendorong manusia mencari hakikatnya.
Religion has developed naturally over time from early forms like animism and shamanism to more complex modern religions. Early humans may have practiced animal worship and had religious beliefs as early as 300,000 years ago based on burial sites. Religion progressed through stages including animism, polytheism, henotheism, and monotheism. The five major world religions today are Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, with Judaism being one of the earliest monotheistic faiths based on teachings from the Torah and belief in one God.
This document provides an overview of the development of religion from early human history through modern times in 3 sections. Section 1 discusses evidence of early religious ideas from 300,000 years ago and the development of organized religion with the advent of writing around 3200 BCE. Section 2 outlines the 7 major steps in the evolution of religion from Paleolithic times to modern rational religion. Section 3 identifies the 5 major world religions as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and provides brief descriptions of the origins and key beliefs and texts of each religion.
2.1 classical phase of greek philosophy beginsArneyo
The document compares Eastern and Western philosophy. Some key differences are:
1) Eastern philosophy sees time as cyclical while Western philosophy separates philosophy and religion.
2) Eastern philosophy relies more on intuition and mysticism, while Western philosophy relies more on logic and science.
3) Major Eastern philosophies discussed include Buddhism, Jainism, and Taoism. Major figures of Western philosophy mentioned are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle during Ancient Greece.
The document provides information on several classical religions including Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It discusses the emergence of Confucianism and Daoism in China, with Confucianism emphasizing social order, filial piety, and respect for elders, while Daoism focused on balance with nature. In India, Hinduism developed beliefs in reincarnation and dharma while Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, taught the four noble truths and eightfold path to end suffering. Both religions spread along trade routes from India to East Asia.
This document provides an overview of major psychological theories, including:
1. Structuralism - Focused on analyzing the basic elements of conscious experience through introspection. Pioneered by Wundt and Titchner.
2. Psychoanalysis - Developed by Freud, focuses on discovering unconscious meanings and motivations to change problematic behaviors. Includes concepts like the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
3. Behaviorism - Known as the learning perspective, believes all behaviors can be explained by stimuli and responses. Includes theories of classical and operant conditioning from Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and others.
4. Gestaltism - Developed in response to structural
The document compares Eastern and Western concepts of self. In Eastern thought as seen in Confucianism and Taoism, the self is relational and defined by relationships, and self-cultivation is important. In Confucianism, living according to principles like propriety and righteousness is valued. Taoism sees the self as an extension of nature and the cosmos, valuing selflessness. Buddhism sees the self as composed of five aggregates and teaches anatman, that there is no permanent self. The ultimate goal is nirvana or enlightenment. In Western thought, the self is distinct from others and defined by individual attributes, while Eastern thought focuses more on social roles and relationships.
This document compares Western and Eastern concepts of self through examining Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. In Confucianism, the self is relational and defined by significant relationships, with self-cultivation being the purpose of life. The Taoist self is an extension of nature and society, emphasizing balance and selflessness. Buddhism teaches that there is no permanent self, only ephemeral experiences and five aggregates that make up a person. The ultimate goal is enlightenment and escaping rebirth through nirvana. Overall, Eastern views see the self as interconnected and defined by social roles, while Western views are more individualistic and focused on personal attributes.
This document provides an overview and outline of a presentation on the history of philosophy. It discusses the importance of understanding the historical context of philosophical ideas and compares perspectives in Eastern and Western philosophy. The major sections will cover ancient Greek philosophy, medieval philosophy with the rise of Christianity, and modern philosophy from the Renaissance onward. Key philosophies that will be examined include Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and the major eras and movements in Western thought.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
This document summarizes several major belief systems between 600 BCE and 600 CE, including Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. Confucianism focused on social and political philosophy in China, while Daoism emphasized living in harmony with nature. Hinduism originated in India and involved reincarnation and the caste system. Buddhism, also founded in India, spread throughout Asia with the goal of reaching Nirvana. Judaism established monotheism through the Torah, and Christianity expanded through disciples like Paul and appealed to lower classes.
The document discusses several ancient Eastern philosophies including Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism. It provides overview information on key figures like Buddha, Lao Tzu, Confucius, and concepts like Brahman, Tao, karma, and the Four Noble Truths. The philosophies discussed emphasize unity, non-duality, harmony with nature, morality, social relationships and virtue.
The document discusses various world religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Kalama Sutta. It provides overview information on the origins, beliefs, practices, and key figures of each religion. It also summarizes the Kalama Sutta where the Buddha instructs people to not blindly accept religious teachings but to investigate and decide based on their own experience and wisdom.
