Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is commonly caused by viral infections. Some common viruses that can cause encephalitis include herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, enteroviruses, and mosquito-borne viruses. Symptoms of encephalitis can include fever, headache, seizures, and alterations in mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, MRI, and tests to detect viruses in the cerebral spinal fluid. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antiviral medications for viral infections.
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
conclusions
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Derived from Greek word “enkephalos”- meaning brain.
“Pathos” meaning is disease.
The term “encephalopathy” is defined as altered mental status as a result of a diffuse disturbance of brain function.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Hydrocephalus
introduction
Hydrocephalus, also known years ago as “water on the brain”, is a condition where the circulation system of the body’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not functioning properly. The CSF accumulates in the brain and causes intracranial pressure. A shunt is usually placed to equalize the flow of CSF, which requires surgery. The diagnosis and surgery can be very frightening for the parents as well as the child
definition
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of the cranial cavity
INCIDENCE
It is found in 1-3 of every 1000 born children in world wide
Classification
Non communicating. In the non communicating type of congenital hydrocephalus, an obstruction occurs in the free circulation of CSF.
Communicating. In the communicating type of hydrocephalus, no obstruction of the free flow of the CSF exists between the ventricles and the spinal theca; rather, the condition is caused by defective absorption of CSF, thus causing increased pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
CAUSES
Obstruction. The most common problem is a partial obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, either from one ventricle to another or from the ventricles to other spaces around the brain.
Poor absorption. Less common is a problem with the mechanisms that enable the blood vessels to absorb CSF; this is often related to inflammation of brain tissues from disease or injury.
Overproduction. Rarely, the mechanisms for producing CSF create more than normal and more quickly than it can be absorbed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Poor feeding. The infant with hydrocephalus has trouble in feeding due to the difficulty of his condition.
Large head. An excessively large head at birth is suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Bulging of the anterior fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulging, the skull enlarges in all diameters, and the scalp becomes shiny and its veins dilate.
Setting sun sign. If pressure continues to increase without intervention, the eyes appear to be pushed downward slightly with the sclera visible above the iris- the so-called setting sun sign.
High-pitched cry. The intracranial pressure may increase and the infant’s cry could become high-pitched.
Irritability. Irritability is also caused by an increase in the intracranial pressure.
Projectile vomiting. An increase in the intracranial pressure can cause projectile vomiting
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
conclusions
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Derived from Greek word “enkephalos”- meaning brain.
“Pathos” meaning is disease.
The term “encephalopathy” is defined as altered mental status as a result of a diffuse disturbance of brain function.
Headache, Dizziness, Syncope and Palpitations1. What are the prima.pdfrozakashif85
Headache, Dizziness, Syncope and Palpitations
1. What are the primary causes of meningitis?
What are the common manifestations associated with meningitis?
How does meningitis alter normal physiological function and cause each of the manifestations
that you listed above?
2. What are the primary causes of encephalitis?
What are the common manifestations associated with encephalitis?
How does encephalitis alter normal physiological function and cause each of the manifestations
that you listed above?
3. List the two primary causes of increased intracranial pressure.
Explain at least two mechanisms by which the increased intracranial pressure alters neural tissue
function.
Solution
Ans 1: Causes of meningitis: Meningitis is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms.
Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis, followed by bacterial infections and,
rarely, fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis is generally a serious infection. It is caused by
three types of bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, and
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.
Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause acute bacterial
meningitis. But it can also occur when bacteria directly invade the meninges. This may be caused
by an ear or sinus infection, a skull fracture, or, rarely, after some surgeries.
Several strains of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis, most commonly:
Viral meningitis: Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears on its own. Most cases in the
United States are caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses, which are most common
in late summer and early fall. Viruses such as herpes simplex virus, HIV, mumps, West Nile
virus and others also can cause viral meningitis.
Chronic meningitis: Slow-growing organisms (such as fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
that invade the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain cause chronic meningitis. Chronic
meningitis develops over two weeks or more. The symptoms of chronic meningitis —
headaches, fever, vomiting and mental cloudiness — are similar to those of acute meningitis.
