A type of aerial, widely used with television and VHF radio receivers, consisting of two parallel dipoles connected together at their outer ends and fed at the center of one of them. The length is usually half the operating wavelength.
A dipole antenna is the simplest antenna but its radiation characteristics are very good. The main drawback of a dipole antenna is very narrow bandwidth. The analysis of a dipole antenna can be performed with integration of Hertzian dipoles.
Unit 3- OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS tamil arasan
This document discusses optical sources and detectors used in fiber optic communications. It describes light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes as the main optical sources. LEDs use a double heterostructure to provide carrier and optical confinement for high efficiency. They emit incoherent light without an optical cavity. Laser diodes function as coherent sources using a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by cleaved facets to provide optical feedback, producing highly directional and monochromatic output. Factors such as modulation capability and fiber characteristics must be considered when choosing an optical source.
This document discusses the half-wave dipole antenna. It describes how a half-wave dipole antenna works by converting electric power to electromagnetic waves and vice versa using two conductive elements that are half the wavelength of the operating frequency. It resonates when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other out. The document outlines the key parameters of directivity, SWR bandwidth, polarization, and self-impedance. It lists common applications and the advantages of receiving balanced signals from multiple frequencies with lower loss closer to the horizon. The disadvantages are that outdoor antennas are large and difficult to install.
This document discusses various types of antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by describing common antenna types including helical antennas, horn antennas, and parabolic reflector antennas. It then discusses how antenna arrays work, noting that they are composed of multiple similar radiating elements whose spacing and excitation determine the array's properties. Examples of linear and 2D arrays are provided. The document also summarizes different array configurations and beamforming techniques as well as applications such as smart antennas and adaptive arrays. Key benefits of arrays like controlling radiation patterns electronically are highlighted.
This document discusses different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It describes log-periodic antennas, which work over a wide frequency range using a logarithmic size progression of elements. Specific types are described, including bow-tie antennas and log-periodic dipole arrays. Wire antennas like dipoles, monopoles, and loops are also covered. Travelling wave antennas transmit signals along their length, represented by helical and Yagi-Uda antennas. Microwave antennas and reflector antennas are used at higher frequencies for applications like communication and radar. Key antenna properties and a variety of applications are also summarized.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
The dipole and the monopole are arguably the two most widely used antennas across the UHF, VHF and lower-microwave bands. Arrays of dipoles are commonly used as base-station antennas in land-mobile systems. The monopole and its variations are common in portable equipment, such as cellular telephones, cordless telephones, automobiles, trains, etc. It has attractive features such as simple construction, sufficiently broadband characteristics for voice communication, small dimensions at high frequencies. Alternatives to the monopole antenna for hand-held units is the inverted F and L antennas, the microstrip patch antenna, loop and spiral antennas, and others. The printed inverted F antenna (PIFA) is arguably the
most common antenna design used in modern handheld phones.
(c) Nikolova 2016
This document discusses different types of traveling wave antennas, including long wire antennas and V antennas. It provides definitions of traveling wave antennas as non-resonant antennas where standing waves do not exist along the length. Long wire antennas are classified as having a length between 1-many wavelengths. Their current distribution attenuates along the length due to losses. V antennas consist of two wire antennas arranged horizontally to form a V shape. They can be resonant or non-resonant. Rhombic antennas are formed from two connected V antennas in a diamond shape and are highly directional but require large spaces. The document provides examples of their usage and concludes with designing a rhombic antenna.
A dipole antenna is the simplest antenna but its radiation characteristics are very good. The main drawback of a dipole antenna is very narrow bandwidth. The analysis of a dipole antenna can be performed with integration of Hertzian dipoles.
Unit 3- OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS tamil arasan
This document discusses optical sources and detectors used in fiber optic communications. It describes light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes as the main optical sources. LEDs use a double heterostructure to provide carrier and optical confinement for high efficiency. They emit incoherent light without an optical cavity. Laser diodes function as coherent sources using a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by cleaved facets to provide optical feedback, producing highly directional and monochromatic output. Factors such as modulation capability and fiber characteristics must be considered when choosing an optical source.
