- Convulsive disorders involve involuntary muscle spasms or jerking that can cause loss of consciousness. They include epilepsy, where seizures are recurrent and unprovoked. Status epilepticus refers to prolonged or repeated seizures. - Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders. - Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.

1. CONVULSIVE
DISORDER

2. INTRODUCTION
◦The word convulsion (or seizures) describes an involuntary
violent spasms, or a series of jerking of face, trunk, or
extremities with or without loss of consciousness, sensory,
autonomic or behavioral disturbances.
◦The word epilepsy describes a syndrome of recurrent
unprovoked, seizure unrelated to fever or to acute “cerebral
insult”.

3. ◦Status epilepticus (SE) ia a severe form of seizure
activity lasting more than 30 minutes or recurrent
seizures with failure to recover consciousness between
repeated attacks.

4. DEFINATION
◦Neonatal seizure is defined clinically as “ a paroxysmal
alteration in neurological function (i.e behavioral, motor or
autonomic function)either or all three, occurring within 28
days.
◦In general: a convulsive or seizure is a paroxysmal
manifestations of neurological dysfunction.

5. INCIDENCE
Full term baby- 3 in 1000
Pre-term baby- 60 in 1000
Infants with birth weight <1500g :57.5/1000
Infants with birth weight between 2500g to 3999g : 2.8/1000
12000 are under the age of 18 years
Incidence is higher under 2 years and over age of 65 years.

6. RISK FACTORS
MAJOR
Age < 1 year
Prolonged fever
Hyper pyrexia
Infections
MINOR
Family h/o of febrile seizures
Family h/o of epilepsy
Complex febrile seizures
Male gender
Electrolytes imbalance

7. ETIOLOGY
NON RECURRENT (ACUTE)
• Febrile episode
• Intracranial infections
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Cerebral edema
• Brain tumors
• Anoxia
• Toxins e.g.. Drugs, tetanus, lead
• Metabolic alterations
• Hyperbilirubinemia
RECURRENT (CHRONIC)
◦ Idiopathic
◦ Trauma
◦ Infections
◦ Congenital defects
◦ Parasite brain diseases
◦ Hormonal disorders
◦ Hepatic disorder
◦ Allergy
◦ Sensory stimulus
◦ Migraine

8. PATHOPYSIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
ALTERED INTEGRITY OF NEURON IN THE EPILEPTOGENIC FOCUS
HYPEREXCITABILITY OF NEURONS
PARTIAL DEPOLORIZATION

9. PARTIAL STIMULATIONS OF NEUROTRANSMITTER MOLECULES
IMBALANCED RELEASE OF EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
LOWERED SEIZURES THRESHOLD
ABNORMAL SPONTANEOUS SPREAD OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

10. CONVULSION CLASSIFICATIONS AND
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
◦It refers to the seizures associated with fever but excluding those
related to CNS infections. Common cause of convulsions in early
childhood (6 months to 5 years of age).
◦It has two types
◦Typical and Atypical

11. Typical or simple febrile
convulsions
Brief < 15 minutes
Occurs as a solitary event (one
attack/ 24 hours)
Typically generalized tonic-
clonic convulsuions
Followed by a brief period of
postictal drowsiness
EEG are normal after the attack
Atypical febrile or
complex convulsions
Long > 15 minutes
Repeated convulsions for
several hours a day
May be focal or generalized,
tonic-clonic convulsions
Followed by a long period of
postictal drowsiness
EEG show abnormal for 2
weeks after the attack

12. SEIZURE CLASSIFICATIONS AND
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Generalized seizures
1.Tonic-clonical seizures
(grand mal)
2.Absence seizures
3.Atopic seizures
4.Myoclonic seizures
Partial seizures
1. Simple partial seizures
With elementary symptoms
No impaired consciousness
With motors signs (jacksonians)
With somatory-sensory- visual or
auditory
With autonomic manifestations
(abdominal) epilepsy
2. complex partial seizures
Includes psychomotor or temporal lobe
seizures
With impaired consciousness

14. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS
HISTORY TAKING
Maternal history
Family history
Labour and delivery history
Baby conditions at birth
NEONATAL EXAMINATION
General examination
Neurological examination
CBG
Spo2
METABOLIC WORK UP
INFECTIONS WORK UP
CBC
CULTURE
Torch
Igm
CRP
BLOOD GAS ANALYISIS
INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
CT- SCAN
MRI
EEG
LUMBAR PUNCTURE

15. COMPLICATIONS
Cranial nerve palsies
Raised ICP
Subdural effusion
Cerebral palsy
Hydrocephalus
Mental-physical handicaps
Learning disability
Recurrence

16. PREVENTIONS
Regular ANC check up
Treatment of infections during ANC period
Correction of anemia and control of Gestational Diabetes
Training of local Dais or paramedics about proper delivery and referral system
Raising awareness about institutional delivery
Manage actively fetal distress
Ensuring proper training of neonatal resuscitations

17. MANAGEMENT
◦MEDICAL
◦GOALS
TO CONTROL CONVULSIONS
TO TREAT UNDERLYING PATHOLOGY
1. Initial stabilization
Establish TABC
Apply O2 and ventilations
Establish IV access
Take samples for initial studies

18. 2. DRUGS
First line (benzodiazepines)
Diazepam- 0.5mg/kg (max 10 mg) IV slow
Lorazepam- 0.05-0.1mg/kg IV per rectum or sublingual
Midazolam- 0.1-0.2mg/kg IV or IM
Dose may be repeated q5minutes up to 3 doses
Monitor respirations

19. 3. SECOND LINE DRUGS (PHENYTOIN AND BARBITURATES
Phenytoin- 20mg/kg slow IV ( no faster than 1 mg/kg/min with a maximum
of 50 mg/min
Phenobarbitone- 15-20 mg/kg slow IV
Monitor blood pressure
4. Other drugs
Carabamzepine- 10-15mg/kg/day
Sodium valproate- 20-60mg/kg/day
Felbamate- 15mg/kg/day

20. Surgical management
Resective surgery
Callostomy
Multiple subpial transection

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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2.Dutta P. pediatric nursing. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee brothers,
2009. P. 282-86
3.Jacob A. Paediatric Nursing. 1st ed. Indore: NR Brothers; 1997.P.
257-263

22. 4. Marlow DR, Redding BA. Text book of pediatric nursing.
6th ed. New Delhi: Elseiver. 2011; P.947-56
5. Ghai P.O, Paul K.V, Bagg. A essential pediatrics. 7th ed.
New Delhi: CBS publishers; 2010.P. 1302-08