This document provides an overview of microgrids, including: - Microgrids are small-scale power supply networks that provide power for local communities using local power generation and storage. They can operate connected to or isolated from the main utility grid. - Microgrids have various advantages over the conventional grid like reduced transmission losses, reliable power for critical loads, and environmental benefits from renewable sources. - Microgrids also face challenges like controlling voltage, frequency and power quality during islanding operations and need battery storage which requires more space and maintenance. - Future research directions include investigating full-scale microgrid development and control methods under different operating modes.

1. Name : Jatoth Rajender
Sch. No: 203113002
Ph.D. EE
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2. Outline
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Introduction to Microgrid.
Microgrid Operating Modes.
The Need ofMicrogrid.
Sources of microgrid
Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks.
Environmental Aspects.
Conventional Grid versus Microgrid.
Advantages &Disadvantages ofMicrogrid.
Future Directions on Microgrid Research.
References.

3. Introduction To Microgrid
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What isMicrogrid?
It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed
to provide power for a small community.
It enables local power generation for local loads.
It comprises of various small power generating sources
that makes it highly flexible and efficient.

4. Introduction To Microgrid
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What isMicrogrid?
It is connected to both the local generating units and the
utility grid thus preventing power outages.
Excess power can be sold to the utility grid.
Size of the Microgrid may range from housing estate to
municipal regions.

5. Introduction To Microgrid
Microgrid Components
Distributed Generation
Loads
Immediate storage
Controller
Point of Common Coupling
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6. 8/25/2009
Typical Microgrid is shown
below:
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7. 8/25/2009
Pomelo, Indonesia - Villagemicrogrid
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8. Microgrid Operating Modes
Grid Connected Mode:
Utility grid isactive.
Static switch isclosed
All the feeders are being
supplied by utilitygrid.
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9. Microgrid Operating Modes
Island Mode:
Utility grid is not supplying power
Static switch isopen.
Feeder A, B, C are being supplied
by Microsources.
Feeder D (not sensitive )
is dead.
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10. The Need Of Microgrid
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Microgrid could be the answer to our energy crisis.
Transmission losses gets highly reduced.
Microgrid results in substantial savings and cuts
emissions without major changes to lifestyles.
Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to
critical loads

11. Sources of microgrid
 A microgrid presents various types of generation sources that
feed electricity , heating and cooling to the user.

12. Sources of microgrid
these sources are two major group
 Thermal energy sources
 Renewable generation sources

13.  Thermal energy sources :
 Most thermal power plants are steam driven.
 Power plants use a wide range of fuels to heat liquids into
steam. Some of the more common fuels are natural gas, coal,
uranium (nuclear), diesel, oil and biomass materials

14.  Renewable generation sources : The most popular
renewable energy sources currently are
• Solar energy.
• Wind energy.
• Hydro energy.
• Tidal energy.
• Geothermal energy.
• Biomass energy

15. Interconnected Microgrids
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Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks
Practical size of Microgrids is limited to a few MVA.
For larger loads, it is desirable to interconnect many
Microgrids to form a larger Microgrid network called
PowerParks.
The advantages of this Microgrid structure insures
greater stability and controllability for the PowerParks.

16. Environmental Aspects
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Microgrid encourages the use of the renewable energy
sources.
Large land use impacts are avoided.
CO2 Emissions are reduced.

17. Conventional Grid vs. Microgrid
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Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared
to Microgrid.
Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in
conventional grid.
Power sources in case of Microgrid (often referred to as
Microsources) are small and are located in close
proximity to load.

18. Advantages & Disadvantages
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Microgrid Advantages
Amajor advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility
grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the utility
seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the
Microgrid.
In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by
reducing the load on the grid.
Significant environmental benefits made possible by the use
of low or zero emission generators.

19. Advantages & Disadvantages
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Microgrid Advantages
The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the
close proximity of the generator to the user, thereby
increasing the overall energy efficiency.
Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its
users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.

20. Advantages & Disadvantages
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Microgrid Disadvantages
Voltage, frequency and power quality are three main
parameters that must be considered and controlled to
acceptable standards whilst the power and energy balance is
maintained.
Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks thus
requiring more space and maintenance.
Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.

21. Advantages & Disadvantages
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Microgrid Disadvantages
Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges
facing the implementationof Microgrids.
Issues such as standby charges and net metering may pose
obstacles for Microgrid.

22. Future Directions onMicrogrid
Research
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To investigate full-scale development, field demonstration,
experimental performance evaluation of frequency and
voltage control methods under various operation modes.
Transition between grid connected and islanded modes on
interaction phenomena between distribution generation
and high penetration of distributed generation.

23.  Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy
industry, representing a paradigm shift from remote central
station power plants toward more localized, distributed
generation—especially in cities, communities and
campuses
 The power to isolate from the larger grid makes
microgrids resilient, and the ability to conduct flexible,
parallel operations permits delivery of services that make
the grid more competitive.

24.  Transformation of Microgrid system today into the intelligent,
robust energy delivery system in the future by providing
significant reliability and security benefits.
 Microgrids provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy, enhance local
resiliency, and improve the operation and stability of the regional
electric grid. They provide dynamic responsiveness unprecedented for
an energy resource.

25. References
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A. A. Salam, A. Mohamed and M. A. Hannan. "TECHNICALCHALLENGES
ON MICROGRIDS" (DECEMBER 2008)
http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2008/jeas_1208_146.pdf
S. Abu-Sharkha, R.J. Arnolde, J. Kohlerd, R. Lia, T. Markvarta, J.N. Rossb, K.
Steemersc, P. Wilsonb, R. Yaoc. "Can microgrids make a major contribution to
UK energy supply?" (September2004)
http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11276/1/Microgrids.pdf
John Stevens. "Characterization of Microgrids in the United States", Sandia
National Laboratories (January 2005)
http://www.electricdistribution.ctc.com/pdfs/RDC_Microgrid_Whitepaper_1-7-05.pdf
Robert H. Lasseter, Paolo Piagi. "Microgrid: AConceptual Solution",University
of Wisconsin-Madison (June 2004)
http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/ecow/get/publicatio/2004public/lasseterpesc04us.pdf

26. References
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"Integration of Distributed Energy Resources - The CERTS MicroGrid
Concept", Consultant Report (October 2003)
http://www.pserc.org/cgi-
pserc/getbig/researchdo/certsdocum0/certspubli/certsmicrogridwhitepaper.pdf
"Why the Microgrid Could Be the Answer to Our Energy Crisis"
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/137/beyond-the-grid.html
"How a MicrogridWorks"
http://science.howstuffworks.com/microgrid.htm
“The Rise of MicroGrid PowerNetworks"
http://www.sustainablefacility.com/Articles/Feature_Article/58905d08bd629010VgnVC
M100000f932a8c0

27. Thank You
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