1) The document discusses microgrids which integrate distributed energy resources to provide electricity for local areas. Microgrids can operate connected to the main power grid or independently.
2) Microgrids offer economic, technical, and environmental benefits over conventional power systems. They improve access to electricity, lower costs, increase revenue opportunities, and reduce emissions.
3) The technical aspects of microgrids include energy resources, power electronics, control systems, and the ability to operate in both grid-connected and isolated modes. Microgrids provide reliable local power generation and energy management.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid integrated system
study on Integration of DG’s
Key challenges observed
Modelling and study of hybrid systems under different fault conditions
Propose suitable methods to over come some of these challenges
Introduction
Indian energy scenerio: 2015
Major incidents and motivation for micro grid
What is micro grid?
Basic architecture of micro grid
Classification of smart grid
Micro Grid operation modes
Importance and benefits
Challenges in micro grids
Smart grid priorities in India
Existing hybrid grid ventures in India and in world
Relevance of Smart Grid in India
Smart grid mission and vision for India
Conclusion
This paper presents a design and simulation of a rule based energy management system for a dc MicroGrid that considers a cost function to reflect the battery degradation and that relates to the actual battery parameters.The derivation of the battery cost function and the utilization of that to ensure an optimum utilization of the battery energy storage were presented. The detailed description of the algorithms used to implement the EMS was presented. Simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to demonstrate the operation of the EMS both under grid connected and islanded modes. Further, the inertia support provided by the super-capacitor to avoid the collapse of the dc link of the MicroGrid was demonstrated.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid integrated system
study on Integration of DG’s
Key challenges observed
Modelling and study of hybrid systems under different fault conditions
Propose suitable methods to over come some of these challenges
Introduction
Indian energy scenerio: 2015
Major incidents and motivation for micro grid
What is micro grid?
Basic architecture of micro grid
Classification of smart grid
Micro Grid operation modes
Importance and benefits
Challenges in micro grids
Smart grid priorities in India
Existing hybrid grid ventures in India and in world
Relevance of Smart Grid in India
Smart grid mission and vision for India
Conclusion
This paper presents a design and simulation of a rule based energy management system for a dc MicroGrid that considers a cost function to reflect the battery degradation and that relates to the actual battery parameters.The derivation of the battery cost function and the utilization of that to ensure an optimum utilization of the battery energy storage were presented. The detailed description of the algorithms used to implement the EMS was presented. Simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC software was used to demonstrate the operation of the EMS both under grid connected and islanded modes. Further, the inertia support provided by the super-capacitor to avoid the collapse of the dc link of the MicroGrid was demonstrated.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Reviewijtsrd
As one of the key technologies to achieve the large scale application of distributed power generation, microgrid can overcome the randomness, intermittence and dispersity caused by distributed energy and promote the development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy to ease the shortage of energy all over the world. In this paper, the characteristics and key technology of microgrid and the challenges may exit during development of microgrid are briefly introduced. Microgrid complies with the requirements to promote renewable energy power generation and social sustainable development, and will definitely occupy a vital position in the development of grid construction. Aman Kumar | Mamta Sood | Dr. Manju Gupta "Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49648.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49648/microgrid-technology-with-distributed-energy---a-review/aman-kumar
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid...ijtsrd
With the growth in global warming, renewable energy based distributed generators DGs play a prominent role in power generation. Wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the usage of fuel cells and microturbines will provide substantial impetus in the near future. Environmental friendliness, expandability, and flexibility have made distributed generation, powered by a variety of renewable and unconventional energy sources, an appealing alternative for building contemporary electrical systems. A microgrid is made up of a group of loads and dispersed generators that work together to form a single controlled system. Microgrids, as an integrated energy delivery system, may function in tandem with or independently of the main power grid. The microgrid idea reduces the number of reverse conversions in a single AC or DC grid while also making it easier to link variable renewable AC and DC sources and loads to power systems. The connectivity of DGs to the utility grid through power electronic converters has raised concerns regarding equipment safety and protection. The microgrid may be configured to fulfil the customers specific needs, such as greater local dependability, reduced feeder losses, local voltage support, greater efficiency via waste heat usage, voltage sag correction, or uninterruptible power supply. The performance of a hybrid AC DC microgrid system in grid tethered mode is examined in this paper. For the creation of a microgrid, a solar system, a wind turbine generator, and a battery are utilized. Control methods are also included to allow the converters to appropriately coordinate the AC sub grid with the DC sub grid. The MATLAB SIMULINK environment was used to achieve the findings. Tarun Jaiswal | Ashish Bhargava "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46296.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46296/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid/tarun-jaiswal
Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC DC Microgrid Analysis and I...ijtsrd
Distributed generators DGs that rely on renewable energy sources have become more important in the face of rising global temperatures. Substantial impetus will soon be supplied by wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the use of fuel cells and microturbines. Distributed generation, where electricity is produced by a number of different renewable and unconventional energy sources, has emerged as a viable option for the construction of modern electrical systems because to its low environmental impact, scalability, and adaptability. A microgrid is a small scale electrical grid in which multiple loads and distributed generators are coordinated under a single set of controls. Microgrids are a kind of integrated energy delivery system that may either work in tandem with the main power grid or operate autonomously. The concept of a microgrid eliminates the need for several inverters in a single AC or DC grid and simplifies the connection of intermittent, renewable AC and DC power sources and loads. Equipment safety and security issues have been brought to light by the power electronic converters that link DGs to the utility grid. Greater local dependability, lower feeder losses, local voltage support, increased efficiency through waste heat use, voltage sag correction, and uninterruptible power supply are only some of the configuration options available to the client for the microgrid. In this study, we analyse the functionality of a hybrid AC DC microgrid while connected to the mains power supply. A solar array, a wind generator, and a battery are used to build a microgrid. The converters can now properly coordinate the AC and DC sub grids thanks to the added control techniques. Results were obtained by use of the MATLAB SIMULINK software environment. Sumit Kumar | Ashish Bhargava "Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Analysis and Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52196.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/52196/power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid-analysis-and-implementation/sumit-kumar
Hybrid Micro Grid Architectures and ChallengesIJMTST Journal
The distribution system is part of the electric power system that links the bulk transmission system and the
individual customers. Increasing environmental concerns, consumer expectations in terms of reliability &
better quality of power supply and improving economics of distributed energy resources (DER) based on
renewable, is making Micro Grid a viable proposition. Present electrical distribution system offers many
technical & operational glitches for successful integration of Micro Grid Technologies. Modern Power systems
are smart, interconnected, interdependent, load sharing and phased mission systems. Micro grids are
composed by distributed generators, energy storage devices, intelligent circuit breakers and local loads. In
this paper, a review of the main micro grid architectures proposed in the literature has been carried out. The
micro grid architectures are first classified regarding their AC or DC distribution buses. Besides, more
complex micro grid architectures will be discussed. Both advantages and disadvantages of each one of the
micro grid families will be discussed.
Reactive Power Sharing in Islanded Microgrid by Droop Control MethodIJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Reviewijtsrd
As one of the key technologies to achieve the large scale application of distributed power generation, microgrid can overcome the randomness, intermittence and dispersity caused by distributed energy and promote the development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy to ease the shortage of energy all over the world. In this paper, the characteristics and key technology of microgrid and the challenges may exit during development of microgrid are briefly introduced. Microgrid complies with the requirements to promote renewable energy power generation and social sustainable development, and will definitely occupy a vital position in the development of grid construction. Nilesh Pandurang | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49423.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/49423/microgrid-technology-with-distributed-energy---a-review/nilesh-pandurang
Simulation of a microgrid for a non-interconnected zone that integrates renew...IJECEIAES
This paper develops a simulation of a small electrical network (Microgrid) that integrates renewable energies, the model of the micro network is made up of a solar energy source, a wind energy source, an energy storage element, a non-renewable source such as a diesel generator. The model of the microgrid represent a non-interconnected area from the electrical network in Colombia. The non-interconnected areas sometimes depend on unreliable connections to the grid integration of renewable energies could be the best option to guarantee energy in these sectors and allow generating projects with social impact. A possible solution to this deficit of energy is to supplement the production of energy with renewable energy plants from resources as sun or wind. The simulated model allowed to study the effects of the network in island mode and in interconnected mode, showing the imbalances that can be obtained by integrating renewable energies and storage systems. It is verified that with an inclusion of more than 30% of power in renewable energies there is the possibility of having load imbalances, which affect the frequency and cause instability in the network. It also verifies how a control system can regulate the load balance but must interact with the other energy sources.