This document discusses the half-wave dipole antenna. It describes how a half-wave dipole antenna works by converting electric power to electromagnetic waves and vice versa using two conductive elements that are half the wavelength of the operating frequency. It resonates when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other out. The document outlines the key parameters of directivity, SWR bandwidth, polarization, and self-impedance. It lists common applications and the advantages of receiving balanced signals from multiple frequencies with lower loss closer to the horizon. The disadvantages are that outdoor antennas are large and difficult to install.
This document discusses various types of antennas and antenna arrays. It begins by describing common antenna types including helical antennas, horn antennas, and parabolic reflector antennas. It then discusses how antenna arrays work, noting that they are composed of multiple similar radiating elements whose spacing and excitation determine the array's properties. Examples of linear and 2D arrays are provided. The document also summarizes different array configurations and beamforming techniques as well as applications such as smart antennas and adaptive arrays. Key benefits of arrays like controlling radiation patterns electronically are highlighted.
This document discusses different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It describes log-periodic antennas, which work over a wide frequency range using a logarithmic size progression of elements. Specific types are described, including bow-tie antennas and log-periodic dipole arrays. Wire antennas like dipoles, monopoles, and loops are also covered. Travelling wave antennas transmit signals along their length, represented by helical and Yagi-Uda antennas. Microwave antennas and reflector antennas are used at higher frequencies for applications like communication and radar. Key antenna properties and a variety of applications are also summarized.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
The dipole and the monopole are arguably the two most widely used antennas across the UHF, VHF and lower-microwave bands. Arrays of dipoles are commonly used as base-station antennas in land-mobile systems. The monopole and its variations are common in portable equipment, such as cellular telephones, cordless telephones, automobiles, trains, etc. It has attractive features such as simple construction, sufficiently broadband characteristics for voice communication, small dimensions at high frequencies. Alternatives to the monopole antenna for hand-held units is the inverted F and L antennas, the microstrip patch antenna, loop and spiral antennas, and others. The printed inverted F antenna (PIFA) is arguably the
most common antenna design used in modern handheld phones.
(c) Nikolova 2016
This document discusses different types of traveling wave antennas, including long wire antennas and V antennas. It provides definitions of traveling wave antennas as non-resonant antennas where standing waves do not exist along the length. Long wire antennas are classified as having a length between 1-many wavelengths. Their current distribution attenuates along the length due to losses. V antennas consist of two wire antennas arranged horizontally to form a V shape. They can be resonant or non-resonant. Rhombic antennas are formed from two connected V antennas in a diamond shape and are highly directional but require large spaces. The document provides examples of their usage and concludes with designing a rhombic antenna.
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied according to the amplitude levels of a digital signal. In ASK, a digital signal of 1s and 0s is multiplied with a carrier signal, with a 1 having no effect on the carrier signal but a 0 reducing the carrier signal amplitude to zero. ASK has high efficiency and low noise interference but also high bandwidth and power consumption, making it suitable for applications like satellite links.
Ground waves propagate along the Earth's surface and are used for medium wave (MW) transmissions. Space waves travel in straight lines but are limited by the curvature of the Earth. Sky waves are used for short wave (SW) transmissions and reflect off the ionosphere which consists of layers (D, E, F1, F2) that vary in density and thickness depending on the time of day and sun exposure. Different propagation modes are used depending on the frequency band and conditions to maximize transmission range.
This document provides information on fundamental antenna parameters and concepts. It discusses:
1. How antennas convert guided waves into radiating waves and vice versa.
2. Key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, gain, bandwidth, reciprocity, effective aperture, beamwidth, and polarization matching.
3. The Friis transmission formula for calculating received power between two antennas in free space based on their gains, wavelength, and distance.
