The document discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors of the 1970s to modern 64-bit processors. It covers early technologies like PMOS and NMOS and describes processors like the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, and 8085. It also discusses the internal architecture of processors like the 8085 including components like the ALU, registers, program counter, and memory interfacing. Modern processors including the Pentium series and RISC processors are also briefly outlined.
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage. It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like multiplication and division easily.
Intel 8086 microprocessor Architecture
Flags & register
Stack Management
Rotate left & Rotate Right
ILLUSTRATION
To understand the basic concepts of 8085 microprocessor, microcontroller. The students will also learn about the programming methods and integration of peripherals to the micro-controller.
this is a presentation on 8-bit RISC-based single core pipelined microprocessor which can be used to perform various arithmetic and logical operations.
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage. It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like multiplication and division easily.
Intel 8086 microprocessor Architecture
Flags & register
Stack Management
Rotate left & Rotate Right
ILLUSTRATION
To understand the basic concepts of 8085 microprocessor, microcontroller. The students will also learn about the programming methods and integration of peripherals to the micro-controller.
this is a presentation on 8-bit RISC-based single core pipelined microprocessor which can be used to perform various arithmetic and logical operations.
Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical Memory
Organization, General Bus Operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities,
Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timings, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timings.
Addressing Modes of 8086.
Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you!
Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT III The 8051 MicrocontrollersArti Parab Academics
The 8051 Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers and Embedded processors, Overview of 8051 family. 8051 Microcontroller hardware, Input/output pins, Ports, and Circuits, External Memory. 8051 Programming in C: Data Types and time delay in 8051 C, I/O Programming, Logic operations, Data conversion Programs
all about architecture and memory interfacing. This is the most important lecture for microprocessor.
In computer science you must known about this lecture.
Chances are you have a Wi-Fi network at home, or live close to one (or more) that tantalizingly pops up in a list whenever you boot up the laptop.
The problem is, if there's a lock next to the network name (AKA the SSID, or service set identifier), that indicates security is activated. Without the password or passphrase, you're not going to get access to that network, or the sweet, sweet internet that goes with it.
A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic. DDoS attacks achieve effectiveness by utilizing multiple compromised computer systems as sources of attack traffic. Exploited machines can include computers and other networked resources such as IoT devices. From a high level, a DDoS attack is like a traffic jam clogging up with highway, preventing regular traffic from arriving at its desired destination.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. • PMOS technology – slow and awkward to
interface with TTL family
• 4 bit processor
• Instructions were executed in about 20 µs.
• Intel 4004 the first MP. 4K nibbles address
space.
• Intel 8008- can manipulate a whole byte.
• 16Kbytes address space
• 50,000 operations/second.
Early microprocessors
3. N-channel MOSFET
• 1970.
• Faster than P-MOS.
• Work with +ve supply; easy to interface with
TTL.
• 1973 Intel 8080 MP.
• 500,000 operations/second.
• 64K bytes memory.
• Upward software compatible with 8008.
• Other brands are MC6800, Fairchild’s F-8 etc.
4. Basic types of MP
• Two types
– Single component microprocessors
– Bit sliced microprocessors
• Can be cascaded to allow functioning systems with
word size from 4 bits to 200 bits.
5. Single component M Computer
• Composed of
– A processor
– read only memory (for program storage)
– Read/Write memory (for data storage)
– Input/output connections for interfacing
– Timer as event counter
• Intel 8048, Motorola 6805R2.
– Oven, washing machine, dish washer etc.
6. Modern MP
• 8, 16, 32, 64 bits are available.
• Intel 8085, Motorola 6800 – 8 bit word 16 bit
address.
• Intel 8088, 8086, Motorola 68000 – 16 bits word,
20 bits address.
• 80186 – never used.
• 286 – real mode and protected mode; 16MB
memory
• 386 – paging, 4GB memory, 32 bits word
• 486 – math coprocessor, L1 cache
7. Modern MP
• Pentium
– 64 bits i/o off the chip but process 32bits word, exception floating
point processed 64 bits, cache doubled, instruction pipelining.
• Pentium Pro
– L2 cache, Improved pipelining
• Pentium MMX
– Multi-Media extensions, 57 new inter instruc mostly used for
multimedia programming
• Pentium II, III, IV
– Pentium pro with MMX tech, increased L2 cache, full 64 bit
operation
• RISC
– Reduced instruction set processor, uniform length instruc, faster
in operation, cannot perform may different thing as CISC.
8. Basic MP architecture
• Fetch, decode,
execute.
• PC increment.
• First instruction
is a fetch
– 0000H for 8085
– FFFF0H for
8086, 8088
RegisterArray
control
Instruction
Register
ALU
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control
Bus
AF,
BC,
DE,
HL,
SP,
PC
many
more
10. • Interfacing needs bus
• Isolation and separation of signals from
different devices connected to MP.