THIS PPT IS DONE ON THE MICROGRID. IN THIS PPT WE DISCUSSED THE USES OF MICROGRIDS AND THEIR REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS AND HOW THEY ARE INTERCONNECTED TO EACH OTHER AND THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CONVENTIONAL GRIDS AND THE MICROGRIDS AND THEIR USES, ADVANTAGES ARE ALSO DISCUSSED IN THIS PRESENTATION AND USES IN FUTURE ALSO AND THIS PPT IS SO USEFUL TO MANY STUDENTS
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 4, Issue 6 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 25-30
www.iosrjournals.org
Power Scenario Prospects for Micro Grid
P. Nivedhitha1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the developing Micro Grid technology for power systems. To
overcome energy crisis, renewable energy sources prove to be an alternate. It briefs on the technical outlook,
applications, and advantages of Micro grid over the ordinary passive macro grids, thus widening its scope for
research and development globally.
Keyword: Renewable energy resources, Centralised grid, Micro grid, Distributed Generation
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the lifeblood of modern civilisation. With the emerging thirst for domestic and industrial
power, energy management has become a challenge. The time has ripened to adopt evolutionary strategies
across the globe to provide consistent, cost effective, affordable, green and quality power for socio-economic,
environmental and technical benefits. One such strategy is Micro Grid that integrates distributed on-site
generation stations of end-users, with or without the Centralised grid, making electricity bidirectional. It perfects
power for a secure and sustainable future in energy sector.
II. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MICRO GRID
Micro grid is an aggregated concept with participation of available supply and demand side energy
resources in low-voltage distribution grids, via application of emerging technologies in power electronics
interfaces, modern controls and nanotechnology. A sample Micro grid is shown in Fig. 1. Such self-sufficient
„future guaranteed‟ systems can be operated in a non-autonomous way, if interconnected to the grid. Otherwise
it can be operated in an autonomous way, if disconnected from the main grid.
III. NECESSITY FOR MICRO GRID
The global consumption of electricity is increasing alarmingly, as shown in Fig. 2. Currently two
billion people around the world have no access to electricity at all. It is of high priority to address and change
the existing energy scenario, making a march towards ‘Energy to All’ globally. Renewable Energy resources can
find an acute solution to this issue. It is estimated that the renewable energy resources across the globe has the
potential to supply 3087 times the current electricity demands.
www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
2. Power Scenario Prospects For Micro Grid
Fig. 2 World Electricity Consumption
To make use of the fullest available potential of renewable energy resources, self-sufficient on-site generation
plants like solar power, wind, fuel cells, and biomass can be installed, ensuring the exact needs of the Micro grid
constituents duly served while networking with the Centralised grid.
The Government is bound to encourage such demand side generation by providing subsidies to
consumers, in the interest of ‟energising‟ the country. The consumer can also seek revenue for the surplus
energy generated by the domestic plant, by supplying it to the Centralised grid. This ‘Energy by All’
phenomenon in turn provides an opportunity for individuals to significantly participate in the active energy
growth of a nation. Thus, Micro grids open the door for a new, innovative electrical ecosystem.
IV. BENEFITS OF MICRO GRID
Micro grid, though not a replacement for the national grid as a whole, improves certain aspects
remarkably. It paves way for every remote area to have access to uninterrupted power supply. It offers a wide
range of socio-economic, technical and environmental benefits to the consumer that includes:
1) Economic Benefits:
Local Consumer Benefit - Micro grids can accelerate economies opening new avenues for job opportunity at
the local level. Cost per unit of energy is reduced. This encourages a new electricity generation business
model that is more efficient with the available renewable resources, and likely to spur continuous innovation.
Generates Revenue – Transmission Cost as far as the end user is concerned is reduced significantly. Supports
new entrepreneurial energy markets, allowing customers to sell excess production of energy into the bulk
energy market. These smart Micro grids also set the stage for additional consumer revenues from plug-in
electric vehicles and carbon credits. Analogous to „Drops of water make an Ocean‟, Micro grids in unison
will lead to „Energy Revolution‟.
2) Technical benefits:
Reliability – Local power generation and storage allow certain portions of the grid to operate independent of
the National grid when necessary, thus avoiding black outs. Redundant sources enable continuous power
flow even during environmental interruptions in the system.