Fungal meningitis: Fungal meningitis is relatively uncommon and causes chronic meningitis. It
may mimic acute bacterial meningitis. Fungal meningitis isn\'t contagious from person to person.
Cryptococcal meningitis is a common fungal form of the disease that affects people with immune
deficiencies, such as AIDS. It\'s life-threatening if not treated with an antifungal medication.
Other meningitis causes: Meningitis can also result from noninfectious causes, such as chemical
reactions, drug allergies, some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis.
Common manifestations associated with meningitis are as follows: Bacterial meningitis
symptoms may develop within hours or days. Viral meningitis symptoms may also develop
quickly or over several days. These are common signs and symptoms of both types. Not all
symptoms may appea.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Encephalitis is an inflammation of cerebral tissue,
typically accompanied by meningeal inflammation.
Meningoencephalitis is most commonly caused by
a viral infection. Like meningitis, encephalitis can
be infectious or noninfectious and acute, subacute,
or chronic.
3. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is
caused especially by infection with a virus (such as
herpes simplex or West Nile virus) or less
commonly by bacterial or fungal infection or
autoimmune reaction.
4. The exact cause of encephalitis is often unknown.
But when a cause is known, the most common is a
viral infection. Bacterial infections and
noninfectious inflammatory conditions also can
cause encephalitis.
There are two main types of encephalitis:
5. This condition occurs when a virus or other agent
directly infects the brain. The infection may be
concentrated in one area or widespread. A primary
infection may be a reactivation of a virus that had
been inactive after a previous illness.
6. This condition results from a faulty immune system
reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body.
Instead of attacking only the cells causing the
infection, the immune system also mistakenly
attacks healthy cells in the brain. Also known as
post-infection encephalitis, secondary encephalitis
often occurs two to three weeks after the initial
infection.
7. The viruses that can cause encephalitis include:
Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both HSV type 1 —
associated with cold sores and fever blisters
around your mouth — and HSV type 2 —
associated with genital herpes — can cause
encephalitis. Encephalitis caused by HSV type 1 is
rare but can result in significant brain damage or
death.
8. Other herpes viruses. These include the Epstein-
Barr virus, which commonly causes infectious
mononucleosis, and the varicella-zoster virus,
which commonly causes chickenpox and shingles.
9. Enteroviruses. These viruses include the
poliovirus and the coxsackievirus, which usually
cause an illness with flu-like symptoms, eye
inflammation and abdominal pain.
10. Mosquito-borne viruses. These viruses can
cause infections such as West Nile, La Crosse, St.
Louis, western equine and eastern equine
encephalitis. Symptoms of an infection might
appear within a few days to a couple of weeks
after exposure to a mosquito-borne virus.
11. Tick-borne viruses. The Powassan virus is
carried by ticks and causes encephalitis in the
Midwestern United States. Symptoms usually
appear about a week after a bite from an infected
tick.
12. Rabies virus. Infection with the rabies virus, which
is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected
animal, causes a rapid progression to encephalitis
once symptoms begin. Rabies is a rare cause of
encephalitis in the United States.
13. Childhood infections. Common childhood
infections — such as measles (rubeola), mumps
and German measles (rubella) — used to be fairly
common causes of secondary encephalitis. These
causes are now rare in the United States due to
the availability of vaccinations for these diseases.
14. Anyone can develop encephalitis. Factors that may
increase the risk include:
Age. Some types of encephalitis are more
common or more severe in certain age groups. In
general, young children and older adults are at
greater risk of most types of viral encephalitis.
15. Weakened immune system. People who have
HIV/AIDS, take immune-suppressing drugs or
have another condition causing a weakened
immune system are at increased risk of
encephalitis.
17. Season of the year. Mosquito- and tick-borne
diseases tend to be more common in summer in
many areas of the United States.
18. Signs and symptoms may develop hours or weeks
after exposure.
Classic symptoms include fever, headache, and
brain aberration (eg, disorientation, neurologic
deficits, seizures).
Increased ICP may result in alteration in
consciousness, nausea, and vomiting.
19. Motor weakness, such as hemiparesis, may be
detected.
Increased deep tendon reflexes and extensor
plantar response are noted.
