This document provides an overview of several Eastern philosophical traditions, including Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Islam. It describes the key figures, texts, concepts, and beliefs of each tradition. For Buddhism, it discusses Siddhartha Gautama, the Four Noble Truths, karma, ignorance, and the goal of nirvana. For Confucianism, it discusses Confucius, li, tao, righteousness, and humanheartedness. For Taoism, it discusses Laozi, the Tao Te Ching, yin and yang, and virtue. For Islam, it discusses the origins and meaning of the word Islam and core beliefs in one God and the purpose
Confucianism was a philosophy developed in China by Confucius between 551-478 BC that focused on five basic social relationships and the importance of family, education, self-cultivation, and ethics in politics. Confucius taught that society is best served when people follow social hierarchies and the ruler leads by moral example. Confucianism became the primary philosophy in China and spread its influence in neighboring regions through examination systems requiring knowledge of Confucian texts. It has been criticized for suppressing dissent and disrespecting women, though some concepts like social harmony and self-discipline remain relevant today.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It teaches that human beings are teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal cultivation of virtues like righteousness, honesty, and kindness. Confucianism emphasizes proper behavior and relationships within a harmonious society structured around five key relationships including ruler-subject, father-child, and elder-younger sibling.
The document provides an overview of the life and teachings of Confucius. It states that Confucius was born in 551 BCE to a poor but noble family in China and died in 479 BCE. As a teacher and government official, he developed the philosophy of Confucianism which focused on human relationships and virtue. Confucianism teaches that social order stems from individuals cultivating good character through education and fulfilling their roles within five key relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, and older friend-younger friend. Confucius' most influential work is the Analects which provides guidance on practical ethics and good governance.
Taoism is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao Te Ching and the writings of Zhuangzi form the philosophical foundation of Taoism. Taoist ethics include concepts like wu-wei (non-action), naturalness, and three basic virtues. Taoist cosmology is based on the School of Naturalists and sees the universe in a constant process of re-creation from qi. Key symbols include the Taijitu symbol of yin and yang, the eight trigrams of the Ba gua, and the Big Dipper constellation.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th-5th century BC in China and has approximately 5-6 million followers today. It was based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese teacher, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC. The main ideas of Confucianism center around concepts like ren (goodness), li (ritual norms), loyalty, generosity, and respect for elders. Confucius taught that Heaven (Tian) was a positive force and China used Confucian philosophy as a guide for morality and good government.
Confucianism is a major system of thought in China that was developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It is concerned with principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced Chinese attitudes toward life, social values, and political theories. Confucius taught that philosophy is about human behavior and rules for success. He emphasized education, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith, loyalty, self-control, filial piety, and doing good. Confucianism contributed to public policy, family codes, government, education, and relationship ethics in China.
Taoism was founded around 600 BC in China by Lao Tzu. It is one of China's major religions that is based on the principle of Dao, which is seen as the ultimate truth and way of the universe. Some key aspects of Taoism philosophy include a balance of opposing forces, contraction of past and future, and transcending time and place. Taoism teachings also emphasize living in harmony with nature and not rushing through life.
Confucianism was a philosophy developed in China by Confucius between 551-478 BC that focused on five basic social relationships and the importance of family, education, self-cultivation, and ethics in politics. Confucius taught that society is best served when people follow social hierarchies and the ruler leads by moral example. Confucianism became the primary philosophy in China and spread its influence in neighboring regions through examination systems requiring knowledge of Confucian texts. It has been criticized for suppressing dissent and disrespecting women, though some concepts like social harmony and self-discipline remain relevant today.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It teaches that human beings are teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal cultivation of virtues like righteousness, honesty, and kindness. Confucianism emphasizes proper behavior and relationships within a harmonious society structured around five key relationships including ruler-subject, father-child, and elder-younger sibling.
The document provides an overview of the life and teachings of Confucius. It states that Confucius was born in 551 BCE to a poor but noble family in China and died in 479 BCE. As a teacher and government official, he developed the philosophy of Confucianism which focused on human relationships and virtue. Confucianism teaches that social order stems from individuals cultivating good character through education and fulfilling their roles within five key relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, and older friend-younger friend. Confucius' most influential work is the Analects which provides guidance on practical ethics and good governance.
Taoism is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao Te Ching and the writings of Zhuangzi form the philosophical foundation of Taoism. Taoist ethics include concepts like wu-wei (non-action), naturalness, and three basic virtues. Taoist cosmology is based on the School of Naturalists and sees the universe in a constant process of re-creation from qi. Key symbols include the Taijitu symbol of yin and yang, the eight trigrams of the Ba gua, and the Big Dipper constellation.
Confucianism was founded in the 6th-5th century BC in China and has approximately 5-6 million followers today. It was based on the teachings of Confucius, a Chinese teacher, politician, and philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC. The main ideas of Confucianism center around concepts like ren (goodness), li (ritual norms), loyalty, generosity, and respect for elders. Confucius taught that Heaven (Tian) was a positive force and China used Confucian philosophy as a guide for morality and good government.
Confucianism is a major system of thought in China that was developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It is concerned with principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced Chinese attitudes toward life, social values, and political theories. Confucius taught that philosophy is about human behavior and rules for success. He emphasized education, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith, loyalty, self-control, filial piety, and doing good. Confucianism contributed to public policy, family codes, government, education, and relationship ethics in China.
Taoism was founded around 600 BC in China by Lao Tzu. It is one of China's major religions that is based on the principle of Dao, which is seen as the ultimate truth and way of the universe. Some key aspects of Taoism philosophy include a balance of opposing forces, contraction of past and future, and transcending time and place. Taoism teachings also emphasize living in harmony with nature and not rushing through life.
Confucius was a prominent Chinese philosopher born in 551 BC who established Confucianism. He was born in poverty and worked various jobs before becoming a teacher and minister of justice. Confucius believed strongly in education and moral philosophy. He taught his students through the classics and emphasized self-cultivation, righteousness, propriety, and sincerity. Confucius' teachings focused on social harmony which became the foundation of East Asian philosophy and culture.