Space wave propagation involves radio waves that travel directly or after reflecting off the Earth's surface within the lower 20 km of the atmosphere. These waves can propagate line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver antennas in the VHF and UHF bands. Space waves follow two paths - direct or ground reflected - and may arrive in or out of phase, causing signal fluctuations. The maximum transmission distance is limited by the Earth's curvature and obstructions that can cause shadowing effects. Refractive phenomena like super-refraction can sometimes extend the radio horizon.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
A loop antenna has simple structure but its analysis is not easy to perform. Since a loop antenna is a dual pair of a dipole antenna, we can adopt the analysis of a dipole for a loop based on the duality theorem. By stacking a number of loops, we can increase the antenna gain and radiation resistance very easily.
The document discusses RF transceivers, considering architectures like heterodyne receivers, direct conversion receivers, and digital IF receivers. It also discusses transmitter architectures like direct conversion and two-step transmitters. Characterization of RF transceivers includes tests for sensitivity, dynamic range, unwanted emissions, and modulation mask compliance. An example Philips GSM transceiver implementation is presented using a 1.3GHz VCO, 800MHz VLO, and fabricated using 13GHz BiCMOS technology.
The document provides an overview of antennas, including their history and uses. It discusses the basics of how dipole antennas work to transmit and receive electromagnetic signals. Specifically, it explains that a dipole antenna was developed in 1886 and works by efficiently radiating radio waves into space using electric and magnetic fields. It also describes different types of dipole antennas like short dipoles, quarter-wave antennas, and half-wave antennas, and how their length relates to the transmitted wavelength.
This document discusses microwave propagation in ferrites and their use in microwave components. Ferrites have high resistivity and magnetic properties due to electron spin, making them suitable for microwave applications. The document focuses on isolators and circulators, which are nonreciprocal devices that use ferrite material's Faraday rotation property. Circulators allow transmission from port 1 to port 2 to port 3 etc in a circular path but not in reverse. Isolators transmit power in one direction with low loss but absorb power traveling in the opposite direction, providing isolation. Faraday-rotation isolators work by rotating the polarization of the microwave by 45 degrees using a ferrite rod, allowing transmission in one direction but absorbing waves traveling in the reverse direction.
This document discusses half wavelength dipole antennas. It defines a dipole antenna as a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center and two symmetrical radiating arms. It explains that a dipole antenna cannot work in a conducting medium but can work in dielectric mediums, where some parameters will change due to the relative permittivity and permeability. The document then compares half and full wavelength dipole antennas and provides parameters for a half wavelength dipole at an operating frequency of 600MHz, including its wavelength, dimensions, directivity, effective aperture, and effective length. It concludes that half wavelength dipole antennas are commonly used because their radiation resistance of 73Ω closely matches the impedance of 75Ω transmission lines
1. A multistage amplifier achieves greater voltage and power gain by using multiple amplification stages connected in cascade. The overall voltage gain is equal to the product of the individual stage gains.
2. Gain is often expressed in decibels (dB) which allows both small and large quantities to be conveniently represented on a logarithmic scale corresponding to human perception. The overall multistage amplifier gain in dB is the sum of the individual stage gains in dB.
3. Common types of coupling between stages include RC coupling using capacitors, direct coupling without coupling elements, and transformer coupling. RC coupling is inexpensive but limits low frequency response while direct coupling can amplify low frequencies without coupling elements.
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
The document discusses radar clutter and techniques for eliminating it. Clutter refers to radar returns from stationary objects that are not of interest. Two main techniques for reducing clutter are discussed: moving target indication (MTI) radar, which detects Doppler shifts from moving targets, and delay line cancellers/transversal filters, which cancel out stationary clutter returns. MTI radars preserve phase coherence to differentiate stationary vs moving targets, while cancellers/filters use weighted signal delays and summing to attenuate clutter signals.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document discusses the Yagi-Uda antenna, which was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda and Hidesugu Yagi. It explains that the Yagi-Uda antenna is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of coupled parallel dipoles. The document covers the principle, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the Yagi-Uda antenna. It is commonly used as a terrestrial TV antenna and is usually used at frequencies between 30MHz and 3GHz.