– Unidirectional
– Bidirectional
• LS373, 244
11. Memory map
• Pictorial representation of the whole range
of memory address space.
– Defines which memory system is where, their
sizes etc.
• Address space or range.
– 8086 has 1M address space in minimum
mode.
– 8085 has 64K address sspace.
12. Address Decoding
• Address decoder is a digital ckt that indicates
that a particular area of memory is being
addressed, or pointed to, by the MP.
• Absolute address decoding
– Decode an address to one single output
– Decode 10110 so that u can get a signal from the
decoder when it receives exactly that bit pattern.
• Partial address decoding
– Some bits are used as don’t care so that decoder
gives a signal for a range of consecutive bit patterns.
13. 1 0 1 1 0 10110
a b c d e
a b c d e
Can use decoder IC with gates to
achieve exact decoded o/p
Logic 1
8 input NAND gate implementation
Active low o/p signal
Absolute decoding
3to8linedcd
101
0
7
o/p
14. Partial decoding
• When a range of addresses are deconded then it is called partial
decoding. For example, if we need to generate a control signal for
an address generated by the MP within the range FFF0 – FFFF,
then it is called partial decoding.
• Decoder, multiplexer can be used for address decoding
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x
A15
A14
A4
16. Flag register
S Z AC P CY 1. S : after the execution of an
arithmetic operation, if bit 7 of
the result is 1, then sign flag is
set.
2. Z : bit is set if ALU operation
results a zero in the Acc or
registers.
3. AC: bit is set, when a carry is
generated by bit 3 and passed
on bit 4.
4. P: parity bit is set when the
result has even number of 1s.
5. CY = carry is set when result
generates a carry. Also a
borrow flag.
17. Accumulator
• Hold data for manipulation (arithmetic, logical).
• Whenever the operation combines two words,
either arithmetically or logically, the accumulator
contains one word (say A) and the other
word(say B) may be contained in a register or in
memory location. After the operation the result is
placed in the Acc replacing the word A.
• Major working register. MP can directly work on
Acc.
• Programmed data tranfer.
18. General purpose registers
• Six registers.
• B, C, D, E, H and L can store 8 bit data.
• They can be combined to perform some
16 bit operation.
19. ALU
• Arithmetic logic unit.
• Two input ports, one output port.
• Perform AND, OR, ExOR, Add, subtract,
complement, Increment, Decrement, shift left,
shift right.
• ALUs two temporary registers are connected to
MPs internal bus from which it can take data
from any registers. It can place data directly to
data bus through its single output port.
20. Program counter
• Its job is to keep track of what instruction is
being used and what the next instruction will be.
• For 8085 it is 16 bit long.
• Can get data from internal bus as well as
memory location.
• PC automatically increments to point to the next
memory during the execution of the present
instruction.
• PC value can be changed by some instructions.
21. Stack pointer
• 16 bit register acts as memory pointer.
• Can save the value of the program counter
for later use.
• points to a region of memory which is
called stack. follows LIFO algorithm.
• After every stack operation SP points to
next available location of the stack.
Usually decrements.
22. Memory address register
• PC sends address to MAR. MAR points to the
location of the memory where the content is to
be fetched from.
• PC increments but MAR does not.
• If the content is an instruction, IR decodes it.
During execution if it is required to fetch another
word from memory, PC is loaded with the value
• PC again sends it to the MAR and fetch
operation starts.
25. 8085
• 40 pin DIP.
• +5V
• 3 - 5MHz
– ADD BUS
– DATA BUS
– CONTROL STATUS
– POWER SUPPLY AND
FREQ
– EXTERNALLY INITIATED
SIGNALS
– SERIAL I/O PORTS
21 – 28
HIGH ORDER
ADD BUS
5V GND
30 ALE
29 S0
33 S1
34 IO/M’
32 RD’
31 WR’
CLK OUTRESET OUT
HLDA 38
INTA 11
RESET IN 36
HOLD 39
READY 35
INTR 10
RST5.5 9
RST6.5 8
RST7.5 7
TRAP 6
SOD 4
SID 5
12 – 19
MUX ADD/
DATA BUS
2040
X1 X2
3 37
26. • Address bus 16 bits
– A8 to A15 unidirectional. Higher 8 bit
– AD0 to AD7 multiplexed with data. This pins
are bidirectional when used as data bus.
• Data bus 8 bit long: AD0 to AD7
ADD/DATA bus
Data bus
D
G
Q’
OC
AD7
AD6
AD5
AD0
ALE
GND
Address bus.
Lower 8 bit
Address bus.
higher 8 bit
A8
A15
27. Control signals
• ALE – active high output
used to latch the lower 8
address bits.
• RD, WR - active low
output signals.
• IO/M – output signal to
differentiate memory and
IO operation.
• S1 and S0 – status output
signal. Identify various
operations.
