Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Book reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K. D. Tripathi
Images and Charts: Google Search Results
Presentation for teaching in a 2nd Year MBBS class
Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Book reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K. D. Tripathi
Images and Charts: Google Search Results
Presentation for teaching in a 2nd Year MBBS class
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Update on Vaccine Issues & WSAVA Guidelines (2015-2017)Yotam Copelovitz
Dr. Jean Dodds opens her presentation with an explanation on how animals obtain immunity. She continues it by discussing some key points on vaccine issues and their relationship to memory cell immunity. The presentation is concluded with suggested alternatives to current vaccine practices, such as titer testing.
mmunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money can buy.
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Antileprosy drugs have been described with their pharmacology also this topic covers Multidrug treatment for leprosy including paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy and lepra reactions
Pharmacology of cephalosporins, monobactums and carbapenums including their mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects.
The various generations of cephalosporins and their spectrum of action
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Drugs for treatment of Diabetes MellitusNaser Tadvi
These slides contain the brief description of Insulin and the other oral drugs indicated in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Their mechanism of action, effects, uses, Adverse effects etc.
Introduction to Autonomic Nervous systemNaser Tadvi
Lecture intends to give a brief overview of autonomic nervous system.
it includes the anatomical distribution of ANS, Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission, receptors for ANS and synthesis of the neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine and Catecholamines
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Immunity
• Active Immunity
• Development of antibodies by individual himself
• It can be natural & species specific (horse, dogs, rats -TB)
• It can be produced by introduction of an antigen
• Passive immunity
• Acquired by transfer of antibodies from donor to recipient
• Natural: fetus receiving maternal antibodies
• Acquired: by administration of sera containing immunoglobulins
3. Herd Immunity
• Vaccination of a portion of population (Herd) provides protection to
unprotected individuals
• Difficult to maintain a chain of infection when large population immune
• If herd immunity is sufficiently high, occurrence of epidemic highly unlikely
• May lead ( not necessarily) to elimination of disease in due course
• Achieved in diseases like diphtheria and poliomyelitis
• Neither possible nor necessary to achieve 100% herd immunity in a
population to halt epidemic or control disease ( no definite answer)
• Herd immunity may be determined by serological surveys
4. Vaccine
• Immuno-biological substance designed to produce specific protection
against a given disease
• Stimulates production of protective antibody and other immune
mechanisms
• May be prepared from
• Live modified organisms
• Inactivated or killed organisms
• Extracted cellular fractions , toxoids (Subunit vaccines)
6. Live attenuated vaccines
• Prepared from live or wild (attenuated) organisms
• These organisms have been passed repeatedly in laboratory in tissue
culture or chick embryos and lost their ability to produce full blown
disease but retain their immunogenicity
• More potent than killed vaccines
7. Contraindications of live vaccines
• Leukemia or other malignancies, especially receiving cytotoxic drugs
• Pregnancy
• SLE
• Corticosteroid recipients
• AIDS and other immune deficiency states
• If two lives vaccines need to be given
• Give simultaneously at different sites or with gap of atleast 3 weeks
8. Killed (Inactivated) Vaccines
• Growing virus or bacteria in culture media then inactivating them
with heat/ chemicals (usually formalin)
• Usually safe but less efficacious
• Usually administered by SC/IM route
• Usually shortlasting immunity, booster doses are needed at intervals
Typhoid-Paratyphoid(TAB)
Cholera
Pertussis
Plague
Polio (IPV)
Rabies (PCEV, HDCV, PVRV)
HAV
9. Toxoids
• Modified bacterial exotoxins
• Toxicity is lost but antigenicity is retained
• Highly efficacious and safe immunizing agents
10. Other components in vaccine (Excipients)
• Adjuvants
• Substances added to enhance degree or duration of immune response
• Aluminium salts
• Antibiotics
• Added to prevent bacterial contamination of tissue culture cells
• MMR vaccine , IPV vaccine (Neomycin)
• Preservatives
• Thiomersal, formaldehyde
• Stabilizers
• Lactose, sodium and potassium salts, human serum albumin, gelatin
11. Typhoid vaccine
Parenteral
• Typhoid- Paratyphoid A,B (TAB)
• S. Typhi 109, S. paratyphi 7.5 x 108/ ml
• Dose: 0.5 ml s.c , 2-3 injections at 2-4
weeks interval
• Vi typhoid polysaccharide vaccine
• Purified Vi capsular antigen of S.typhi
• More effective and longer lasting
• Dose: 0.5 ml s.c/i.m
• Repeat after 3 years
Oral
• Typhoid-Ty21a Oral vaccine
• Prepared from Ty21a attenuated
strain of S.Typhi
• Lodges in intestinal mucosa &
prevents S.Typhi invasion of gut
• Also imparts systemic immunity
• Efficacy better than TAB
• 67-90% protection for 3 years
• 1 capsule alternate days in
between meals (3 doses)
12. Cholera vaccine
• Suspension of phenol/ formalin killed inaba and ogawa strains of V.