This document summarizes information about spiral antennas. It begins with an introduction and history, noting that spiral antennas were first developed in 1954 by Edwin Turner. It then discusses key aspects of spiral antennas such as their very large bandwidth of up to 30:1, circular polarization, gains typically between 2-8dB, and the two main types - Archimedean and log-periodic spirals. Parameters for designing spiral antennas and their applications are also covered, along with conclusions about their advantages for wideband operation and disadvantages related to their complex geometric forms.
This document discusses key concepts related to antennas including:
1. It defines radiation power density as the power radiated per unit surface area from the antenna surface.
2. It explains that directivity is a measure of the directional properties of an antenna and is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction compared to an isotropic source.
3. Gain accounts for both the directional properties and efficiency of an antenna, defined as the ratio of intensity in a given direction compared to an isotropic source radiating the same total power.
4. Additional concepts covered include beamwidth, radiation patterns, and parameters related to receiving performance such as effective length and capture area.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Exponential Tapered Balun with Different Sizes for UWB Elliptical Dipole AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a broadband tapered balun with different sizes using nonlinear transition
particularly suitable for planar and three-dimensional (3-D) dipole antennas for ultra-wideband (UWB)
applications such as communication, radar systems and geolocation precision. Four baluns with wideband
microstrip-to-parallel-strip transition using an elliptical structure for an elliptical dipole antenna are
proposed. The initial balun structure consists of a nonlinear profile with a quarter-wavelength for both
height and width. By studying the current distributions at the balun surface, it can be reduced to 25%, 50%
and 75% from the original size. Measured results based on the reflection coefficients for all baluns are
shown to be better than -10 dB from 1.0 GHz to 10 GHz. These baluns are integrated with an elliptical
dipole which acts as a feeding circuit. Eight set of antennas with a planar and 3-D configurations with four
different sizes are proposed in this work. The planar configurations are named as Planar 1, Planar 2,
Planar 3 and Planar 4 while the 3-D configurations are named as 3D Dipole 1, 3D Dipole 2, 3D Dipole 3
and 3D Dipole 4, respectively. The results show that all antennas with the proposed baluns operates within
the UWB frequency range
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
This document describes different types of antennas used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. It discusses transmitter and receiver antennas. Specific antenna types covered include Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, helix antennas, parabolic antennas, loop antennas, and antenna arrays. Each antenna type has distinct characteristics that make it suitable for different frequency ranges and applications.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied according to the amplitude levels of a digital signal. In ASK, a digital signal of 1s and 0s is multiplied with a carrier signal, with a 1 having no effect on the carrier signal but a 0 reducing the carrier signal amplitude to zero. ASK has high efficiency and low noise interference but also high bandwidth and power consumption, making it suitable for applications like satellite links.
Ground waves propagate along the Earth's surface and are used for medium wave (MW) transmissions. Space waves travel in straight lines but are limited by the curvature of the Earth. Sky waves are used for short wave (SW) transmissions and reflect off the ionosphere which consists of layers (D, E, F1, F2) that vary in density and thickness depending on the time of day and sun exposure. Different propagation modes are used depending on the frequency band and conditions to maximize transmission range.
This document provides information on fundamental antenna parameters and concepts. It discusses:
1. How antennas convert guided waves into radiating waves and vice versa.
2. Key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, directivity, radiation resistance, efficiency, gain, bandwidth, reciprocity, effective aperture, beamwidth, and polarization matching.
3. The Friis transmission formula for calculating received power between two antennas in free space based on their gains, wavelength, and distance.