Bizarre behavior and personality changes may
present at onset.
Hypothalamic-pituitary involvement may result in
hypothermia, diabetes insipidus, SIADH
20. Neurologic symptoms may include superior
quadrant visual field defects, aphasia, dysphagia,
ataxia, and paresthesias.
The patient with brainstem encephalitis may
present with nystagmus, decreased extraocular
movements, hearing loss, dysphagia, dysarthria,
respiratory abnormalities, and motor involvement.
21. Limbic encephalitis may cause mood and
personality changes that progress to severe
memory loss and delirium.
In WNV, about two-thirds of symptomatic patients
have encephalitis with signs and symptoms of
fever, vomiting, headache, nuchal rigidity,
decreased LOC, cranial nerve dysfunction, and an
erythematous rash. Seizures are uncommon.
22. Lumbar puncture, with evaluation of CSF, is
performed to detect leukocytosis, increased
mononuclear cell pleocytosis, increased proteins,
and normal or slightly lowered glucose.
23. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the virus'
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the detection of
intrathecally produced viral antibodies, are
essential in diagnosing the specific virus (eg,
herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus). Arbovirus-
specific immunoglobulin (IgM) in CSF and a
fourfold change in specific IgG antibody are
diagnostic for arboviral encephalitis.
EEG may demonstrate slow brain wave complexes
in encephalitis.
24. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI differentiates postinfectious
encephalomyelitis from acute viral encephalitis.
Enhanced multifocal white matter lesions are seen in
encephalomyelitis, which may remain for months after
clinical recovery.
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis typically causes medial-
temporal and orbital-frontal lobe inflammation and necrosis;
low-density abnormalities may be present in the temporal
lobes. An MRI is preferred compared to a CT scan.
Cytomegalovirus, seen in patients who have advanced HIV
disease, may have enhanced periventricular areas.
25. Brain tissue biopsy indicates presence of infectious
organisms.
WNV can have pleocytosis, and may be seen on
an MRI with enhancement of the meninges and
periventricular areas. The assay, WNV ELISA, can
be done from blood or CSF; a cell culture can also
be diagnostic.
26. Differentiate acute viral encephalitis from
noninfectious diseases such as sarcoidosis,
vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and
others.
27. In patients who are immunosuppressed, such as HIV-positive
patients, differentiate acute viral encephalitis from
cytomegalovirus encephalitis, toxoplasmic encephalitis, and
fungal infections.
Patients with cytomegalovirus may be treated with
ganciclovir (Cytovene) and foscarnet (Foscavir), commonly
used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-positive
patients.
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadoxine (Fansidar) are
commonly used to treat Toxoplasma encephalitis.
When encephalomyelitis develops, supportive care is
indicated because there is no known treatment;
corticosteroids may be used.
28. I.V. acyclovir over 10 to 21 days is indicated for
herpes simplex virus. Mothers who have genital
herpes simplex may be treated with acyclovir
during the third trimester to avoid shedding the
virus to their babies.
Anticonvulsants manage seizures.
29. Sequelae of the herpes simplex virus may cause
temporal lobe swelling, which can result in
compression of the brain stem. This virus may also
cause aphasia, major motor and sensory deficits,
and Korsakoff's psychosis (amnestic syndrome).
30. Relapse of encephalitis may be seen after initial
improvement and completion of antiviral therapy.
Mortality and morbidity depend on the infectious
agent, host status, and other considerations.
31. Obtain patient history of recent infection, animal exposure,
tick or mosquito bite, recent travel, exposure to ill contacts.
Before delivery, women should be questioned regarding a
history of congenital herpes simplex virus and examined
for evidence of this virus; a cesarean delivery should be
explored with the physician.
32. Strict standard precautions should be adhered to in
order to contain drainage from herpetic lesions.
Vesicular lesions or rashes on neonates should be
reported immediately because these could indicate
active herpes simplex infection.
Perform a complete clinical assessment.
33. Risk for Injury related to seizures and cerebral
edema
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cerebral) related to
disease process
34. Hyperthermia related to infectious process
Disturbed Thought Processes due to personality
changes
Risk of Infection related to transmittal