cholerae
• 8x 109 organisms/ ml
• Dose: 0.5 ml s.c/i.m followed by 1 ml 1-4 weeks later
• Immunity produced in <50% and lasts only 6 months
13. Pertussis vaccine
• 2x108 /ml suspension of killed B. Pertussis
• 0.5 ml i.m, 3 doses at 4-week interval
• Adverse effects:
• Local pain, induration, high fever
• Hypotonic hyporesponsive child
• Convulsions, focal neurological symptoms
• Contraindications
• History of convulsions or other neurological signs
14. Meningococcal vaccine
• Purified Polysaccharide capsular antigen of N.meningitis
• Used in epidemics
• 0.5 ml single dose in > 2-year age
• Adverse effects:
• Transient fever, local reaction
15. H.Influenza type b (Hib)
• H. influenza is important cause of meningitis and pneumonia among
children in developing countries
• High cost
• Often given with DPT and polio vaccine
• Generally not given to children > 24 months old
16. BCG vaccine
• Live attenuated vaccine against Tuberculosis
• Induces Cell mediated immunity
• Available as lyophilised (freeze dried) powder
• Reconstituted with sterile normal saline
• Dose – 0.05ml (neonates) , 0.1ml (infants and children)
• Route of administration – intradermal
18. Oral Polio vaccine
• Poliovirus family of Picornaviridae
• The virus (type I, 2, 3) is grown in monkey kidney cell culture
• The virus invades the nervous system & can cause permanent
paralysis
• Types of oral polio vaccine (Sabin)
• Trivalent, bivalent, monovalent
• Dose: 2 drops directly in mouth
• Given at birth then 6, 10, 14 weeks, booster between 15-18 months
and at school entry
19. Inactivated polio vaccine (Salk)
• Preferred over Oral polio vaccine only in
1. Primary immunization in adults
2. In persons with compromised immune system.
• Dose:
• 1ml /s.c. in the deltoid region at 4-6 week intervals (3 doses)
• fourth dose is given 6-12 months later, booster doses -5 years.
• Adverse effects:
• Fever and local pain are common.
• Allergic reactions sometimes occur
20. Rabies vaccine
1. Purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEV)
• Flury-LEP strain of rabies virus grown on chick fibroblasts
• Neuroparalytic complications have been reported rarely.
• Local pain, erythema, swelling and lymph node enlargement can occur.
2. Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
• lyophilized inactivated rabies virus grown in human diploid cell culture
• Slight induration lasting 1- 2 days occurs (10%), Fever and arthralgia (1 %)
• 100% effective and well tolerated, No Vaccine associated encephalitis
3. Purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV)
• Contains inactivated wistar rabies strain grown on vero continuous cell line
21. Post exposure prophylaxis for Rabies
• Given to all non immunised animal-bite cases suspected to have been
exposed to the rabies virus.
• The intradermal regimen (Thai regimen):
• Requires only 1/5th dose of the earlier used i.m. regimen
• Less expensive, more convenient and equally efficacious.
• 0.1 ml of PCEV or PVRV or 0.2 ml of HDCV injected i.d. at 2 sites (over deltoid
of both arms) on days 0, 3, 7 & 28 (2 + 2 + 2+ 0 + 2).
• Thus, no injection is given on day 14 as in earlier i.m. regimen
• concurrent administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is
recommended in category III bites
22. Categories of contact and recommended Post Exposure
Prophylaxis (PEP)
Category Description Post Exposure prophylaxis
measures
Category 1 • Touching or feeding animal,
• Licks on intact skin
None
Category 2 • Nibbling of uncovered skin
• Minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding
Immediate vaccination and
local treatment of the wound
Category 3 • Single or multiple transdermal bites or
scratches, licks on unbroken skin
• Contamination of mucous membrane with
saliva from licks
• Contact with Bats
Immediate vaccination and
administration of rabies
immunoglobin
Local treatment of the wound
23.
24. Hepatitis B vaccine
• The new hepatitis B vaccine is prepared in yeast cells by recombinant
DNA technique
• Contains aluminium hydroxide adsorbed hepatitis B virus surface
antigen 20 µg in 1 ml suspension.
• Three I ml injections in the deltoid muscle given at 0, I and 6 months
produce protective antibody titers in 99% subjects.