Confucius was a Chinese teacher in the 6th-5th century BCE who shaped Chinese social relationships and moral thought. While not famous during his lifetime, he taught sons of nobility and traveled with disciples, some of whom became officials. Confucius hoped to advise a powerful ruler to create an ideal world through relationships over laws, though he considered himself a failure for not gaining such a position.
The document discusses three East Asian religions - Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It provides background information on each religion's origins, key figures, sacred texts, concepts, and beliefs. The document also examines similarities between the religions, such as a shared emphasis on harmony between heaven and earth.
This is a presentation/report I made for my Philosophy of Man subject. credits to this website : http://www.faithology.com/confucianism/overview for the content and wikipedia for confucius' photo.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that can manifest as personal deities. The goal of life is to be released from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like yoga and devotion to gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and goddesses.
Confucianism is a major system of thought that originated in ancient China from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It emphasizes ethics, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditional culture, and sincerity. Confucianism's key principles include ren (benevolence, compassion), yi (righteousness, justice), li (proper ritual behaviors and social roles), zhi (wisdom), and xin (integrity, trustworthiness). It also stresses the importance of education and self-cultivation for developing virtue and proper relationships with others. Confucianism was highly influential in establishing the traditional social and political systems in China over many centuries.
- Mahayana Buddhism aims for the liberation of all beings from suffering, while Theravada Buddhism focuses on personal liberation.
- Pure Land Buddhism originated in India and was brought to China in the 2nd century CE, emphasizing devotion to Amitabha Buddha through chanting his name to be reborn in the Pure Land.
- Zen Buddhism was introduced to China by Bodhidharma in the 5th century CE and focuses on direct experience and meditation over scripture to discover one's inherent Buddha nature.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" and has been followed in China for over two millennia, influencing spiritual and political life. The core values of Confucianism include harmony, humanity, cleanliness, and honesty. Confucianism's founder was Kong Qiu, known as Confucius, who was a teacher in China in the 6th-5th century BCE. Sacred texts include the Analects of Confucius and the Five Classics. Confucianism has also influenced and blended with other Chinese religions like Daoism and Buddhism.
Confucianism is a philosophy that emphasizes ethics and human relationships. It originated from the teachings of Confucius during the Spring and Autumn period in China. Confucianism focuses on social harmony which is achieved through practicing virtues like benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faithfulness. Rituals and traditions are an important part of Confucian worship and observances like coming of age ceremonies, marriage rituals, mourning rites and sacrificial rituals. Mozi and Mencius were early Confucian philosophers while Xunzi helped develop Neo-Confucianism during the Song Dynasty.
Chinese philosophy originated thousands of years ago and includes Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Buddhism, and Mohism. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized proper social relationships, education, and moral behavior. Taoism focuses on natural order and balance of yin and yang. Legalism advocated for clear, strict laws. Buddhism arrived from India and was later influenced by Chinese traditions. These philosophies also influenced philosophies in Korea and Japan, along with native religions like Shinto in Japan.
Confucius' teachings, preserved in the Analects, focused on creating ethical models of family and public interaction, and setting educational standards.
The document provides an introduction to Buddhism, covering its origins, key figures and concepts. It describes how Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and went on to teach for 45 years. His teachings centered around four noble truths: that life involves suffering, suffering stems from craving and attachment, suffering can be overcome by eliminating craving, and there is a path to do so involving right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration. This path and its concepts like impermanence, no-self and dependent origination are further explained.
Confucianism is a philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius that emphasizes social harmony through strong ethical values like humanism, righteousness, and propriety. It shaped East Asian culture for thousands of years. Confucius taught that society is best governed when political leaders exemplify virtue and morality, and that individuals should fulfill their social roles and relationships through compassion and righteousness rather than self-interest. Proper behavior and rituals are important for maintaining social order.
This chapter of the Bhagavad Gita discusses several key concepts:
1. Krishna refutes Arjuna's doubts about fighting by explaining that the soul is eternal and cannot be killed, while the body is temporary.
2. The chapter outlines Krishna's arguments for Arjuna to fight at three levels - philosophical, from dharma, and from the perspective of yoga.
3. Krishna explains the nature of the soul as eternal, the body as temporary, and that the soul transmigrates to new bodies. He emphasizes detachment and performing one's duties without attachment to the fruits of actions.
4. The chapter covers jnana yoga, karma yoga, b
Buddhism originated in India over 2,500 years ago and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. The religion's core beliefs are the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which provide guidance for followers to end suffering by eliminating desire and reaching a state of nirvana. Buddhism spread from India and now has over 376 million followers worldwide, with most Buddhists living in countries like Thailand, China, Japan, and Sri Lanka. Key concepts include reincarnation, karma, and rejection of the caste system and gods.
Philosophy introduction of eastern philosophypascastpt
The document introduces Western and Eastern philosophy. It discusses the aims of philosophy as including cosmological unity, behavioral ethics, and the relationship between philosophy and religion. It then summarizes several Eastern religions and philosophies - Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism - covering their main beliefs and founders. Hinduism believes in one universal soul and karma. Buddhism's aim is to end suffering through eliminating desire. Taoism is based on the fundamental principles of yin and yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics and building character. Mysticism involves becoming one with the absolute and attaining ultimate truth.
Lao Tzu was the founding figure of Taoism in 6th century BC China. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which introduced main Taoist concepts like living in harmony with the Tao or "way," following one's natural instincts, and accepting the balance of yin and yang. Taoism started as a philosophy but became a religious faith focused on goodness, serenity, and respect. It has profoundly influenced Chinese culture by emphasizing connection to nature, holistic health practices, martial arts, and appreciation for the arts.
Hinduism is the main religion of India that believes in reincarnation and worshipping many gods. It has no single founder or origin point but is considered timeless. One's karma, or actions, determine their current and future lives. Hinduism personifies the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction through the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. These three gods make up the Hindu Triad or Great Trinity. Sanatana Dharma, the original name for Hinduism, is an eternal teaching through which one can achieve enlightenment by following a code of ethics and way of living.