1) Socrates viewed the self as consisting of two parts - the physical body and the immortal soul. The soul is the true self that survives death.
2) Plato saw the self as composed of reason, physical appetite, and spirit or passion. It is the role of reason to control and harmonize these parts.
3) Freud proposed the self has both a conscious and unconscious aspect, with the latter governed by pleasure and the former by reality. The mind operates through the id, ego, and superego.
1. The document discusses different philosophical concepts of the self from thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Freud, Kant, Ryle, and Merleau-Ponty.
2. Plato viewed the human soul as having three parts - rational, spirited, and appetitive - while Aristotle saw the soul as the essence of a person's being through intellect.
3. Descartes argued "I think therefore I am" and separated mind and body, while Hume believed there is no fixed self and it is simply a collection of perceptions.
Similar to MAN:As eastern philosophers see him(jhustyn) (20)
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
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Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
2. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
Confucius
(551-478 B.C)
The great
Chinese
Sage
2
3. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
Confucius
(551-478 B.C)
“The
Measure of
Man is
Man”
3
4. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The oldest Religions:
•Confucianism
•Taoism
•Hinduism
•Buddhism
4
5. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Brahman
5
6. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Atman
6
7. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Atman
7
8. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Man is seen as consisting of
five sheaths:
ANNAMAYATMAN
8
9. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Man is seen as consisting of
five sheaths:
PRANAMAYATMAN
9
10. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Man is seen as consisting of
five sheaths:
MANOMAYATMAN
10
11. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Man is seen as consisting of
five sheaths:
VIJNAMAMAYATMAN
11
12. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Man is seen as consisting of five
sheaths:
ANANDAMAYATMAN
12
13. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Indian society reinforced its
caste system
13
14. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Caste System
14
15. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Four stages of the ideal life:
The Pupil
15
16. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Four stages of the ideal life:
The Householder
16
17. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Four stages of the ideal life:
Hermit
17
18. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Hindu View of Man:
Four stages of the ideal life:
Spiritual Release
18
19. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Man and everything in the
world is analyzed under
two categories:
19
20. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Two Categories:
1. NAME(nama)
2. FORM(rupa)
20
21. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Two Categories:
NAME(nama)
21
22. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Two Categories:
FORM(rupa)
22
23. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Two Categories:
NAMA-RUPA or
Psycho-Physical
23
24. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
Next analization:
The Five Aggregates
24
25. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
The Five Aggregates:
1. Matter
2. Sensation
3. Perception
4. Mental constructs
5. Consciousness
25
26. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
So What Is Man????
26
27. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Buddhist View of Man:
So What Is Man????
Is Just a name given
for the totality of five
aggregates that
compose the individual.
27
28. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
“Sageliness within
& kingliness
without”
28
29. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Confusianism is
essentialy ethical
29
30. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
WHAT IS MAN???
30
31. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
WHAT IS MAN???
•Moral being
•Social being
31
32. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
True man is a noble
man
(Chun-tzu)
32
33. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Human
Heartedness
(Jen)
33
34. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Four virtues of Confusianism:
a. Righteousness(yi)
b. Propriety(Ii)
c. Humanheartedness(jen)
d. Wisdom(chi)
34
35. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Four virtues of Confusianism:
Righteousness(yi)
35
36. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Four virtues of Confusianism:
Propriety(Ii)
36
37. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Four virtues of Confusianism:
Humanheartedness(jen)
37
38. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Four virtues of Confusianism:
Wisdom(chi)
38
39. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius
39
40. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius’s
Theory
Four
Begginings 40
41. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius’s Theory Four Begginings :
Feeling of commiseration
41
42. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius’s Theory Four Begginings :
Feeling of shame and
dislike
42
43. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius’s Theory Four Begginings :
Feeling modesty
43
44. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Confucianist View of Man:
Mencius’s Theory Four Begginings :
The sense of right and
wrong
44
45. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Lao Tzu
45
46. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Which anything and
everything comes
to be, is the “Tao”
46
47. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Which anything and
everything comes
to be, is the “Tao”
47
48. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
“Tao”
48
49. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
49
50. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Laws that govern changes of
things:
50
51. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Laws that govern changes of
things:
“The way of heaven has
no favorites; it is
necessarily on the side
of the good” 51
52. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Laws that govern changes of
things:
“When a thing
reaches its extreme,
it reverts from it.”