Space wave propagation involves radio waves that travel directly or after reflecting off the Earth's surface within the lower 20 km of the atmosphere. These waves can propagate line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver antennas in the VHF and UHF bands. Space waves follow two paths - direct or ground reflected - and may arrive in or out of phase, causing signal fluctuations. The maximum transmission distance is limited by the Earth's curvature and obstructions that can cause shadowing effects. Refractive phenomena like super-refraction can sometimes extend the radio horizon.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
A loop antenna has simple structure but its analysis is not easy to perform. Since a loop antenna is a dual pair of a dipole antenna, we can adopt the analysis of a dipole for a loop based on the duality theorem. By stacking a number of loops, we can increase the antenna gain and radiation resistance very easily.
The document discusses RF transceivers, considering architectures like heterodyne receivers, direct conversion receivers, and digital IF receivers. It also discusses transmitter architectures like direct conversion and two-step transmitters. Characterization of RF transceivers includes tests for sensitivity, dynamic range, unwanted emissions, and modulation mask compliance. An example Philips GSM transceiver implementation is presented using a 1.3GHz VCO, 800MHz VLO, and fabricated using 13GHz BiCMOS technology.
The document provides an overview of antennas, including their history and uses. It discusses the basics of how dipole antennas work to transmit and receive electromagnetic signals. Specifically, it explains that a dipole antenna was developed in 1886 and works by efficiently radiating radio waves into space using electric and magnetic fields. It also describes different types of dipole antennas like short dipoles, quarter-wave antennas, and half-wave antennas, and how their length relates to the transmitted wavelength.
This document discusses microwave propagation in ferrites and their use in microwave components. Ferrites have high resistivity and magnetic properties due to electron spin, making them suitable for microwave applications. The document focuses on isolators and circulators, which are nonreciprocal devices that use ferrite material's Faraday rotation property. Circulators allow transmission from port 1 to port 2 to port 3 etc in a circular path but not in reverse. Isolators transmit power in one direction with low loss but absorb power traveling in the opposite direction, providing isolation. Faraday-rotation isolators work by rotating the polarization of the microwave by 45 degrees using a ferrite rod, allowing transmission in one direction but absorbing waves traveling in the reverse direction.
This document discusses half wavelength dipole antennas. It defines a dipole antenna as a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center and two symmetrical radiating arms. It explains that a dipole antenna cannot work in a conducting medium but can work in dielectric mediums, where some parameters will change due to the relative permittivity and permeability. The document then compares half and full wavelength dipole antennas and provides parameters for a half wavelength dipole at an operating frequency of 600MHz, including its wavelength, dimensions, directivity, effective aperture, and effective length. It concludes that half wavelength dipole antennas are commonly used because their radiation resistance of 73Ω closely matches the impedance of 75Ω transmission lines
1. A multistage amplifier achieves greater voltage and power gain by using multiple amplification stages connected in cascade. The overall voltage gain is equal to the product of the individual stage gains.
2. Gain is often expressed in decibels (dB) which allows both small and large quantities to be conveniently represented on a logarithmic scale corresponding to human perception. The overall multistage amplifier gain in dB is the sum of the individual stage gains in dB.
3. Common types of coupling between stages include RC coupling using capacitors, direct coupling without coupling elements, and transformer coupling. RC coupling is inexpensive but limits low frequency response while direct coupling can amplify low frequencies without coupling elements.
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission line (or possibly a balun). There are two distinct antenna designs: the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength, and the much larger resonant loop antenna with a circumference close to the intended wavelength of operation. Small loops have low radiation resistance and thus poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus the efficiency, the coil of wire is often wound around a ferrite rod magnetic core; this is called a ferrite loop antenna. The ferrite loop is the antenna used in many AM broadcast receivers, with the exception of external loops used with AV Amplifier-Receivers and car radios; the antenna is often contained inside the radio's case. These antennas are also used for radio direction finding. In amateur radio, loop antennas are often used for low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient, unsightly.