Taoism originated in China in around 550 BCE and was founded by Lao Tzu, who is considered the author of the Tao Te Ching. The philosophy focuses on living in harmony with the Tao or natural order of the universe. Taoists believe that by merging with the Tao through harmonious living, one can free their soul and become immortal. While not supportive of China's government, Taoism still influenced Chinese culture by encouraging individuals to better themselves and become one with nature.
Taoism originated in China as a combination of philosophy and psychology attributed to Lao-Tse in the 6th century BCE. It views the universe as constantly recreating itself through the balance of opposing but complementary forces called yin and yang. With over 20 million followers today, Taoism teaches that finding perfection, balance and harmony comes from living according to natural principles like wu-wei or non-action. It was adopted as a state religion in 440 CE but faced periods of suppression after the Communist victory in 1949 and during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.
Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition Introduction Fall 2012Robert Ehrlich
This document provides an overview of the course "Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition(s)". It discusses fundamental religious and philosophical questions explored across Western, Indian, and Chinese traditions. Key differences in approaches to questions of reality, value, and knowledge are highlighted. The development of philosophical thought over time is also briefly outlined for each tradition.
This document summarizes philosophical approaches to understanding human existence according to Western philosophy. It discusses:
1) Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who saw reason and virtue as the highest human qualities and soul cultivation as the purpose of life.
2) Medieval philosophers like Augustine and Aquinas who viewed humans as having both rational and irrational elements and believed happiness came from union with God.
3) Modern philosophers like Descartes, who proposed "I think therefore I am" establishing the mind as distinct from the body, and Hobbes who saw humans as equal in a social contract with an absolute sovereign.
Confucius was a prominent Chinese philosopher born in 551 BC who established Confucianism. He was born in poverty and worked various jobs before becoming a teacher and minister of justice. Confucius believed strongly in education and moral philosophy. He taught his students through the classics and emphasized self-cultivation, righteousness, propriety, and sincerity. Confucius' teachings focused on social harmony which became the foundation of East Asian philosophy and culture.
Confucius was a Chinese teacher in the 6th-5th century BCE who shaped Chinese social relationships and moral thought. While not famous during his lifetime, he taught sons of nobility and traveled with disciples, some of whom became officials. Confucius hoped to advise a powerful ruler to create an ideal world through relationships over laws, though he considered himself a failure for not gaining such a position.
The document discusses three East Asian religions - Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It provides background information on each religion's origins, key figures, sacred texts, concepts, and beliefs. The document also examines similarities between the religions, such as a shared emphasis on harmony between heaven and earth.
This is a presentation/report I made for my Philosophy of Man subject. credits to this website : http://www.faithology.com/confucianism/overview for the content and wikipedia for confucius' photo.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that can manifest as personal deities. The goal of life is to be released from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like yoga and devotion to gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and goddesses.
Confucianism is a major system of thought that originated in ancient China from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It emphasizes ethics, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditional culture, and sincerity. Confucianism's key principles include ren (benevolence, compassion), yi (righteousness, justice), li (proper ritual behaviors and social roles), zhi (wisdom), and xin (integrity, trustworthiness). It also stresses the importance of education and self-cultivation for developing virtue and proper relationships with others. Confucianism was highly influential in establishing the traditional social and political systems in China over many centuries.
- Mahayana Buddhism aims for the liberation of all beings from suffering, while Theravada Buddhism focuses on personal liberation.
- Pure Land Buddhism originated in India and was brought to China in the 2nd century CE, emphasizing devotion to Amitabha Buddha through chanting his name to be reborn in the Pure Land.
- Zen Buddhism was introduced to China by Bodhidharma in the 5th century CE and focuses on direct experience and meditation over scripture to discover one's inherent Buddha nature.
Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" and has been followed in China for over two millennia, influencing spiritual and political life. The core values of Confucianism include harmony, humanity, cleanliness, and honesty. Confucianism's founder was Kong Qiu, known as Confucius, who was a teacher in China in the 6th-5th century BCE. Sacred texts include the Analects of Confucius and the Five Classics. Confucianism has also influenced and blended with other Chinese religions like Daoism and Buddhism.
Confucianism is a philosophy that emphasizes ethics and human relationships. It originated from the teachings of Confucius during the Spring and Autumn period in China. Confucianism focuses on social harmony which is achieved through practicing virtues like benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faithfulness. Rituals and traditions are an important part of Confucian worship and observances like coming of age ceremonies, marriage rituals, mourning rites and sacrificial rituals. Mozi and Mencius were early Confucian philosophers while Xunzi helped develop Neo-Confucianism during the Song Dynasty.
Chinese philosophy originated thousands of years ago and includes Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Buddhism, and Mohism. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, emphasized proper social relationships, education, and moral behavior. Taoism focuses on natural order and balance of yin and yang. Legalism advocated for clear, strict laws. Buddhism arrived from India and was later influenced by Chinese traditions. These philosophies also influenced philosophies in Korea and Japan, along with native religions like Shinto in Japan.
Confucius' teachings, preserved in the Analects, focused on creating ethical models of family and public interaction, and setting educational standards.
The document provides an introduction to Buddhism, covering its origins, key figures and concepts. It describes how Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and went on to teach for 45 years. His teachings centered around four noble truths: that life involves suffering, suffering stems from craving and attachment, suffering can be overcome by eliminating craving, and there is a path to do so involving right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration. This path and its concepts like impermanence, no-self and dependent origination are further explained.
Confucianism is a philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius that emphasizes social harmony through strong ethical values like humanism, righteousness, and propriety. It shaped East Asian culture for thousands of years. Confucius taught that society is best governed when political leaders exemplify virtue and morality, and that individuals should fulfill their social roles and relationships through compassion and righteousness rather than self-interest. Proper behavior and rituals are important for maintaining social order.
This chapter of the Bhagavad Gita discusses several key concepts:
1. Krishna refutes Arjuna's doubts about fighting by explaining that the soul is eternal and cannot be killed, while the body is temporary.
