Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Cell Signaling is a phenomenon in which cells receive and respond to the signals or chemical messages from their internal environment or from the neighbouring cells.
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Cell Signaling is a phenomenon in which cells receive and respond to the signals or chemical messages from their internal environment or from the neighbouring cells.
In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
Cell signaling is the process where cell communicate with each other with the help of signaling molecules and receptors. Cell signaling is done by different types of signaling processes such as autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, contact dependent signaling
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Introduction.
History.
Central dogma.
Mechanism of protein synthesis.
Transcription.
Process of transcription
translation
Step of translation
Activation of amino acid.
Transfer of amino acid to tRNA.
Initiation of polypeptide chain
Elongation of polypeptide chain
Translocation
Termination of polypeptide chain
processing of released polypeptide chain
Main difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukryotes
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
History
Geographical distribution
Genome Structure
Anatomy and Life Cycle
Significance of Arabidopsis in Plant Genetics
Conclusion
References.
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DROSOPHILA
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
CELL BIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
THE DROSOPHILA GENOME
UNUSAL FEATURES OF DROSOPHILA
SEX DETERMINATION
GENETIC MARKERS
DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA
CLEAVAGE
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLORITY {GENES}
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Introduction And Classification
Anatomy Of Flower
Life Cycle Of Arabidopsis
Early Flower Development
Embryogenesis-
A. Formation Of Microspores
B. Formation Of Megaspores
Embryonic Development Starts By Establishing A Root-shoot Axis And Then Halts Inside The Seed
Arabidopsis Genome Is Rich In Developmental Control Genes.
Control Of Carpel & Fruit Development
Arabidopsis Thaliana A Model Plant
Conclusion
References
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
The big question
Evolution of gene regulation
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Points of control
Packing/unpacking DNA
Transcription
mRNA processing
mRNA transport
Translation
Protein processing
Protein degradation
Difference between eukaryotic &
prokaryotic gene expression
Conclusions
References
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Cellular response to environmental signals in plantKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
CELL SIGNALING:-
I) Unicellular and multicellular organism cell signaling.
II) Classification of intercellular communication.
RESPONSE TO STUMULI:-
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY LINK INTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNAL:
(a) Reception
(b) Signal transduction
(c) Response
HORMONE
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN PLANTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Introduction
Tumours
Types of Tumours
Formation of Tumours
How cancer cell differ from normal cells
Classification of cancer
The causes of cancer
Viruses and Cancer
Cancer and Gene: A. Oncogene
B. Tumours suppressor gene
Detection and Diagnosis
Therapy of cancer
How can cancer are prevented
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
GENES INVOLVED IN CANCER
ONCOGENES
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
ONCOGENE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
ACTIVATION OF PROTO ONCOGENES
FUNCTION
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE
RB GENE
TP53 GENE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
PHASES IN CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
ROLE OF CYLINE AND CDKS
MUTURATIONAL PROMOTING FACTOR
FUNCTION OF MPR
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
ion channel and carrier protein By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION - DEFINITION OF ION CANALS- HISTORY AND DIVERSITY OF ION CANALS- CARRIER PROTEIN-DEFINITION - CLASSES OF CARRIER PROTEIN - MECHANISM OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - MEMBRANE TRANSPORT- BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - CONCLUSION - REFERENCE
Molecular event during Cell cycle By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
Abnormalities 0f mitotis By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS MITOSIS
PHASES OF CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
SOURCE & REASON OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN PLANTS
ABNORMALITIES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMALS & HUMAN BEINGS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MITOTIC ABNORMALITY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ABNORMAL MITOSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Transport of small molecule across cell membrane By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
MODEL OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT OF SMALL MOLECULE
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
TYPE ( DIFFUSION, FACILITATED)
MECHANISM
REFRENCES
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
2. Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
3. Process of signal transduction involve ordered
sequence of biochemical reaction inside the cell, which
are carried out by enzymes, activates by second
messengers, resulting in a signal transduction pathway.
Cell signaling is a phenomenon in which information is
relayed across the plasma membrane to the cell interior
and often transmitted to the cell nucleus.
4. Signal transduction is a series of steps by which
external stimuli are converted into chemical signals
and then into cellular responses.
A hormone bind to a specific receptor in plasma
membrane. This stimulates the cell to produce
second messenger which relay the hormonal signal to
intracellular sites triggering(as a fire arm) the cells
various responses to the original signal.