(c) WIkipedia
The document discusses radar clutter and techniques for eliminating it. Clutter refers to radar returns from stationary objects that are not of interest. Two main techniques for reducing clutter are discussed: moving target indication (MTI) radar, which detects Doppler shifts from moving targets, and delay line cancellers/transversal filters, which cancel out stationary clutter returns. MTI radars preserve phase coherence to differentiate stationary vs moving targets, while cancellers/filters use weighted signal delays and summing to attenuate clutter signals.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document discusses the Yagi-Uda antenna, which was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda and Hidesugu Yagi. It explains that the Yagi-Uda antenna is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of coupled parallel dipoles. The document covers the principle, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the Yagi-Uda antenna. It is commonly used as a terrestrial TV antenna and is usually used at frequencies between 30MHz and 3GHz.
This document summarizes information about spiral antennas. It begins with an introduction and history, noting that spiral antennas were first developed in 1954 by Edwin Turner. It then discusses key aspects of spiral antennas such as their very large bandwidth of up to 30:1, circular polarization, gains typically between 2-8dB, and the two main types - Archimedean and log-periodic spirals. Parameters for designing spiral antennas and their applications are also covered, along with conclusions about their advantages for wideband operation and disadvantages related to their complex geometric forms.
This document discusses key concepts related to antennas including:
1. It defines radiation power density as the power radiated per unit surface area from the antenna surface.
2. It explains that directivity is a measure of the directional properties of an antenna and is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction compared to an isotropic source.
3. Gain accounts for both the directional properties and efficiency of an antenna, defined as the ratio of intensity in a given direction compared to an isotropic source radiating the same total power.
4. Additional concepts covered include beamwidth, radiation patterns, and parameters related to receiving performance such as effective length and capture area.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Exponential Tapered Balun with Different Sizes for UWB Elliptical Dipole AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a broadband tapered balun with different sizes using nonlinear transition
particularly suitable for planar and three-dimensional (3-D) dipole antennas for ultra-wideband (UWB)
applications such as communication, radar systems and geolocation precision. Four baluns with wideband
microstrip-to-parallel-strip transition using an elliptical structure for an elliptical dipole antenna are
proposed. The initial balun structure consists of a nonlinear profile with a quarter-wavelength for both
height and width. By studying the current distributions at the balun surface, it can be reduced to 25%, 50%
and 75% from the original size. Measured results based on the reflection coefficients for all baluns are
shown to be better than -10 dB from 1.0 GHz to 10 GHz. These baluns are integrated with an elliptical
dipole which acts as a feeding circuit. Eight set of antennas with a planar and 3-D configurations with four
different sizes are proposed in this work. The planar configurations are named as Planar 1, Planar 2,
Planar 3 and Planar 4 while the 3-D configurations are named as 3D Dipole 1, 3D Dipole 2, 3D Dipole 3
and 3D Dipole 4, respectively. The results show that all antennas with the proposed baluns operates within
the UWB frequency range
The document describes the design and simulation of a basic half-wave dipole antenna. Key points:
1) The aim is to design a dipole antenna for a given frequency of 3.3 GHz and study the effects of varying the dielectric constant and substrate thickness on the radiation properties and frequency response.
2) Important antenna characteristics to consider include radiation patterns, gain, and frequency response.
3) The half-wave dipole antenna is designed with each arm measuring 22.725mm to operate at the target frequency, and each arm width is 4.545mm.
4) Simulation shows the antenna operates at 2.8GHz with a return loss of -14.50dB and gain of
The document discusses and compares the performance of various antenna designs through return loss/VSWR plots and radiation patterns sourced from several research papers. Key findings include that bicone and monocone antennas have bandwidths over 7 GHz but are difficult to fabricate. A helix antenna with a capacitive coupling has the best performance of the helix designs with a bandwidth of around 4 GHz. Square planar monopole antennas with trident or double feeding strips have bandwidths of around 10 GHz. Vivaldi antennas and circular/elliptical dipole antennas also achieve bandwidths greater than 9 GHz. LPDA and monopole antennas have more varied performance depending on specific dimensions.
This document provides an overview of conductors and insulators. It discusses the function of conductors in providing pathways for current flow. It also describes standard wire gauge sizes and types of wire conductors. Additionally, it covers topics such as connectors, printed wiring, switches, fuses, wire resistance, ion current in liquids and gases, and insulators.