2. The chapter outlines Krishna's arguments for Arjuna to fight at three levels - philosophical, from dharma, and from the perspective of yoga.
3. Krishna explains the nature of the soul as eternal, the body as temporary, and that the soul transmigrates to new bodies. He emphasizes detachment and performing one's duties without attachment to the fruits of actions.
4. The chapter covers jnana yoga, karma yoga, b
Buddhism originated in India over 2,500 years ago and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. The religion's core beliefs are the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which provide guidance for followers to end suffering by eliminating desire and reaching a state of nirvana. Buddhism spread from India and now has over 376 million followers worldwide, with most Buddhists living in countries like Thailand, China, Japan, and Sri Lanka. Key concepts include reincarnation, karma, and rejection of the caste system and gods.
Philosophy introduction of eastern philosophypascastpt
The document introduces Western and Eastern philosophy. It discusses the aims of philosophy as including cosmological unity, behavioral ethics, and the relationship between philosophy and religion. It then summarizes several Eastern religions and philosophies - Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism - covering their main beliefs and founders. Hinduism believes in one universal soul and karma. Buddhism's aim is to end suffering through eliminating desire. Taoism is based on the fundamental principles of yin and yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics and building character. Mysticism involves becoming one with the absolute and attaining ultimate truth.
Lao Tzu was the founding figure of Taoism in 6th century BC China. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which introduced main Taoist concepts like living in harmony with the Tao or "way," following one's natural instincts, and accepting the balance of yin and yang. Taoism started as a philosophy but became a religious faith focused on goodness, serenity, and respect. It has profoundly influenced Chinese culture by emphasizing connection to nature, holistic health practices, martial arts, and appreciation for the arts.
Hinduism is the main religion of India that believes in reincarnation and worshipping many gods. It has no single founder or origin point but is considered timeless. One's karma, or actions, determine their current and future lives. Hinduism personifies the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction through the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. These three gods make up the Hindu Triad or Great Trinity. Sanatana Dharma, the original name for Hinduism, is an eternal teaching through which one can achieve enlightenment by following a code of ethics and way of living.
Taoism originated in China in around 550 BCE and was founded by Lao Tzu, who is considered the author of the Tao Te Ching. The philosophy focuses on living in harmony with the Tao or natural order of the universe. Taoists believe that by merging with the Tao through harmonious living, one can free their soul and become immortal. While not supportive of China's government, Taoism still influenced Chinese culture by encouraging individuals to better themselves and become one with nature.
Taoism originated in China as a combination of philosophy and psychology attributed to Lao-Tse in the 6th century BCE. It views the universe as constantly recreating itself through the balance of opposing but complementary forces called yin and yang. With over 20 million followers today, Taoism teaches that finding perfection, balance and harmony comes from living according to natural principles like wu-wei or non-action. It was adopted as a state religion in 440 CE but faced periods of suppression after the Communist victory in 1949 and during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.
Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition Introduction Fall 2012Robert Ehrlich
This document provides an overview of the course "Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition(s)". It discusses fundamental religious and philosophical questions explored across Western, Indian, and Chinese traditions. Key differences in approaches to questions of reality, value, and knowledge are highlighted. The development of philosophical thought over time is also briefly outlined for each tradition.
This document summarizes philosophical approaches to understanding human existence according to Western philosophy. It discusses:
1) Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who saw reason and virtue as the highest human qualities and soul cultivation as the purpose of life.
2) Medieval philosophers like Augustine and Aquinas who viewed humans as having both rational and irrational elements and believed happiness came from union with God.
3) Modern philosophers like Descartes, who proposed "I think therefore I am" establishing the mind as distinct from the body, and Hobbes who saw humans as equal in a social contract with an absolute sovereign.
Pemerintah mengumumkan paket stimulus ekonomi baru untuk menyelamatkan bisnis dan pekerjaan. Stimulus ini meliputi insentif pajak, bantuan langsung untuk UMKM, serta subsidi upah bagi perusahaan yang menahan PHK. Langkah ini diharapkan dapat mendorong pertumbuhan kembali dan menekan angka pengangguran.
Every educational institution must cater service to the young minds with the promises to carry forward with much vigor and fervor that every child is a best citizen in making. It also must keep in mind its aims and objectives to scale greater heights in providing and nurturing the whole child. With the right mixture of academics and personal care to give a sure footing for a great future.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hakikat manusia dari berbagai perspektif, termasuk penciptaan manusia, aspek fisik dan psikis manusia, serta perdebatan tentang asal usul manusia antara teori evolusi dan pandangan agama."
Education is a systematic process through which a child or an adult acquires knowledge, experience, skill and sound attitude. It makes an individual civilized, refined, cultured and educated.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of the human person and existentialism. It discusses how philosophy begins in wonder and aims to understand human life and reality as a whole. Existentialism emphasizes the individual's existence and freedom over rationalism. While existentialist philosophies diverge, they commonly focus on humans as actors and subjects rather than objects, and stress existence as situatedness and freedom in different ways. The document explores various existentialist thinkers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, and their views on authentic versus inauthentic existence.
Educational aims refer to the internal development and growth of the individual through the educational process itself. Aims provide direction, motivation and criteria for evaluation. Educational purposes refer to external goals and outcomes of education such as developing skilled workers or professionals. While the aim of education is to cultivate an educated person, it also serves worthwhile societal purposes by producing citizens who can contribute as workers and colleagues. Both aims and purposes are important for education.
The document discusses the aims and objectives of teacher education at different levels - pre-primary, primary, secondary, higher secondary, and higher education. At each level, the aims include developing the relevant knowledge, skills, and competencies needed to teach students of that particular age group effectively. For example, at the pre-primary level the aims are holistic child development and nurturing life skills, while at the secondary level they include adopting disciplinary teaching approaches and orienting students on issues like life skills and health education. The overarching aims across all levels are to prepare highly-qualified teachers and ensure the balanced development of students.