5. In 1970 Martin Rod bell Firstly examined Signal
Transduction, through effect of glucagons on a rat’s
liver cell.
glucagons
+ bind
Guano sine triphosphate disassociated
glucagons
↓
stimulates G- protein
↓
strongly influences the cell metabolism
6. 1- Ligand – An extra cellular molecule whether
organic or inorganic which binds to receptor and
there by alter its function is called ligand. E.g.
ions, sugars, proteins. Also known as signals or
first messenger.
2- Receptor :-
Trans membrane protein that binds to the
ligand. Receptor for secreted molecules
(including protein, small peptides, amino acids,
etc)
7. 3- Second messenger-
second messenger, molecule inside cells that acts
to transmit signals from a receptor to a target.
8. Autocrine
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in
which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical
messenger (called the autocrine agent)
That binds to autocrine receptors on that same
cell, leading to changes in the cell.
9. Paracrine
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in
which the target cell is near ("para" = near) the
signal-releasing cell.
10. Endocrine
when cells need to communicate a message over a
long distance, they can use the endocrine system.
Endocrine signalling uses chemicals called
hormones to send messages throughout the body.
E N D OCR I N E SI GN A LI N G
11. A-Reception: A cell detects a signaling molecule from
the outside of the cell. A signal is detected when the
chemical signal (also known as a ligand) binds to a
receptor protein on the surface of the cell or inside the
cell.
B:Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds
the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some
way. This change initiates the process of transduction.
C-Response: Finally, the signal triggers a specific
cellular response.In the third stage of cell signaling,
the transduction processes brings about a cellular
response to the stimulus.
12.
13. Extra cellular Signal Transduction
Inter cellular Signal Transduction
Intra cellular Signal Transduction
14. Extra cellular signals are those come from out
of the network and that gives some effect to the
network via specific interaction with one of the
molecules in the network.
Most extra cellular chemical signals are water
soluble and membrane impermeable. Example
– Steroid hormones.
15. This type of signal transduction describes the mechanism by
which one cell (sender cell) send a message to change the
function of another cell (target cell).
Two cells can communicate by two methods –
Contact dependent signaling – This type of signaling
requires direct physical contacts between sender cell
and target cell.
The second method involved release of secreted
molecules from the sender cell to the target cell and
does not requires direct contact between the sender
cell and target cell .
16. Intra cellular signal transduction is largely carried
out by second messenger molecules .
Intracellular signaling molecules in
eukaryotic cell includes. heterotrimeric G-
protein small GTPase, cyclic nucleotide , such
as cAMP , cGMP and Ca2+ ion.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. In vertebrate eye , it responsponsible for converting the
visual signals received as light to nerve impulses.
The photoreceptor in rod cells of the retina is a G
protein-coupled receptor called rhodopsin.
23.
24. Inositol trisphosphate or inositol, IP3 binds to and activates
the InsP3 receptor on the membrane of the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)opens a calcium channel, resulting in the
release of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm.
Calcium ions (Ca2+) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) function
as second messengers in many signal transduction pathways.
25.
26. Calcium (Inactive state)
↓
First messenger comes and binds to receptor
↓
This interaction induces a conformational change in
proteins
↓
Protein specific to calcium channels open the channels
for Ca
↓
Calcium ions exit from intracellular storage sites into the
cytoplasm
↓
Calcium (active state)
↓
Carries message to the target site
↓
Triggers target site for response
FUNCTION: Muscle contraction, vision in retina cells,
proliferation of cells
27. Gated ion channels
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
Their function can be the result of a combination of the
binding of cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) and either a
depolarization or a hyperpolarization event.
Initially discovered in the cells that make up the retina of the
eye, CNG channels have been found in many different cell
types across both the animal and the plant kingdoms.
28.
29. Binding of insulin of the α chain activates the tyrosin
kinase activity of β chain and each α- β monomer
phosphorylase 3 criticle tyrosin residuce near the
terminal of β chain.
30.
31. .
Many extra cellular stimuli (first messengers) initiate
responses by interacting with G- protein coupled
receptors (GPCR) on the outer cell surface and
stimulating the release of a second messenger within
the cell.
The signal is transmitted from the receptor to the
effector by a heterotrimeric G- protein.
These proteins are referred to as heterotrimeric because
they have three subunits (α, β and γ) and as G proteins
because they bind guanines either GDP or GTP.
32.
33. Finally we conclude that signal transduction is a
universal property of living cells, which is found in
plant cell, wells as in unicellular cells.
Animal cell exchange information about the
concentration of ion and glucose in extracellular.
34. THE CELL- A Molecular Approach- By M.Cooper & Robert E.
Hausman (5th Edition)S
Text Book of cell Biology- By Karp
Genetics- By B.D. Singh
Website
www.wikipedia.org/(8.45 pm)