Better Performance Characteristics– There is nearly 82% annual transmission loss reduction in Micro grids
than the normal passive grids, thus serving the purpose of energy management. The voltage regulation is
reduced by 57% when compared with passive networks. Also 50% reduction in the peak load supply by the
Centralised National Grid is observed by the use of Micro Grids.
Stability – Independent local control of generators, batteries and loads are based on frequency droops and the
voltage levels at the terminal of each device and hence it is highly stable.
Compatibility – Micro grids are completely compatible with existing utility grid. They may be considered as
functional units that support the growth of the existing system in an economically and environment –
friendly way.
Scalability - Micro grids can grow through additional installation of generators, storage elements and loads.
Such an extension usually requires an incremental new planning of the Micro grid and can be performed in a
parallel, modular manner in order to scale up to higher power production and consumption levels.
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
3. Power Scenario Prospects For Micro Grid
3) Environmental Benefits:
Reduces Carbon Print – The smart Micro grid can reuse the waste energy produced during generation of
electricity to heat up buildings, sterilization and cooling. This bottom-up consumer approach reduces the
reliance on fossil fuel and green house gases emission, thus enabling carbon credits.
V. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MICRO GRID
Prima-facie to establishing a Micro grid, the following aspects are to be analysed:
Energy Audit on available on-site renewable energy resources, controllable loads, energy storage, combined
heat and power facilities, cooling.
Switchgear utility interconnection including low-cost switches, interconnection study, and protection schemes
study.
Standards and protocols, control algorithms and software for integration with energy management system
utilities, real-time signals processing, local SCADA access, power electronics devices.
Modelling & Analysis, system integration, testing, and validation of the local site.
A Micro grid can operate in two modes namely:
Grid Connected Mode – Micro grid is connected to the Centralised Electricity Power Grid.
Isolated Mode – Micro grid operates autonomously, disconnected from the Centralised grid.
.
Fig. 3 Micro Grid Architecture
Infrastructure of Micro grid technology, as in Fig. 3 includes the following:
1) Micro source Controller comprising of power electronic interfaces such as inverters, DC interfaces, offer
control possibilities that go beyond simple control of real power.
The requirements to control a Micro grid provided by each Micro source are:
Control of real and reactive power – In both DC and AC Micro sources, the DC voltage generated is
converted to AC using a voltage inverter to maintain the power factor at the interfacing end, connected via
an inductor with the Centralised grid.
Voltage regulation through droop – Voltage regulation is necessary for reliability and stability. In a Micro
Grid, which is typically radial, the problem of large circulating reactive currents is immense. With small
errors in voltage set points, the circulating current can exceed the ratings of the Micro sources. Therefore,
with Q-point should be maintained constant between the highly inductive and capacitive loads.
Fast load tracking and storage – In isolated mode of operation, when a new load comes on line, the initial
energy balance is satisfied by the system‟s inertia, which results in a slight reduction in system frequency.
To balance that super capacitors or batteries are added with the Micro source.
2) Energy Manager is a “supervisory controller” that meets operational objectives and constraints by
dispatching devices. The objective will typically be to minimize the total energy bill within the constraints
of the system, which might include serving heat and electrical loads, fuel costs, and equipment performance
specifications, limitations due to safety, fuel supply limitations, and restrictions on noise or pollutant
emissions.
3) Protection Coordinator, which rapidly isolates feeder faults within the Micro Grid and communicates
feeder status changes to the Energy Manager.
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4. Power Scenario Prospects For Micro Grid
4) Control Algorithms facilitates robust behaviour of energy manager and protection co-ordinator, the
information infrastructure, as shown in Table I needs to be fault-tolerant and be able to deal with a dynamic
environment.
TABLE I
MICRO GRID INFORMATION CONTROL
Non real-time Real Time
Local
Data Aggregation, Voltage droop control,
Logging Frequency droop control
Smart Metering, System
Load shedding (Generated
Distributed
monitoring, Demand side
power < Demand), Power
management, Peak
quality mitigation,
shaving, Power quality
Resynchronisation after
analysis, Market &
islanding (isolated mode).
Trading
5) Communication Protocols, like the standard IEC 61850 series protocols which provide object models for the
information exchange is used.