This document discusses several Eastern philosophies and concepts including Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, and others. Some key ideas presented are that life is a journey towards spiritual truths, the universe operates in a cyclical manner, and that the highest state is a state of "no-self" through eliminating false perceptions of oneself. Additionally, it discusses ideas like viewing humanity as interconnected rather than individualistic, and that spiritual and inner development are more important than outward goals and achievements.
Introduction to the philosophy of the human personThess Isidoro
This document provides an introduction to a philosophy of the human person course. It covers several key topics:
- The human person in their environment, and how humans were created to live in harmony with nature. Respect for the environment is discussed.
- Freedom of the human person, including lessons on free will, voluntary actions and their consequences, and arguments for and against freedom of the will.
- Intersubjectivity, which examines human relationships and interactions between people.
Various learning activities are suggested such as poster making, travelogue creation, and recycling projects to reinforce the lessons. The document outlines rationales, objectives and content for each topic area.
The document provides an overview of several Eastern philosophies and religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Hinduism believes in Brahman as the supreme god and views mankind as divine. The goal is to achieve moksha and cease to exist through reincarnation. Buddhism teaches that suffering can be ended through the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. Confucianism focuses on human morality and relationships. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao or natural order of the universe.
This document provides an introduction and overview of some key concepts in Hinduism. It discusses that Hinduism describes the nature of outer and inner realities and ways to obtain self-knowledge. Some of the main principles discussed are that reality is one universe of being, the experience of reality is triplicate encompassing the cosmos, awareness, and understanding, and that the inner and outer realities are mirrored. It also discusses that the mind and consciousness are distinct, with the mind being finite and consciousness being infinite, and that various methods of yoga and worship can help one obtain knowledge and find the meeting point between consciousness and the mind.
This document discusses various philosophical and theological concepts relating to spirituality, the nature of humanity, and the existence and role of God. It explores different views on whether humans are composed of body, soul, and spirit or just body and spirit. It also examines arguments for the existence of God like the cosmological, teleological, and ontological arguments. Characteristics of monotheism like omniscience, omnipotence, and divine simplicity are outlined. The document also discusses how humans can connect with the divine through practices like prayer, meditation, and how spirituality can be applied in life.
Lesson 3_ The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit-slideshow.pptxleyn1
The document discusses several key concepts in Hinduism and Buddhism, including:
1) Hinduism's concepts of reincarnation, karma, and the goal of moksha or liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
2) Buddhism's teachings of nirvana as the state of freedom from suffering and attachment, and the Eightfold Path as the way to achieve nirvana.
3) Important figures like the Buddha and concepts like the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also discusses the origins of Jainism, its principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. The document summarizes the beliefs around karma in Jainism and highlights important figures like Mahavir and practices like Ahimsa.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the main beliefs and practices of these two ancient Indian religions.
This document provides an overview of Buddhism and Jainism. It describes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism, including the Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, and Three Jewels. It also outlines the origins of Jainism, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, non-attachment, and truthfulness. Additionally, it discusses concepts like karma, the 24 Tirthankaras, and important festivals in Jainism. Overall, the document summarizes and compares the foundations of Buddhism and Jainism.
This document discusses various philosophical and theological concepts relating to spirituality, the existence of God, and their application to human life. It addresses views on the composition of human beings as having body, soul and spirit. It also examines arguments for the existence of God such as the cosmological, teleological, and ontological arguments. The document discusses concepts like theism, monotheism, and transcendence. It explores how humans can connect with the divine through practices like prayer, meditation and establishing relationships that find meaning.
The document discusses the philosophy of man. It begins by defining philosophy as a search for meaning and a quest to understand reality. It then discusses different views on the composition of man, including:
1) Dualism, which views man as composed of body and spirit. This includes both radical dualism, seeing spirit as superior to body, and moderate dualism emphasizing their unity.
2) Monism, which views man as a single unified being rather than dual in nature.
3) Materialism, which sees man as solely physical and reduces the mind to the operations of the body.
The document explores these perspectives on the fundamental nature and components of human beings.
TOPIC 3 Nature of Man Acc to Oriental Thinkers.pptxTongierlynCorda1
1. The document discusses views of man from various Eastern philosophies, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.
2. In Hinduism, man possesses an eternal soul or atman and consists of five sheaths representing different aspects of existence. The goal is to realize the pure bliss of Brahman.
3. Buddhism sees man as subject to impermanence with no soul; the goal is enlightenment and nirvana through yoga to free oneself from ignorance.
4. Confucianism regards man as a moral and social being who should cultivate virtues like humaneness, righteousness, propriety and wisdom.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
Human Person
Human Living
Human Freedom
Intersubjectivity of the Human Person
Human Person in his/her environment
Human Person in the Society
Human Person as Oriented towards their Impending death
Taoism, Shinto, Confucianism, China, Japan, Nature, The Tao, Kami, Confucius, Chinese Culture, Chinese beliefs, Wu-Wei, social order, society, sociology, The I Ching, Lao Tzu, Mencius, Chinese psychological orientation, Western psychological orientation,
The document discusses the topics of philosophy, idealism, metaphysics, epistemology, and the history of idealism. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and the rational investigation of truths and principles. Idealism is introduced as the view that ideas or thoughts make up fundamental reality, and only consciousness and its contents are knowable. Metaphysics and epistemology are defined as branches of philosophy concerning the nature of existence/being and the nature and scope of knowledge, respectively. The history of idealism discusses Plato, Descartes, and how Plato believed in a dual world of ideas and appearances.
The document discusses several major world belief systems including:
- Animism and beliefs of early civilizations which included spirits and ancestors
- Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama and focused on ending suffering through concepts like karma and nirvana
- Hinduism which believes in reincarnation and union with Brahman through dharma and adherence to the caste system
- Confucianism which emphasized social harmony and hierarchy
- Taoism which sought harmony with nature through balance of yin and yang
- Judaism founded on belief in one God and moral teachings in the Torah and Ten Commandments
- Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and focused on salvation and spreading the gospel
Taoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion originating 2000 years ago that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, the natural order of the universe. It sees the world as made up of complementary dualities like yin and yang. While it has no single founder, early Taoism was influenced by Laozi's Tao Te Ching and incorporated local religious beliefs. Taoists seek to achieve harmony with nature, self-development, and spiritual immortality by following the non-interfering and virtuous path of Wu Wei.
