The document outlines the key concepts of microgrids, including: - A microgrid is a small-scale power supply network designed to provide power for a small community using local power generation and storage. - Microgrids have two operating modes - grid connected where it receives power from the main utility grid, and island mode where it operates autonomously. - Microgrids provide benefits like reduced transmission losses, power reliability, and ability to incorporate renewable energy sources.

1. 8/25/2009 1
Shahab Ahmad Khan 06 EEB 127
Reshadat Ali 06 EEB 158
Sharib Hussain 06 EEB 168

2. Outline
 Introduction to Microgrid.
 Microgrid Operating Modes.
 The Need of Microgrid.
 Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks.
 Environmental Aspects.
 Conventional Grid versus Microgrid.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Microgrid.
 Future Directions on Microgrid Research.
 References.
8/25/2009 2

3. Introduction To Microgrid
 What is Microgrid?
 It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed
to provide power for a small community.
 It enables local power generation for local loads.
 It comprises of various small power generating sources
that makes it highly flexible and efficient.
8/25/2009 3

4. Introduction To Microgrid
 What is Microgrid?
 It is connected to both the local generating units and the
utility grid thus preventing power outages.
 Excess power can be sold to the utility grid.
 Size of the Microgrid may range from housing estate to
municipal regions.
8/25/2009 4

5. Introduction To Microgrid
 Microgrid Components
 Distributed Generation
 Loads
 Immediate storage
 Controller
 Point of Common Coupling
8/25/2009 5

6. 8/25/2009 6
Typical Microgrid is shown below:

7. 8/25/2009 7
Pomelo, Indonesia - Village microgrid

8. Microgrid Operating Modes
 Grid Connected Mode:
 Utility grid is active.
 Static switch is closed
 All the feeders are being
supplied by utility grid.
8/25/2009 8

9. Microgrid Operating Modes
 Island Mode:
 Utility grid is not supplying power
 Static switch is open.
 Feeder A, B, C are being supplied
by Microsources.
 Feeder D (not sensitive )
is dead.
8/25/2009 9

10. The Need Of Microgrid
 Microgrid could be the answer to our energy crisis.
 Transmission losses gets highly reduced.
 Microgrid results in substantial savings and cuts
emissions without major changes to lifestyles.
 Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to
critical loads
8/25/2009 10

11. Interconnected Microgrids
Interconnected Microgrids – Power Parks
 Practical size of Microgrids is limited to a few MVA.
 For larger loads, it is desirable to interconnect many
Microgrids to form a larger Microgrid network called
Power Parks.
 The advantages of this Microgrid structure insures
greater stability and controllability for the Power Parks.
8/25/2009 11

12. Environmental Aspects
 Microgrid encourages the use of the renewable energy
sources.
 Large land use impacts are avoided.
 CO2 Emissions are reduced.
8/25/2009 12

13. Conventional Grid vs. Microgrid
 Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared
to Microgrid.
 Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in
conventional grid.
 Power sources in case of Microgrid (often referred to as
Microsources) are small and are located in close
proximity to load.
8/25/2009 13

14. Advantages & Disadvantages
 Microgrid Advantages
 A major advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility
grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the utility
seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the
Microgrid.
 In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by
reducing the load on the grid.
 Significant environmental benefits made possible by the use
of low or zero emission generators.
8/25/2009 14

15. Advantages & Disadvantages
 Microgrid Advantages
 The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the
close proximity of the generator to the user, thereby
increasing the overall energy efficiency.
 Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its
users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.
8/25/2009 15

16. Advantages & Disadvantages
 Microgrid Disadvantages
 Voltage, frequency and power quality are three main
parameters that must be considered and controlled to
acceptable standards whilst the power and energy balance is
maintained.
 Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks thus
requiring more space and maintenance.
 Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.
8/25/2009 16

17. Advantages & Disadvantages
 Microgrid Disadvantages
 Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges
facing the implementation of Microgrids.
 Issues such as standby charges and net metering may pose
obstacles for Microgrid.
 Interconnection standards needs to be developed to ensure
consistency. IEEE P1547, a standard proposed by Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers may end up filling
the void.
8/25/2009 17

18. Future Directions on Microgrid
Research
 To investigate full-scale development, field demonstration,
experimental performance evaluation of frequency and voltage control
methods under various operation modes.
 Transition between grid connected and islanded modes on interaction
phenomena between distribution generation and high penetration of
distributed generation.
 Transformation of Microgrid system today into the intelligent,
robust energy delivery system in the future by providing
significant reliability and security benefits.
8/25/2009 18

19. References
 A. A. Salam, A. Mohamed and M. A. Hannan. "TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
ON MICROGRIDS" (DECEMBER 2008)
http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2008/jeas_1208_146.pdf
 S. Abu-Sharkha, R.J. Arnolde, J. Kohlerd, R. Lia, T. Markvarta, J.N. Rossb, K.
Steemersc, P. Wilsonb, R. Yaoc. "Can microgrids make a major contribution to
UK energy supply?" (September 2004)
http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11276/1/Microgrids.pdf
 John Stevens. "Characterization of Microgrids in the United States", Sandia
National Laboratories (January 2005)
http://www.electricdistribution.ctc.com/pdfs/RDC_Microgrid_Whitepaper_1-7-05.pdf
 Robert H. Lasseter, Paolo Piagi. "Microgrid: A Conceptual Solution", University
of Wisconsin-Madison (June 2004)
http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/ecow/get/publicatio/2004public/lasseterpesc04us.pdf
8/25/2009 19

20. References
 "Integration of Distributed Energy Resources - The CERTS MicroGrid
Concept", Consultant Report (October 2003)
http://www.pserc.org/cgi-
pserc/getbig/researchdo/certsdocum0/certspubli/certsmicrogridwhitepaper.pdf
 "Why the Microgrid Could Be the Answer to Our Energy Crisis"
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/137/beyond-the-grid.html
 "How a Microgrid Works"
http://science.howstuffworks.com/microgrid.htm
 “The Rise of MicroGrid Power Networks"
http://www.sustainablefacility.com/Articles/Feature_Article/58905d08bd629010VgnVC
M100000f932a8c0____
8/25/2009 20

21. Thank You
8/25/2009 21

22. Queries?
8/25/2009 22