• Children < 10 yr are given 0.5 ml doses in the thigh. L
• Induration and soreness at injection site and occasional fever and
malaise are the adverse effects.
25. Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella
Measles Mumps Rubella Chicken pox
Rubeola Parotitis German measles Varicella
Family Paramyxoviridae Family Paramyxoviridae Family Toga viridae Family orthopox virus
The skin rash normally
lasts about 5 to 10 days
Lesions of the oral
cavity include
diagnostically useful
Bright red Kopliks spots
Mumps affects the
parotid glands, salivary
glands
Swelling below and in
front of the ears
A rash of small red
spots
Red itchy skin rash with
blisters
Fever
Feeling tired
Headache
26. Mumps Vaccine
• Live attenuated vaccine prepared from mumps virus grown in cell
culture of chick embryo.
• A single dose of 5000 TCID50, affords protection for 10 years
• Revaccination is not required.
• Generally combined with measles and rubella vaccine (MMR), and is
not recommended below 1 year of age.
• A mild febrile reaction occurs occasionally.
27. Measles vaccine
• Live attenuated Vaccine grown on chick embryo
• Available in single dose vials containing 1000 TCID50 of Edmonston
Schwartz /Zagreb strain for s.c. injection over right deltoid region.
• It produces a modified infection: fever. rash and coryza may appear
after 5-10 days
• Immunity lasts 8 years and no booster doses are required.
• Recommended in children 9 months or older
• Some protection even if given after exposure
28. Rubella Vaccine
• Live attenuated virus Wistar RA27/3 strain 1000 TCID50 per/ 0.5 ml inj.
• It is used especially in girls from 1yr age to puberty- for immunization
against German measles; mostly as combined MMR vaccine.
• Contraindicated during pregnancy, febrile illness and untreated
tuberculosis patients.
• Reactions are fever, malaise, sore throat, joint pain & lymphadenopathy
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Antisera
• Purified & concentrated preparations of serum of horses/rabbits
actively immunized against a specific antigen.
• Adverse effects
• Immediate type of allergic reactions
• urticaria, angioedema, respiratory distress, anaphylaxis
• Serum sickness with fever, rash, joint pain, lymphadenopathy
• appears 7- 12 days later,
• Frequent after large doses and repeated administration.
• Local pain, erythema may occur 7-10 days after i.m. injection.
34. Immunoglobulins
• Separated human gamma globulins which carry the antibodies
• Non-specific (Normal) or specific (hyperimmune) against a particular
antigen
• More efficacious than antisera
• Usually no hypersensitivity
• Tendency increases with large and repeated dosing, adrenaline to be
kept on standby
35.
36. Tetanus
Tetanus immune globulin (human)
• Prophylaxis in non-immunized persons with contaminated wound
• It is more efficacious and longer acting than the equine antitoxin (ATS).
• Efficacy is variable for the treatment of clinical tetanus
• Dose: prophylactic 250-500 IU therapeutic, 3000-6000 IU i.m
Anti-tetanic serum (Tetanus antitoxin)
• Obtained from horse and is inferior to human antitoxin.
• It should be used only when tetanus immune globulin is not available
• Dose:
• Prophylactic 1500-3000 IU. i.m. or s.c.,
• Therapeutic 50,000 100.000 IU part Iv, and rest i.m.
37. Anti-Snake Venom Polyvalent
• Purified, enzyme refined and concentrated equine globulins
• Lyophilized vials with 10 ml ampoule of distilled water
• After reconstitution each ml neutralizes
• 0.6 mg of standard cobra venom
• 0.6 mg of standard Russell's Viper venom
• 0.45 mg of standard Sawscaled viper venom
• 0.45 mg of standard Krait venom
38. Anti-snake venom Polyvalent
• Dose: 20 ml i.v. (1ml/min), 1-6 hourly intervals till symptoms of
envenomation disappear
• 300 ml may be required in viper bites & larger amounts (upto 900 ml)
have been used in cobra bites
• Viper bite some serum should also be infiltrated around the site
• Allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock possible.
• If possible do sensitivity test or Give adrenaline concurrently (s.c)
• Antihistaminic & glucocorticoid may also be given prophylactically.
39.
40. Normal Human Gamma Globulin
• Concentrated immunoglobulin obtained by cold fractionation of
pooled human plasma.
• Indications
• Viral hepatitis A and B (prophylaxis),
• Measles, mumps, poliomyelitis and chickenpox
• Agammaglobulinemia, leukemia, patients undergoing immunosuppression.
• It can augment the response to antibiotics in debilitated patients
• Dose: 0.02-1ml/kg i.m