This document provides an overview of philosophy, including:
1) The meaning and nature of philosophy, its branches, and methods.
2) A general outline of Indian philosophy, including its major schools of thought.
3) A general outline of Western philosophy, including its historical divisions and methods.
1) The document discusses Aristotle's virtue ethics, which emphasizes cultivating moral character through practicing virtues. It focuses on Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia or human flourishing as the goal of ethics.
2) Aristotle believed virtues are excellent moral qualities developed through habit. They are the mean between vices of excess and deficiency. Practical wisdom is needed to determine the right actions in various situations.
3) For Aristotle, happiness comes from living according to reason and exercising virtues like courage and justice. This allows humans to fulfill our unique capacity for rational thought and achieve eudaimonia.
taittreya upanishad - tradition of yoga and Upanishads, this concept of panch...Karuna Yoga Vidya Peetham
In his search towards reality or the unchanging fundamental unit of this universe, a scientist started with the external gross world of solid matter which is simple and easy to see, divide, and do experiments with.
This search led him through steps of understanding of this entire world of matter starting from elements, molecules, atoms, protons, neutrons and electrons;
He further understood that it is all packets of energy.
The atoms conglomerate together to form various chemicals; our body is therefore a permutation and combination of various chemicals. (Packets of energy in various configurations) When they join together they form molecules, cells, tissues organs, etc.
These follow certain well defined laws of nature and are controlled by nervous (electrical) and chemical (hormones) mechanisms to bring about movement and action in each and every cell.
Thus annamaya kosha is the physical frame which the grossest of the five Koshas.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
God calls us to a journey of worshiping Him. In this journey you will encounter different obstacles and derailments that will want to sway you from worshiping God. You got to be intentional in breaking the barriers staged on your way of worship in order to offer God acceptable worship.
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The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
PHASE-IV
The very deep experience of silence helps to expand from the 3 - dimensional awareness of the body to all pervasive awareness. The bed of silence becomes deeper and more expansive - an ocean of silence with waves on it merge into complete silence called Ajapa state of the mind. This silence is the source of Creativity, Power, Knowledge and Bliss.
PHASE V
From this deep ocean of silence in the heart region, let one OM emerge as an audible sound which diffuses into the entire body and the space all around. Enjoy the beautiful vibrations.
Blink the eyes slowly, gently open the eyes and come out of meditation.
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Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...OmarBarrezueta1
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Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Do you ever feel like your Bible highlighting isn't quite enough to ignite lasting spiritual growth? Have you struggled to retain key takeaways from your Bible study sessions?
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In this video, you'll gain insights on:
How highlighting key verses and themes can enhance memory and retention of Scripture (we see a few key ones, here!)
Studies have shown that highlighting can significantly improve information recall. Highlighting key points visually reinforces them in your mind, leading to better long-term memory.
How to personalize your Bible study through strategic highlighting. Don't just highlight everything!
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How connecting highlighted passages can reveal deeper biblical truths. By highlighting these connections, you can see the bigger picture and uncover the underlying messages within Scripture.
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Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
3. Philosophy as science.
It is not a set of opinions and theories. It
is certain knowledge of things based
on evidence and demonstrations, and
reduced to a comprehensive rational
system.
4. Of Things.
Philosophy discusses about the things
that are found in the existential world.
It also discusses, about non-material
beings and principles; about the
soul, the intellect and the free will.
5. By their Ultimate Principles and Causes.
It studies the nature of the living being as
such, of life and its principle.
6. As known by natural reason alone.
Philosophy attains knowledge, not by making
use of the Principles or Article of Faith, but
by the use of the Principles of natural
cognition, which may be obtained from the
investigation of Nature and the natural
study of things.
7. Buddhism (563-B.C.E)
The Buddhist tradition can be traced
back to the year 563 BCE, the birth of
Siddharta Gautama. Buddhism is a
teaching of Buddha who was born a
prince of kapilavathu (Himalaya
Mountains near Nepal) in 623 B.C. He
married and had a son.
9. Buddhism is a practice of finding peace
within oneself. It is formulated to win
happiness during the present life as
well as in the next.
The Doctrine on Dependent Origination
– is the central teaching of the
Buddha. There is nothing in this world
that does not come within the sphere
of the causal laws. Causality informs us
concerning the arising and passing
away of things in this world.
10. Theory of Karma – is based on
Patticasamutpada for it is an
implication of the law of causation.
Karma alludes to the fruit‘s of one‘s
action. Our present life is due to the
impression of the karmas of the past
life. The past shapes the future.
This is grounded in the cause-effect
relation.
By good works they can have a better
life.
11. Ignorance-the root cause of all
sufferings, of the cycle of birth and
death. Ignorance tells us that one is in
bondage.
Knowledge is only method that can
destroy ignorance.
Knowledge corresponds to the
knowledge of truth, and of the
impermanence of things in this world.
12. Existence in Buddhism is described in the
following ways:
1. All things of this world are
impermanent (Anicca)
2. All things of this world are non-
substantial (Anatta)
3. All things of this world are
unsatisfactory-suffering (Dukkha)
13. Buddha‘s Noble Eightfold Path
a. ―Right Views‖ means knowledge of
the teachings of dharma, the four
noble truths and the law of karma.
b. ―Right Intention‖ means
dispassion, benevolence and refusal
to injure others. It involves the
elimination of
ambitions, revenge, hatred, greed, lu
st and violence.
c. ―Right Speech‖ means no
lying, slander, abuse, or idle talk.
Man must be compassionate and full of
sympathy, with a heart full of loving-
kindness and free from secret malice.
14. d. ―Right Action‖ means not talking
life, stealing, not indulging in
sensuality, slander and intoxicating
liquor or drugs or being sexually
disordered.
e. ―Right Livelihood‖ is an occupation
that does not harm living things, thus
butchers, hunters, fishers, and sellers of
weapons or liquors are not prescribed.
f. ―Right Effort‖ avoids the rising of evil
thoughts and developing such good in
one‘s mind and maintains a good and
meritorious state of mind.