This document describes the design and characteristics of a dual-band antenna for WiMAX applications. The antenna consists of a U-shaped patch connected to a T-shaped stub, with two rectangular slots cut into the ground plane to reduce mutual coupling between the two ports. The antenna operates at 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands for WiMAX. Simulation results show that adjusting parameters like the length of the U-shaped patch and lateral patches can individually tune the resonance frequencies and bandwidths of the two bands. Measurements of the radiation patterns show omnidirectional behavior as expected. The compact dual-band antenna design achieves good performance for both wireless communication bands.
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
This document provides an overview of antenna properties and types. It discusses key antenna properties like gain, aperture, directivity, bandwidth, polarization, and effective length. It then describes several common antenna types including dipole antennas, monopole antennas, loop antennas, log-periodic antennas, travelling wave antennas like helical and Yagi-Uda, and reflector antennas like corner reflectors and parabolic reflectors. Radiation patterns are also characterized in terms of main beam, sidelobes, half power beamwidth, and sidelobe level.
This document summarizes a technical report on a compact, low-cost spatial-pattern diversity antenna system for mobile devices operating at 2.45GHz. The proposed antenna consists of two sets of passive arrays (A1 and A2), each with a probe-fed planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and an open-circuited PIFA (PILA). Placement of the PIFA and PILA introduces strong mutual coupling that splits the PIFA's resonant frequency into two coupled modes. Introducing a slit between the PIFA and PILA modifies the coupling and causes the PILA to act as a director, enhancing radiation in one direction. Variations to the slit width affect the resonant frequencies and directivity of
Electrically Controlled Frequency Reconfigurable Comb Type Antenna for Wirele...IDES Editor
Electrically controlled frequency reconfigurable
comb type antenna is presented in this paper. Reconfigurability
is achieved by placing a PIN diode in each slot of the comb
type antenna. The proposed antenna has very compact size
and works on 8 different bands depending upon the state and
number of PIN diode (ON/OFF). Ansoft Designer 7 is used to
simulate the equivalent model for the PIN diode and proposed
antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate using photolithography
process. As the antenna reconfigure its resonating frequency
from 1st band to 8th band, directivity increases from 3.28 to 4.02
and radiation efficiency increases from 75.3% to 93.45% due
to the improvement in impedance matching at higher band.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
A dual-frequency microstrip patch antennas has been presented and used for 802.11WLAN
applications. The antennas had been designed, simulated and parametrically studied in CST Microwave
studio. By introducing u-slot, dual-band operation with its operating mode centered at frequency 2.4GHz,
3.65GHz and 5.2GHz had been obtained. The gain and directivity had been improved by adjusting the
parameters of the antennas. The gain of the proposed designs was 6.019dBi, 4.04dBi and 6.22dBi and
directivity was 6.02dBi, 4.05dBi and 6.22dBi at resonant frequencies 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz
respectively. The patch antennas had been proposed to be used in portable devices that require
miniaturized constituent parts.
Dipole Antenna Design, Working, and Types.pdfGurleen Nayar
The antenna comes in various shapes, materials, and elements. A Dipole antenna is one of the most popular kinds of antennas used in different devices and tools. It is also called a doublet.
In this blog, we will discuss a dipole antenna, its design, types, benefits and disadvantages, and many other things related to a dipole antenna.
Conical horn antenna with parabolic reflector using cstAzlin lolin
This document describes the design and simulation of a parabolic reflector antenna using CST Studio Suite. [1] The antenna consists of a conical horn antenna fed by a rectangular waveguide operating at 8.2 GHz. [2] The horn antenna is placed 700mm from the parabolic reflector to transmit signals parallel to the reflector. [3] Simulation results show the antenna achieves a directivity of 36.64 dBi and gain of 36.62 dB, with a return loss of -12.17 dB, indicating good performance.
