2. CoreSubject Description:
This subject is an introduction to the activity and
process of philosophical reflection as a search
of synoptic vision of life. The topics to be
discussed include the human experiences of
embodiment, being the world with others and
the environment, freedom, intersubjectivity,
sociality and being upon death
6. Philosophy
• Philos – “Love”; Sophia – “Wisdom”
• Philosopher – “lover of wisdom”
• “Philosophy is the knowledge of all
things through their ultimate
causes, acquired through the use of
reason”
7. Philosophy
• Material Object of Philosophy:
“philosophy studies all things”; thus all
aspects of reality can be the object of a
philosophical study
• Formal Object of Philosophy: “through
their ultimate causes”; seeking the deepest
explanations regarding the existence and
nature of beings.
8. Philosophy
• Natural Scope of Philosophy:
“acquired through the use of
reason; seeking the ultimate
explanations that can be arrived
at by applying reasoning to facts
supplied by experience.
9. Branches ofPhilosophy
• Epistemology – studies the nature of knowledge and the
rationality of belief; the means of production of knowledge
• Metaphysics – studies and asks questions about the
essence and existence of a being
• Logic – concerned with “reasoning” or truth
• Ethics/Axiology – concerns the matter of “value/morality”
• Aesthetics – explores the nature and appreciation of art,
beauty and taste
11. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Pythagoras
• Ionian Greek Philosopher
• First person to name himself a
philosopher or lover of wisdom
• Known for his Pythagorean
Theorem in geometry.
12. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Thales of Miletus
• First person to explain the world
and universe outside
mythological concepts
• He explained that the world was
made up of “water”
• Teacher of Pythagoras
14. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Socrates
• First moral philosopher
• Known for his Socratic Method
(elenchus)
• Teacher of Plato
• “Stresses that man must take good
care of its soul”
• “All human beings desire the good”
15. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Plato
• Student of Socrates and
Teacher of Aristotle
• Founder of the
Academy of Athens
• “the soul is immortal,
even the physical
ceased to exist”
17. VIRTUE IS KNOWLEDGE (Socrates)
• In the sense that whoever knows what
virtue is will be virtuous, because he
believes that:
• No one wants to harm himself
• Every action either proximately or
ultimately aims to some good for the
agent.
18. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Aristotle
• Student of Plato and
Teacher of Alexander the
Great
• On his treatise, Peri
Psyche, the soul is
divided into three types
and each according to
each living being
19. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Saint Augustine of Hippo
• Bishop of Hippus region of
North Africa
• Combined Christian
doctrine with Platonic
ideology
• Believed that
everything is
connected with God
20. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Saint Thomas Aquinas
• “Believed that truth is to
be accepted no matter
where it is found”
• Followed Aristotelian
philosophy
• Reaffirmed the three
types of soul (first
written by Aristotle)
21. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Ibn al-Nafis
• First to describe the
pulmonary circulation of
the circulatory system
• Believed that the soul is
found throughout the
entirety of the body, not
just one of its organs
22. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Rene Descartes
• Father of Modern
Western Philosophy
• Father of Analytical Geometry
• Cogito ergo sum (“I
think therefore I am”)
• Believed that the mind and
body is distinct but closely
joined
23. HistoryofPhilosophy
• Baruch Spinoza
• One of the pioneers of the
Dutch Golden Age
• Opposed Descartes’
mind-body dualism
• Substance vs. Accidence
• No one is intrinsically
good or evil
25. Natureof Philosophy
• Human being possesses a keen desire to
know, and that leads him to seek the causes
of events or happenings
• His search for knowledge is induced by
theoretical considerations, as well as
practical reasons
• He needs to find the answers to many
questions about things existing around him