15. g. ―Right Mindfulness and Awareness‖ is
disciplined do that it focuses on a
worthy object of meditation.
It is right attentiveness, which means
continual recollection of all
phenomena about bodily structure, all
parts of the human body, all states of
health, purity of mind, contemplation
of various states of mind and all kinds
of temperament.
17. h. ―Right Concentration‖ is the threshold
of nirvana, consists of the four great
efforts such as the effort to avoid and
to overcome evil states of mind, the
effort to develop and maintain good
states of mind.
The state of mind must be accompanied
by right knowledge, right
intention, right speech, right
action, right livelihood, right effort and
right attentiveness.
18. Nirvana-means ‗blowing out.‘ It is the
summum bonum and goal of
Buddhism.
The person who gained this status is
known as ―arhat.‖ It dissipates
craving, a state of detachment where
there is no suffering. It is simply perfect
happiness. In its highest peak, nirvana
is the purification of the
mind, restoration to its primitive
simplicity or radiant transparency.
A person who gained nirvana becomes
enlightened, a Buddha.
19. Characteristics of an arhat
1. Experiences detachment from the
world
2. Detachment generates freedom
3. Freedom generates stability of the
mind
4. Experiences security and peace
amidst confusion in the world
5. He understands the nature of things
such as
impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, an
d nonsubstantiability.
20.
21. Confucianism (551-479)
A major system of thought in
China, developed from the teachings
of Confucius and his disciples:
Mencius and Hzun Tzu (Xunzi)
Confucius preferred that his disciples will
be useful to state and society.
22. Following his death in 479 B.C.E, Confucius was
buried in Ch’ü-fu in Shandong province, China.
His name in Chinese is Kongzi
(also spelled K’ung-tzu).
24. For Confucius, philosophy is a kind of a
system of ideas and thoughts that talk
about human behaviour, the rules to
be followed to become successful in
life and about the government.
25.
26. MAXIMS OF CONFUCIUS
1. The Great Alternative-to retire into
solitude or to live in the world and try
to shape it.
He who is concerned only with the purity
of his own life ruins the great human
relations.
2. The NATURE of Man-the nature of man
is called jen or ren translated as
“humaneness” or “benevolence”
which is the summation of all other
virtues.
27. A jen or ren person does what is right
regardless of the danger to himself or
herself and regardless of the hardship this
requires.
28. 3. The Source is absolute, the
Manifestation is Relative-Truth and
realities are one.
The mere idea is as nothing. The root of
human salvation lies in the
―knowledge that influences reality.‖
That is, in the truth of idea that are
translated into an inner transforming
action.
29. 4. The Necessity of Order-Order is
necessary because it is only in
human association that the essence
of man is real.
Do to no one what you would not wish
others to do to you.
30. Confucius‘ 2 great virtues
1. Righteousness-doing an action
without ulterior motive (not for profit)
2. Human heartedness-Jen or humanity
31. Confucius Ideas [M. Villaba, Philosphy of the
East, 1996]
For Confucius, men are essentially social beings.
Society is established by individual
comprising it. A moral must be a
collaborating person or member of society.
CONFUCIUS USED 2 TERMINOLOGIES, LI and TAO.
1. Li-the Li consists of courtesy and moral duty.
2. Tao-the purpose is happiness in this life, here
and now for all mankind.
33. The central vehicle of achieving tranquility was
the Tao/Dao, a term which has been
translated as ―the way‖ or ―the path.‖
Te in this context refers to virtue and Ching refers
to laws.
TAO TE CHING-translated as The Law of virtue
and its way.
34. Laozi or Lao-tzu, legendary founder of Taoism-
Daoism, a philosophy and religion of China.
According to popular belief, he was born in the
Chinese province of Henan (Ho-nan) around
570 B.C.E. and served as an official at the royal
court at Luoyang.
35. His original name was Li Erh, but he came
to be called Laozi, meaning ―Old Master.‖
36. The ―Tao‖ is a universal principle that permeates
every action and every phenomenon.
To understand it, man must exercise his own
intuition and get in touch with the
metaphysical reality that connects all men.
37. For example, a person‘s conduct should be
governed by instinct and conscience.
For Lao Tzu “simplicity” is the key to truth and
freedom.
Thus, a man must strive to be a man of ―Tao‖—
a sage, perfect man.
38. 3 PHASES OF TAOISM
1. The threshold of Taoist philosophy is the
preservation of life and abstaining from injury.
Yang-Chu‘s (the earliest exponent) method is to
evade/ escape. This is the method of the
ordinary recluse that flees from society and
hides in the mountain and forests.
Through escaping, he can avoid the evils of the
world.
39. 2. The 2nd phase in the unfolding of Taoism is a
composite of an attempt to discover laws
underlying the changes of things in the
universe.
40. 3. The 3rd phase in the unfolding of Taoism is
situated in Chuang-Tzu. Despite realization, a
human person could still suffer injury.
To evade this, Chuang-Tzu adhered
visualization things from a higher
viewpoint, i.e., by transcending this universe.
41. Lao Tzu‘s concept of virtue – For Lao Tzu, the way
of heaven and earth is based on virtue.
Hence, develop it, nurture it, foster it, and
mature it.
42. Yin and Yang
According to Chinese philosophy, yin
and yang are two opposing and
counterbalancing forces in the
universe. This symbol represents them.
Yin is the dark half and yang the bright
half, but neither could exist without the
other.
45. Thus, Islam means acceptance of and
submission to God, and believers must
demonstrate this by worshiping
him, following his commands, and
avoiding polytheism.
46. Mecca, Saudi Arabia
The al-Haram Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, holds the holiest shrine
of Islam, the Kaaba.
As the birthplace of Islam‘s founder, the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca
is considered a holy city.
It is a pilgrimage point for Muslims worldwide, who are expected to
visit the city at least once if they are able to do so.
47.