6) Micro grid Integration Standard usually used is the IEEE 1547 series for design, operation and integration of
Micro grids with the Centralised grid.
VI. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO GRID
Micro grid opens up an all new Corporate Energy Market. Germany leads the globe in production of
electricity from renewable resources, followed by United Kingdom, Indonesia and Italy. In India, it has become
increasingly popular in the very recent years, as shown in Fig. 4 and Micro grid is sure to make a remarkable
mark in this sector.
Fig. 4 Increasing share of renewable energy in India
A. Military Bases
Military bases are usually located in remote locations of a country; fuel is trucked to run its generators.
Micro grid can prove to be an alternative for this fragile source of power. The Military Base could be made
energy-sufficient by building a Micro grid with the renewable resources available on-site. US Army Fort Bragg,
North Carolina has made the initiative and is running successfully.
B. Industrial & Educational Campuses
A Micro grid can be built in such campuses that ensure redundant electricity supply with the resources
available. It eliminates outages, minimize power disturbances, moderate an ever-growing demand and curb
greenhouse gas emissions. IIT, USA, Intel and Ford have established Micro grid in its campus.
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5. Power Scenario Prospects For Micro Grid
Fig. 5 Commercial Micro grid on-site
C. Remote Villages
This segment represents the greatest number of Micro grids currently operating globally, but it has the
smallest average capacity. While many systems have historically featured diesel distributed energy generation,
the largest growth sector is solar photo voltaics. Wind mills with Micro turbines are projected to play a growing
role as well. Gram Power established by Mr. Yashraj Khaitan and Mera Gao Power in India commercialised
Micro grid technology and turned out to be one the best clean technology innovations.
D. Community Micro grids
Community energy Micro grids are for people, not utility companies. CMGs are about tapping into,
distributing, and using 100% locally produced renewable energy with local labour and materials. Community
Micro grids can provide ample local and renewable power without connecting to the main grid. This lowers the
energy costs and peak demand. Santa Rita Jail in California's Alameda County has built smart Micro grid and
has saved 50% of its energy expenses.
Fig. 6 Community Micro grid
VII. FUTURE SCOPE OF MICRO GRID
Micro Grid promises wide scope of research in:
Better performance of frequency and voltage control methods under various operation modes.
Improvement of Distributed Resource technology and development of suitable architectures and control
technologies for Micro grid.
Development of improved approaches for interfacing Micro grids to the centralised grid.
Transformation of Micro grid system into an intelligent, robust energy delivery system in the future by
providing significant reliability and security.
To improve transition between the grid connected and isolated operating modes.
Deployment of Micro grid business parks.
VIII. CHALLENGES OF MICRO GRID
The initial cost of installation of on-site production plants is more.
Availability of funds at higher rates of interest.
Synchronisation of Micro grid with Centralised grid is difficult.
Quality of power generated at each Micro source should be improved.
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6. Power Scenario Prospects For Micro Grid
Space constraint; technology at its naive stage.
Lack of awareness among the public.
IX. CONCLUSION
It is the responsibility of the Government to provide capital subsidies, and loans at cheaper rates to the
consumers for establishment of a Micro grid. It also has to provide such consumers with energy credits for
sharing the energy burden of the Government. Awareness campaigns should be convened.
The intelligent transformation in infrastructure and policies of Micro grid is the key to achieve sustainable,
environmental, and economic energy for today‟s citizens and future generations. Thus, Micro Grid promises
energy surety for the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author is thankful to the authorities of “Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai – 625015”,
for providing all the facilities to do this research work.
References
[1] Christine Schwaegerl, Advanced Architecture and Control Concepts for more Micro grids, Siemens AG, Germany, December, 2009.
[2] Robert Liam Dohn, The Business Case for Micro grids, Siemens, Germany, 2009.
[3] Robert Lasseter, Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and
Joe Eto, White Paper on Integration of Distributed Energy Resources -The Micro grid Concepts, Consortium for Electric Reliability
Technology Solutions, December, 2001.
[4] Bren Koposki, Charlie Vartanian, Micro grid Standards and Protocols, DOE Micro grid Planning Meeting.
[5] The Value of Smart Distribution and Micro grids, Galvin Electricity Initiative, January 2010.
BIOGRAPHIES
P. Nivedhitha is doing her B.E. Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai.
Her field of interest is Power Systems and Energy.
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