A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
Transport through Cell Membrane including passive transport and Active transport ,special types of passive transport , Special types of active transport , Dynamic motors, lipid layer and Protein Layer
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Antileprosy drugs have been described with their pharmacology also this topic covers Multidrug treatment for leprosy including paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy and lepra reactions
Pharmacology of cephalosporins, monobactums and carbapenums including their mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects.
The various generations of cephalosporins and their spectrum of action
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Drugs for treatment of Diabetes MellitusNaser Tadvi
These slides contain the brief description of Insulin and the other oral drugs indicated in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Their mechanism of action, effects, uses, Adverse effects etc.
Introduction to Autonomic Nervous systemNaser Tadvi
Lecture intends to give a brief overview of autonomic nervous system.
it includes the anatomical distribution of ANS, Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission, receptors for ANS and synthesis of the neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine and Catecholamines
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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4. Transport mechanisms across
biological membranes
• Passive diffusion (Non ionic / simple diffusion)
• Filtration
• Specialized transport
– Active transport
– Facilitated diffusion
• Pinocytosis or Phagocytosis
5. Passive diffusion
• Bidirectional process
• Drug molecules move from a region of higher
concentration to lower concentration until
equilibrium is attained
• The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to conc.
Gradient across cell membrane
• Lipid soluble drugs are transported across membrane
by passive diffusion
• It does not require energy
6. AQUEOUS DIFFUSION
• Most biological
membranes are water
permeable.
• In gut, cells are joined
tight epithelial junction,
water passes through
the cells.
• Water carries water
soluble substances of
LMW.
• Urea, alcohol
LIPID DIFFUSION
• Hydrophobic lipid
substances are
dissolved in this
manner.
• O2,CO2,N2, unionized
substances.
8. Factors affecting drug absorption
• Aqueous solubility(transport across membrane)
• Effect of pH
• Area of absorbing surface
– More the area more is absorption hence maximum
absorption occurs in the intestine even for acidic drugs.
• Vascularity of the absorbing surface
– More vascularity more is absorption
• Route of administration
– Sublingual absorption is more than oral for lipid soluble
drugs
9. Effect of pH
• Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• For acids
• For bases
10. What can we understand from
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• pKa value is more for strong base and weak
acid and vice a versa
• Weakly acidic drugs like aspirin, phenytoin
remain predominantly unionized in acidic
medium and weak basic drugs remain
unionized in alkaline medium
• Weakly basic drugs better absorbed from the
intestine where pH is alkaline
11. What can we understand from
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• pKa = pH at which unionized and ionized form
of the drug is at equilibrium
• 1 unit increase or decrease in pH, leads to 10
times increase or decrease in ionization
depending on whether it is acidic or basic drug
• Strongly acidic drugs are ionized at all pH
12. FILTRATION
• Involves transport of drugs through
intercellular/ paracellular spaces or aqueos
channels
• Occurs along conc. gradient
• Doesn’t require energy
• MW<100 can pass through it.
• Capillaries have large pores, except BBB.
14. Specialized transport
• Facilitated diffusion
– Carrier mediated transport but does not require
energy
– The drug attaches to carrier in the membrane
which facilitates its diffusion across the membrane
– transport of molecules from region of higher
concentration to lower concentration
– E.g:
• Glucose transport in muscles by GLUT-4
• Absorption of Vit B12 from gut
• Transport of Amino acids in brain
16. Active transport
• The drug molecules move from region of low
concentration to high concentration against
the conc. gradient
• It requires energy
• Active transport can be
– Primary active transport
– Secondary active transport
17. Primary active transport
• Energy obtained directly by hydrolysis of ATP
• They mediate only efflux of solutes from
cytoplasm either to extracellular fluids or into
intracellular organelli
• E.g P-glycoprotein transporter
19. Secondary active transport
• Symport
– Carrier moves the substrate A
against its conc. gradient by utilizing
energy from down hill movement of
another substrate B in same
direction
• Antiport
– Carrier moves substrate A against
its conc. gradient and is energized
by downhill movement of another
substrate B in opposite direction
A
B
A
B
22. Examples of active transport
• Transport of glucose and amino acids and
neurotransmitters
• L dopa & methyl dopa actively absorbed from
gut by aromatic amino acid transporter
23. Pinocytosis
• Process of transport across cell in particulate
form by formation of vesicles
• Proteins and big molecules can rarely be
transported by this mechanism
• Insulin transport in Brain
24. Membrane transporters
• ABC super family: (ATP Binding cassette
superfamily)
– Example P glycoprotein (ABCB1 or MDR1 )
– Active transport
• Solute Linked carrier group (SLC)
– Facilitated as well as Active transport
– Examples
• Neurotransmitter transporters: SERT, DAT, NET
• Others: glucose, cholesterol transporter
26. References
• Principles of Pharmacology By HL Sharma, KK
Sharma 3rd edition.
• Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD
Tripathi 8th Edition
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Betram G
Katzung, 14th edition
Editor's Notes
This is bilayer of 100 Angstrom thick of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules. Polar groups are oriented at the two surfaces, and non polar hydrocarbon chains are embedded in matrix to form a continous sheet. Extrinsic and intinsic protein molecules are adsorbed on protein bilayer. Glycoproteins or glycolipids are formed on surface by attachment to polymeric sugars amino sugars or sialic acid. Some intrinsic protein extend through full thickness of membrane, surround fine aqueos pore. Paracellular spaces, channels may also be present in some epithelial cells/ endothelial cells. Other adsorbed proteins have enzymatic activity, carrier, receptor, or signal transduction properties,
Non ionized drugs can diffuse passively across biological membranes at a rate proportional to their lipid : water partition coefficient . This means drugs which are highly lipid soluble can diffuse rapidly whereas drugs which are less lipid solubkle diffuse slowly
Polar drugs , heparin and ions aminoglycosides are lipid insoluble and cannot cross cell membrane by diffusion and are not absorbed from GIT and remain more or loss confined in ECF
Size of intercellular spaces is variable from region to region in intestinal epithelium it is only 4 Angstrom . And allows passage of only very small water soluble molecules <100 MW can pass through it e.g urea.
Capillary endothelial cells in muscle and fat have large pores 40 A, and helps in transport of relatively large water souluble molecules
Filtration is very important mechanism of of transport of drugs after parenteral administration by subcutaneous route and intramuscular route.
In CNS the gap between vascular endothelial cells is almost zero (Tight junction and no water souluble molecule can pass through it
This may be carrier mediated or by pinocytosis
The drug molecules move from region of low concentration to high concentration against the conc. gradient
Resulting in selective accumulation of drug on one side of the membrane
Drugs related to normal metabolites can utilize the transport processes meant for these. Eg L dopa and methyl dopa are actively absorbed from gut by aromatic amino acid transporter . In additon body has developed some non selective transporters like P-Glycoprotoein to deal with xenobiotics
Primary active transport or secondary active transport depending upon source of driving force
Transporters belong to superfamily of ATP binding cassete whose intracellular loops have ATPase activity
Intraneuronal and granular uptake of NE in symapthetic neurons