48. Muslims believe that God is one and
incomparable and that the purpose of life
is to worship God. They regard their
religion as the completed and universal
version of a primordial, monotheistic faith
revealed at many times and places
before, including, notably, to the prophets
Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Islamic
tradition holds that previous messages
and revelations have been changed and
distorted over time.
49. ORIGIN AND DEVLOPMENT OF QUR‘AN
The word Qur'an means "recitation".
When Muslims speak in the abstract
about "the Qur'an", they usually mean the
scripture as recited in Arabic rather than
the printed work or any translation of it.
50. 8TH or 9TH Century, Illustrated Text of the Qur’an
51. The Qur'an is divided into 114 suras, or
chapters, which combined, contain 6,236
āyāt, or verses. The chronologically earlier
suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily
concerned with ethical and spiritual topics.
52. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social
and moral issues relevant to the Muslim
community. The Qur'an is more concerned
with moral guidance than legal
instruction, and is considered the "sourcebook
of Islamic principles and values".
53. Qur‘an or Koran, the holy book of Islam. For
Muslims it is the very word of Allah, the
absolute God of Islamic faith, and was
revealed to the prophet Muhammad.
The angel Gabriel is said to have spoken
Allah‘s words into the Prophet's ear.
According to Muslim tradition, after this
ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to
recite exactly what he had been told.
55. 1.The shahadah, which is the basic creed of
Islam that must be recited under oath with
the specific statement:
"'ašhadu 'al-lā ilāha illā-llāhu wa 'ašhadu
'anna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh",
or
"I testify that there is none worthy of worship
except God and I testify that Muhammad is
the Messenger of God."
56. 2. Salah, or ritual prayer, which must be
performed five times a day. Salah is
intended to focus the mind on God, and is
seen as a personal communication with
him that expresses gratitude and worship.
57. 3. Sawm, or fasting during the month of
Ramadan. Muslims must not eat or drink
(among other things) from dawn to dusk
during this month, and must be mindful of
other sins.
58. The fast is to encourage a feeling of
nearness to God, and during it Muslims
should express their gratitude for and
dependence on him, atone for their past
sins, and think of the needy.
59. 4. Zakat, or alms-giving, which is giving a
fixed portion of accumulated wealth by
those who can afford it to help the poor or
needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam.
60. It is considered a religious obligation (as
opposed to voluntary charity) that the
well-off owe to the needy because their
wealth is seen as a "trust from God's
bounty". The Qur'an and the hadith also
suggest a Muslim give even more as an
act of voluntary alms-giving (sadaqah).
61. 5. The Hajj, which is the pilgrimage during
the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city
of Mecca.
62. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford
it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at
least once in his or her lifetime.
Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven
times around the Kaaba, touching the
black stone if possible, walking or running
seven times between Mount Safa and
Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning
the Devil in Mina.
63. Mohammad
(c. 570 – June 8, 632) was a trader later
becoming a religious, political, and
military leader. Muslims view him not as
the creator of a new religion, but as the
restorer of the original, uncorrupted
monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham,
Moses, Jesus and others.
64. In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is
viewed as the last and the greatest in
a series of prophets—as the man
closest to perfection, the possessor of
all virtues.
65. Muhammad Receiving a
Revelation
According to Islam the prophet
Muhammad received many
divine revelations during his life.
These revelations were written
down and together make up
the Qur'an, the holy book of
Islam.
In this painting from an 18th-
century manuscript,
Muhammad (shown at the right
without facial features) is
receiving a revelation during a
battle.
Muhammad’s face is never
depicted in Islamic art.
66.
67. Hinduism
Hinduism is the world's third largest
religion, after Christianity and Islam, with more
than a billion adherents, of whom
approximately 1 billion, live in the Republic of
India.
69. Hindu Family Praying at Home
Many Hindus worship a deity that they have personally chosen. Individuals or
families may set up a shrine with images of the deity and offer food to the deity
before partaking of it themselves.
Prayers and chanting are part of these daily household devotions known as pūjā.
70. Hindu Holy Men
Some Hindu men devote their entire lives to the quest for moksha
(liberation from the chain of lives).
These holy men, known as sadhus, renounce worldly concerns, live on
alms, and spend their lives wandering to avoid attachment to people
or places.
Here, sadhus share an offering of rice at a temple in Pushkar, a city in
the northwestern Indian state of Rājasthān.
71. The word Hindu is derived from the river
Sindhu, or Indus. Hindu was primarily a
geographical term that referred to India or to a
region of India (near the Sindhu) as long ago as
the 6th century bc.
72. Indus River
Formed in the Tibetan Himalayas, the Indus River flows 2900 km (1800 mi)
northwest through the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmīr to the Hindu Kush
mountain range, then southwest through Pakistan and the Indian state of
Punjab, ending at the Arabian Sea.
The Indus is very important for irrigation, supplying water to the arid land of
the Indus Valley. Once significant for commercial trade, the Indus is now
navigable only by small crafts, in part because dams built for irrigation
changed the nature of the river.
74. The word Hinduism is an English word of
more recent origin.
Hinduism entered the English language in
the early 19th century to describe the
beliefs and practices of those residents of
India who had not converted to Islam or
Christianity and did not practice Judaism
or Zoroastrianism.
76. Within Hinduism there are various schools of
thought, which Hindu scholars have systematized
in different ways.
All of these schools have enriched Hinduism with
their individual emphases: Nyāya on rigorous
logic, Vaiseshika on atoms and the structure of
matter, Sānkhya on numbers and
categories, Yoga on meditation
techniques, Mīmāmsā on the analysis of sacred
texts, and Vedānta on the nature and
experience of spirituality..
77. Their teachings are usually summarized in texts
called sūtras or aphorisms.
These sūtras can be memorized easily and recited
as a means of gaining spiritual focus
78. A. Brahman: The ultimate reality
According to Vedānta, the highest aim of
existence is the realization of the identity
or union of the individual‘s innermost self
(ātman) with the ultimate reality.
Although Vedānta states that this ultimate
reality is beyond name, the word
Brahman is used to refer to it.
79. Good LUCK to everyone.
Everybody’s philosophers.