Meningitis is always cerebrospinal infection. Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes -- called meninges -- that cover the brain and spinal cord.There are several types of this disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal.
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Diagnostic Approaches to Chronic Fungal and Tuberculous Meningitisinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Meningitis By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipora Sop...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr.Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir India,Associate Prof of medicine presently working in malaysia is a keen teacher, educator and takes pride in his clinical and research accomplishments. His interests include publishing articles related to health issues.
email drbashir123@gmail.com
This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Major depressive disorder(MDD) is a disorder of mood in which the individual experiences one or more major depressive episodes without a history of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. An inflammation of the
meninges, the thin lining
surrounding the brain
and the spinal cord.
Meningitis is usually
caused by bacteria or
viruses, but can be a
result of injury, cancer, or
certain drugs.
Main focus on bacterial
meningitis due to
Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus); causes
large scale epidemics.
3. TRANSMISSION
o Transmission is person to person from respiratory
droplet/throat secretions during close and prolonged
contact with carrier or sick untreated person. No
animal reservoirs.
o Incubation: 4 days in average (range is 2-10 days).
o Bacteria sometimes overwhelms the body’s defenses
allowing infection to spread through the bloodstream
and to the brain.
4. o Asymptomatic carriers:
-bacteria in the pharynx (throat)
unaffected by the disease themselves
-can transmit it to others
-prevalence: 1-10% (endemic situations), 10-25%
(epidemics).
5. CLASSIFICATION
Infectious meningitis is broadly classified into 3
groups:
1)Acute Pyrogenic (BACTERIAL) Meningitis
2)Aseptic (usually acute VIRAL ) Meningitis
3)Chronic ( usually TUBERCULOUS/ FUNGAL )
Meningitis
7. 1) BACTERIAL AGENTS
o NEONATAL : E.Coli
Group B Streptococci
o INFANTS : Hemophilus Influenzae
o ADOLESCENTS : Niesseria meningitidis ( most common)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
o ELDERLY : Listeria monocytogens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) VIRAL AGENTS
o Enterovirus (most common)
o Mumps virus
o Coxsackie virus
o HSVII
o EBV
8. 3) FUNGAL AGENTS:
o Candida albicans,
o Cryptococcus neoformans
o Blastomyces dermatidis
o Coccidiodesimitis
4) PARASITES
Protozoa
Nematodes
Cestodes
9. ROUTES OF INFECTION
There are 4 methods by which microbes enter the
nervous system
Hematogenous route : through arterial and venous
spread; is the most common route of entry
Direct implantation : it may be traumatic or rarely
iatrogenic i.e. through a lumbar puncture needle
Local extension : through air sinuses, infected tooth or a
surgical site.
Through peripheral nervous system : as occurs with
certain viruses.
10. Meningitis is usually caused by bacteria or viruses, but can
be a result of injury, cancer, or certain drugs.
1) BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Also known as septic meningitis
Extremely serious that requires immediate care
Can lead to permanent damage of brain or disability
and death.
Spreads by : coughing and sneezing.
Vaccines are available to help protect against some
kinds of bacterial meningitis.
11. Pathophysiology
Bacteria enters blood stream/ trauma
Enters the mucosal surface/ cavity
Breakdown of normal barriers
Crosses the blood brain barrier
Proliferates in the CSF
Inflammation of the meninges
Increase in ICP
12. Risk factors
Certain people are at increased risk for bacterial meningitis.
Some risk factors include:
1) Age
Babies are at increased risk for bacterial meningitis
compared to people in other age groups. However,
people of any age can develop bacterial meningitis. See
section above for which bacteria more commonly affect
which age groups.
2) Community setting
Infectious diseases tend to spread where large groups of
people gather together. College campuses have reported
outbreaks of meningococcal disease, caused by
N. meningitidis.
13. 3) Certain medical conditions
There are certain medical conditions, medications, and
surgical procedures that put people at increased risk for
meningitis.
4) Working with meningitis-causing pathogen
Microbiologists routinely exposed to meningitis-causing
bacteria are at increased risk for meningitis.
14. 5) Travel
Travelers may be at increased risk for meningococcal
disease, caused by N. meningitidis, if they travel to
certain places, such as:
o The meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa,
particularly during the dry season
o Mecca during the annual Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage
15. Clinical manifestation
o Fever
o Severe headache
o Nausea and vomiting
o Nuchal rigidity
o Positive Kerning’s sign
o Positive Brudzinski’s sign
o Photophobia
o A decreased level of consciousness
o Signs of increase ICP
o Coma
16. Complications
o Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
o obstructive hydrocephalus
o chronic adhesive arachnoiditis
o focal cerebritis
o Phlebitis leading to venous occlusion and hemorrage of
underlying brain.
17. 2) Viral meningitis
Meningitis caused by viruses is called ‘viral meningitis’.
It is relatively common.
Most cases of viral meningitis are mild. Some people may be
hospitalised for a short time.
On rare occasions viral meningitis can be life threatening.
It can be caused by various different viruses and is often a
complication of another viral illness.
18. 3) Chronic meningitis
Slow-growing organisms (such as fungi and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that invade the membranes
and fluid surrounding your brain cause chronic
meningitis.
Chronic meningitis develops over two weeks or more.
The symptoms of chronic meningitis — headaches, fever,
vomiting and mental cloudiness — are similar to those of
acute meningitis.
19. 4) Fungal meningitis
o Fungal meningitis is relatively uncommon and causes
chronic meningitis. It may mimic acute bacterial
meningitis.
o Fungal meningitis isn't contagious from person to person.
o Cryptococcal meningitis is a common fungal form of the
disease that affects people with immune deficiencies, such
as AIDS.
o It's life-threatening if not treated with an antifungal
medication.
20. 5) Other meningitis causes
Meningitis can also result from noninfectious causes,
such as chemical reactions, drug allergies, some types
of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as
sarcoidosis.
21. Diagnostic evaluation
By +ve signs
Physical examination
History collection
CSF evaluation for pressure, proteins, glucose and
leukocytes.
Blood test
CBC
Blood culture
MRI
CT scan
23. Treatment of meningitis include :
a) Specific treatment
Treatment is started with antibiotic, commonly used
antibiotics are (Cephalosporins, vancomycin, cefotaxine )
for 7-14 days & 3 weeks for gram –ve bacteria.
b) Symptomatic treatment
Seizure management: phenobarbitone, Dilantin &
Diazepam
Management of intracranial pressure: Mannitol, Frusemide
Fever and headache: Aspirin or acetaminophen
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. PREVENTION
Some forms of bacterial meningitis can be prevented by vaccination
Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib vaccine is recommended a
part of the National Immunization Program and is available fr
ee for all children at 6 weeks , 4 months, 6 months and 12
months of age and is administered in a combination vaccine.
Meningococcal
a vaccine is available for the meningococcal B strain; however
this vaccine is not currently on the National Immunisation
Schedule, more inofrmation visit your GP or immunisation
provider.