Machine
cycle
IO/M’ S1 S0 Control
signals
Opcode
fetch
0 1 1 RD=0
Memory
read
0 1 0 RD=0
Memory
write
0 0 1 WR=0
I/O read 1 1 0 RD=0
I/O write 1 0 1 WR=0
Interrupt
Ackn
1 1 1 INTA=0
Halt Z 0 0 RD,
WR =Z
and
INTA=1
Hold Z X X
Reset Z X X
28. External control signals
• INTR – interrupt request. Input signal
• INTA – interrupt acknowledge. o/p signal.
• RST7.5,RST 6.5, RST5.5 – restart interrupts.
Vectored interrupts. Higher priority.
• TRAP - Nonmaskable interrupt. Highest priority.
• Hold – request for the control of buses. O/P
signal
• HLDA – Hold Acknowledge. I/P signal
• READY – I/P signal. When low Mp waits for
integral number of clock cycles until it goes high.
30. 8080 functional block diagram
W
Temp Reg (8)
Z
Temp Reg (8)
H
(8)
L
(8)
B
(8)
C
(8)
D
(8)
E
(8)
Stack pointer
(16)
Program counter (16)
Incrementer/decrementer
Latch (16)
RegSelect
MUX
Address buffer (8) Data/Add buffer (8)
Instru
Register (8)
Instru
DecoderFlags
Accumu Temp Reg
Timing & control
Interrupt control Serial I/O control
31. Timing diaga. of Memory cycle
CLK
A15-A8
AD7-AD0
IO/M
RD
MEMRD
A7-A0 A7-A0
Data from
MPU
Data from
memory
WR
MEMWR
T1 T2 T3
ALE
T1 T2 T3
READ Cycle WRITE Cycle
32. Interfacing A Memory Chip
Memory
Chip
3 to 8
decoder
E1 E2 E3
A15
A14IO/M
A13
A12
A11
Q1
CEA10
A9
A0
D7
D0
D6
RD
WR
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
• 2K Byte memory
• Memory address space of the chip:
8800H to 8FFFH
1 0 0 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X
MEMSEL
8 8 - F 0 - F 0 - F
33. MVI A,32H Instruction
2000H 3EH ;MVI A, 32H
2001H 32H
00H; low-
order Add
3E; opcode
T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3
20H; high-order address
01H; low-
order Add
32H; Data
Unspecified 20H; High-order address
Status IO/M=0,S1=1,S0=1; opcode fetch Status IO/M=0,S1=1,S0=0; data read
RD
ALE
AD7-AD0
A15-A8
M1 (Opcode-fetch) M2 (Memory Read)
34. OUT/IN instruction
• port address: 50H
2050 D3
2051 50
• Let input port address is 30H
2150 DB
2151 30
OUT 50H sends acc content to I/O address 50H
IN 30H reads content from I/O address 30H and
stores the value in accum
35. IN 30H instruction
50H DB from
memory
21H Port add 30H
Data from
Accumula
T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
21H unspec
ified
Port addre
30H
51H
Port add
30H
IO/M
M1 M2 M3
RD
MEMRD
IORD
ALE
AD7-AD0
A15-A8
CLK
36. T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
20H Port add, 50H20H unspec
ified
IO/M
OUT 50H instruction
M1 M2 M3
50H Port addre
50H
Data from
Accumula51H
Port add
50H
Opcode
D3
RD
MEMRD
IORD
ALE
AD7-AD0
A15-A8
CLK
IOWR
37. Device selection & Data Transfer
• Decode the IO address.
• Combine it with control
the signal to generate a
unique IO select pulse
that is generated only
when both signals are
asserted.
• Use it to activate the IO
port
• Address decoding can
be absolute or partial Decoder
Addresslines
Enable
Databus
IOR or IOW
NOR
To
Peripherals
Latch
Or
Tri-state
Buffer
38. Interfacing LED for display
• Given port add: FFH
• Use octal latch as o/p port.
• Steps for IO select pulse:
– Decode FF
– Use IO/M to make the port output only
– Use WR signal to write data to the port
39. IO/M
A7
A0 Q7
A10
A9
A0
+5 V
WR
IOSEL
A1
G
OE
D FF
MVI A, data
OUT FFH
HLT
* To interface a 7-segment display
you need to decide about the type of
7-segment: common anode or
common cathode
* Power supply connection to the LED
segments will be opposite.
* For common cathode a 0 is sent to
the respective pin to lit it up.
40. Interfacing DIP switches
•Let port address: 07H –
00H
•Partial decoding
•Must use pull-up
resistors.
IN 07H instruction reads
a byte into accumulator
from port 07H
3 to 8
decoder
E1 E2 E3
IO/M
A7
A5
Q0
D0
+5 V
RD
IOSELA6
OE
A4
A3
D1
D7