52
53. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Lao Tzu says to his book:
“Reversal is the
movement of the
Tao”
53
54. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Lao Tzu says to his book:
“To go further and
further means to
revert again”
54
55. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Two levels of knowledge:
55
56. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Two levels of knowledge:
56
57. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Two levels of knowledge:
57
58. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Two levels of knowledge:
58
59. Man: As Eastern Philosophers See Him
The Taoist View of Man:
Every man can
be a Sage
59
was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.
The bible of the east for his moral teachings are chiefly rooted.
is a Vedic Sanskrit word, and is conceptualized in Hinduism, states Paul Deussen, as the "creative principle which lies realized in the whole world".
is part of the universal brahman, with which it can commune or even fuse. So fundamental was the atman deemed to be that certain circles identified it with brahman. Of the various systems (darshans) of Hindu thought, Vedanta is the one that is particularly concerned with the atman
Atman is the higher aspect of what we understand as “soul” the principle of man.
Self dependent on food…
The two former produce food and drink, which is assimilated by the fire of digestion, and converted into the body of food. The indriya are both the faculty and organs of sense. There are in this body the material organs, as distinguished from the faculty of sense.
Vital breath…
The biological layer of man.
which manifests itself in air
SELF CONSISTING OF WILL..
THIS IS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LAYER.
CONSCIOUSNESS…
IT IS THE INTELLECTUAL LAYER…
PURE BLISS… THIS APPROXIMATES THE BRAHMAN.. THESE SHEATHS ARE CONSIDERED AS DARK COVERINGS OF IGNORANCE THAT LIE UNDERNEATH THE WHOLE CREATED WORLD.
IT IS THE INTELLECTUAL LAYER…
in India is a system of social stratification which has pre-modern origins, was transformed by the British Raj, and is today the basis of reservation in India. It consists of two different concepts, varna and jāti, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system.
One goes to the spiritual teacher to receive divine knowledge and magic craft of is vocation.
This is the period when the mere natural man is sacrificed………..
Young man is married and takes over the paternal craft, business or profession and forms a family of his own.
In this stage thet he gets into three of the four ends of the hindu life. The WEALTH and POWER. PLEASURE OF HIS CASTE MARRIED LIFE, and RIGHTS AN DUTIES OF HIS CASTE.
He retires to the seclusion of the forest to enter upon the path of the quest of the ATMAN-BRAHMAN.
He is utterly free.
Literally means name but in English it is “mind”
But in buddhist psychology it is used as a collective name to refer to the psychological and mental aspects of human being.
It is “matter” in English…
Constitute a person or a separate or distinct individual…
Nama cannot exist without rupa and vice versa,, they need each other..
It is said that the psychosomatic organisms consists of a compuond of material stuff and emotional.
Psychosomatic-(of a physical illness or other condition) caused or aggravated by a mental factor such as internal conflict or stress.
-or relating to the interaction of mind and body
. From the very beginning, Confucians have been involved in ruling, yet their kingliness seems to come with a certain cost: a lack of sagacity. In contrast with Confucians, Daoists made their way into the mountains and urged that the best form of government is one in which its subjects can act as freely and as naturally as possible. Laozi believes that the wise man attends to himself and, were he to be ruler (though it is said of Chuang Tzu that it did not seek it out and actually turned it down), would in many cases do well to leave well enough alone.
In this system ethics cannot be seperated from politics.
It is an attribute that implies that a person's actions are justified, and can have the connotation that the person has been "judged" or "reckoned" as leading a life that is pleasing to God.
the condition of being right, appropriate, or fitting.
the ability to love and have compassion, be creative, and not be a robot or alien.
body of knowledge and principles that develops within a specified society or period.
Mencius was a Chinese philosopher who is the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.
Man tends to sympathize with his fellowmen.
Man tends to be ashamed of evil and dislike evil. This is the beginning of righteousness…
This is the beginning of ritual and propriety.
Man is naturally endowed with the knowledge of what is right and wrong.
was a philosopher and poet of ancient China. He is known as the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching and the founder of philosophical Taoism, and as a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions.
Tao(TAW)- is a Chinese concept signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', or sometimes more loosely, 'doctrine' or 'principle'.
It was said that tao comes from one and from one to two, two to three and more..
Power or the principle behind all things. It is sometimes called non-being
As you can see in the picture yin yang have its symbolizes.. Through the inter action of the yin and the yang, all phenomena in the universe are produced.
The first thing that man must know is that things are ever changeable.
It says that heaven is only for the good ones.. But it shows no favoritism…
It says that if one thing exceed to its limits it will go again to the beginning or it will simply reverse..
This is the most fundamental law and it was also written in Lao Tzu’s book.
This means that if anything develops certain extreme qualities, those qualities invariably revert to become their opposite.