Each antenna has a unique radiation pattern described by elevation and azimuth charts. Polarization of antennae can be linear or circular. Some wireless technologies use antenna diversity to choose the best antenna to receive and transmit to clients. Different types of antennae include omnidirectional, directional, and special designs. Connectors, attenuators, amplifiers, lightning arrestors and splitters are also discussed in relation to wireless antenna systems.
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver
This document discusses dipole and monopole antennas. It notes that dipoles and monopoles are widely used across radio frequencies for applications like mobile communications. An infinitesimal dipole is introduced as a theoretical construct to model antennas like top-loaded designs. The document also provides an example calculation for determining the power density and radiation resistance of a 1 cm Hertzian dipole antenna operating at 100 MHz from a distance of 1 km. Key parameters for dipole antennas like their radiation patterns and the properties of half-wave dipoles are additionally summarized.
This document provides instructions on how to read radio diagrams and schematics. It includes an example of a single-circuit regenerative tuner circuit shown in both perspective and schematic views to demonstrate how to translate between the two. The document also outlines common radio circuit components and their associated schematic symbols like coils, condensers, tubes, batteries, and phones. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of 8 different radio receiver circuits diagrams to familiarize readers with common early 20th century radio design.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
3. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
INTRODUCTION
dipole antenna, with the ends
folded back, and connected to
each other
width ‘d’ of the folded dipole is
much smaller than the length ‘L’
3
0003
Fig. Folded Dipole
4. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA BASIC
Basic Format is
shown in fig
consists of a basic
dipole with an added
conductor
4
03004
Fig. Folded Dipole Antenna Basis
6. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
1.Unequal Conductor Folded
Dipoles
varying the effective
diameter of the two
conductors:
top and bottom,
different ratios can be
obtained.
6
06
Fig. Unequal Conductor
Folded Dipole
7. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
The impedance step up ratio provided
by the folded dipole is:
Where,
d1 = conductor diameter for
the feed arm of the dipole.
d2 = conductor diameter for
the non-feed arm of the dipole
s =distance between the
conductors
r is the step up ratio
7
07
Impedance
𝑟 = 1 +
𝑙𝑜𝑔
2𝑆
𝑑1
𝑙𝑜𝑔
2𝑆
𝑑2
2
8. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
2.Multi-conductor folded
dipoles
folded dipole antenna often
implies the use of one
extra conductor
concept can be extended
further by adding
additional 'folds' or
conductors
8
08
Fig. Multi-Conductor Folded
Dipole
9. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Impedance of Multi-conductor
folded dipoles
special case where all the conductors have
the same diameter
then the impedance is increased by a
factor of three squared, i.e. 9.
9
0009
10. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
DESIGN
The Length of folded
dipole
* La = 145 / freq (
MHz )
Length of coil
* for 75 ohm cable : Lb
= La x 0.8
* for 50 ohm cable: Lb =
La x 0.66
10
10
Fig. Folded Dipole Design
11. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
PROPERTIES OF FOLDED
DIPOLE
Impedance properties
Ease of construction
Structural rigidity
Wider bandwidth than λ/2 dipole
11
11
13. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Radiation Pattern
reflects the 'sensitivity' of the antenna in
different directions
knowledge of this allows the antenna to be
orientated in the optimum direction to ensure
the required performance
13
13
14. Fig: Antenna polar
diagram concept
Polar Diagram
Plot that indicates the
magnitude of the
response in any direction
14
14
16. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
APPLICATION
folded dipoles find more uses
when a dipole is incorporated
domestic television
VHF FM broadcast antennas
16
16
17. PRESENTATION ON:
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
Reference
John D Kraus, Ronald J Marhrfka & Ahmed S
Khan Ch.6-24
Martin E. Meserve - K7MEM - Folded Dipole
Design.html
Dipole Radiation Patterns _ Antenna Polar
Diagram _ Tutorial.html
Dipole antenna/Folded Dipole Antenna _ Folded
Dipole Aerial _ Tutorial.html
visited on: August 2,2016
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