Taoism speaks of two levels of knowledge
The lower level. When man sees distinctions like those between right and wrong.
When a man sees things in the light of heaven, that is from the point of view of the “Tao”
Sage-someone who has attained wisdom; the aim of the ancient Greek schools of thought..
According from taoism all man or evry man should strive to be one with the tao, for such a man is the sage, the perfect man, the happy man.
is the dominant religion, or way of life, [note 1] in South Asia, most notably in India and Nepal. It is the oldest of religions. Claiming it starts 4,000 years ago. In the Vedas(knowledge) the most sacred writings of the hindu can be found their beliefs such as creation the self and death.
Hindus worship 330 million gods. They worship the supreme being Brahman
Hindus go to bernares their “ Holy City of Liberation” where taking a bath in the river ganges is supposed to free a man from his sins.
Only the holliest man are not cremated but it was surrounded by flowers and everything a holy deserves.
This means man is affected with his previous existence.
Example..
is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").
Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni, or simply the Buddha, was a sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. He is believed to have born in Lumbini, presently in Nepal.
Buddha was born a hindu. And some of hindu’s beliefs are also in buddhism’s beliefs.
Kung saan nag nilaynilay si gautama ng halos 45 days and he achieved enlightenment. Buddha means “the enlightened one.”
Thereafter, for 45years he preached all over northern india on the meaning life
Budhhism has two school of doctrine..
Known as “ the lesser vehicle” with followers in southern asia which exalts individual austerity and salvation by personal example”
“the Greater vehicle” with followers in china, japan, korea, tibet and mongolia which stand for salvation by faith and good words.
The source of suffering.. Craving for satisfaction of sensual delights. This leads to reincarnation or transmigration or rebirth.
This mean the proper understanding of the four noble truths.
This means choosing the right word to show courtesy and respect for others.
Obeying the five precepts of not killing, not stealing, not lying and all misbehave actions.
One does not inflict harm or pain on others. Being a soldier and butcher are not included.
One does not inflict harm or pain on others. Being a soldier and butcher are not included.
We must control our emotions, our imaginations, avoid illusions and self-deception.
The quieting of “ all irrelevant thoughts until we come to true knowledge not by logic but by intuition and by insight.” and lead to nirvana.
The quieting of “ all irrelevant thoughts until we come to true knowledge not by logic but by intuition and by insight.” and lead to nirvana.
also known as Ruism, is a system of philosophical and "ethical-sociopolitical teachings" sometimes described as a religion.
Book of Changes, generally held to be the earliest of the classics, shows a metaphysical vision which combines divinatory art with numerological technique and ethical insight; philosophy of change sees cosmos as interaction between the two energies yin and yang, universe always shows organismic unity and dynamism.
Book of Songs is the earliest anthology of Chinese poems and songs. It shows the poetic vision in the belief that poetry and music convey common human feelings and mutual responsiveness.
Book of History Compilation of speeches of major figures and records of events in ancient times embodies the political vision and addresses the kingly way in terms of the ethical foundation for humane government. The documents show the sagacity, filial piety, and work ethic of Yao, Shun, and Yu. They established a political culture which was based on responsibility and trust. Their virtue formed a covenant of social harmony which did not depend on punishment or coercion
describes the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou Dynasty. This social vision defined society not as an adversarial system based on contractual relations but as a community of trust based on social responsibility. The four functional occupations are cooperative (farmer, scholar, artisan, merchant).
the period to which it gives its name, Spring and Autumn Period (771–476 BCE) and these events emphasize the significance of collective memory for communal self-identification, for reanimating the old is the best way to attain the new.
is an ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief that is deeply rooted in Chinese customs and worldview. Taoist ideas have become popular throughout the world through Tai Chi Chuan, Qigong, and various martial arts.
philosop[her and founder of taoism who creates yin and yang symbol.
Is a word that means “ submission” to the will of god
The founder of this religion. He did not claim to be a savior or a messiah, but a prophet of allah.
They said that mohammed was a simple man, married to khadja a widow of means and fifteen years his senior.
Islam’s bible. All of mohammed’s recitation was covered in this book. It has 114 sutras or chapters.
Mecca, in a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia, is Islam’s holiest city, as it’s the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj (pilgrimage). Dating from the 7th century, the central Masjid al-Haram (Sacred Mosque) surrounds the Kaaba, the cloth-covered cubic structure that’s Islam’s most sacred shrine.
Also contains other ordinances. Believers are fobiddden to eat pork, to gamble, to practice usury, to worship and make idols or saints.