Distillation in short
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Distillation is a process of separating components of a liquid mixture based on their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to form vapors and then cooling the vapors to form separate liquids. Distillation has been used since ancient times and is widely used today in industries like petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. Common applications include producing alcoholic beverages through fermentation and distillation of the resulting dilute ethanol solutions. Various types of distillation exist like batch, continuous, fractional, and vacuum distillation.
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Bogdan Maleta : Distillation column, Solvent Distillation
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Introduction to OIL REFINERY PROCESSES.ppt
Introduction
Physical Processes
Thermal Processes
Catalytic Processes
Conversion of Heavy Residues
Treatment of Refinery Gas Streams
Oil Refinery - Processes
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
Evaporation & crystalization
Evaporation is an oldest method of concentration that involves boiling a solution and removing the vapor, leaving behind a concentrated liquid residue. The rate of vaporization depends on diffusion through boundary layers above the liquid. Evaporators are equipment used to evaporate water or other volatile solvents from solutions, concentrating non-volatile solutes. Basic evaporator parts include a heat exchanger, vacuum system, vapor separator, and condenser. Common types are natural circulation, forced circulation, and film evaporators. Multiple effect evaporation improves efficiency by reusing heat from one evaporator in subsequent evaporators. Evaporation has wide applications in pharmaceuticals, food processing, and other industries.
Distillation
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
Use of Soxhalet and rotary evaporator for extraction
The document discusses Soxhlet extraction and rotary evaporation. It describes how a Soxhlet extractor works by using a solvent to extract a desired compound from a solid through repeated cycles of dissolution and separation. A rotary evaporator works under reduced pressure to evaporate solvents from liquid mixtures. Both are commonly used in fields like pharmaceuticals and food to isolate and purify chemical constituents through liquid-solid extraction.
Second Year.pptx
Suspension may be defined as preparations containing finally divided drug particles (the suspenoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
Some suspension are available in ready to use form i.e. already distributed through a liquid vehicle with or without stablizen and other additives.
Prepared suspension not requiring reconstitution at the time of dispensing are simply designated as “Oral Suspension”
Pharmacy College, Azamgarh
5 oil refinery_processes
The document discusses oil refinery processes. It begins by outlining the key steps in refining including physical processes like distillation, thermal processes, catalytic processes, and treatment of heavy residues. It then provides more detail on specific physical processes like desalting, distillation including atmospheric and vacuum distillation, propane deasphalting, solvent extraction and dewaxing, and blending.
production of ethenol via molasis
The document provides information on the production of ethyl alcohol through fermentation. It discusses the raw materials and process, including fermentation in vessels and recovery through distillation. Key points include:
- Ethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from crops like sugar cane, molasses, or starch using yeast.
- The fermentation process involves adding yeast to a substrate in fermentation vessels to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- Distillation is used to recover the ethanol, involving several columns like rectifiers to separate ethanol based on boiling points.
- Effluents from production are treated onsite through various steps like anaerobic treatment and aerobic treatment to allow for
evaporators 30 slides.pptx
Evaporation is a process that involves removing water or another solvent from a solution by boiling it in an evaporator vessel. There are several types of evaporators that are used for different applications. Falling film evaporators have vertical tubes where the solution boils on the outside of the tubes and steam condenses on the inside. This promotes natural circulation of the liquid and results in higher heat transfer rates compared to other evaporator types. Falling film evaporators are commonly used in industries that process viscous liquids like sugar and salt solutions.
Distillation main
This document discusses various distillation techniques used in pharmaceutical applications. It defines distillation as the separation of components in a liquid mixture through vaporization and condensation. The main types discussed are simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation involves heating a liquid to its boiling point to produce vapor which is then condensed. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to separate close-boiling mixtures. Steam distillation uses steam to distill thermally sensitive compounds. Vacuum distillation reduces pressure to lower the boiling point of compounds. Purified water and water for injection are prepared through distillation to remove impurities, microorganisms, and pyrogens.
Lyophilizationn.pdf
Lyophilization or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. The process consists of three separate, unique, and interdependent processes; freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption).
The advantages of lyophilization include:
Ease of processing a liquid, which simplifies aseptic handling
Enhanced stability of a dry powder
Removal of water without excessive heating of the product
Enhanced product stability in a dry state
Rapid and easy dissolution of reconstituted product
Disadvantages of lyophilization include:
Increased handling and processing time
Need for sterile diluent upon reconstitution
Cost and complexity of equipment
The lyophilization process generally includes the following steps:
Dissolving the drug and excipients in a suitable solvent, generally water for injection (WFI).
Sterilizing the bulk solution by passing it through a 0.22 micron bacteria-retentive filter.
Filling into individual sterile containers and partially stoppering the containers under aseptic conditions.
Transporting the partially stoppered containers to the lyophilizer and loading into the chamber under aseptic conditions.
Freezing the solution by placing the partially stoppered containers on cooled shelves in a freeze-drying chamber or pre-freezing in another chamber.
Applying a vacuum to the chamber and heating the shelves in order to evaporate the water from the frozen state.
Complete stoppering of the vials usually by hydraulic or screw rod stoppering mechanisms installed in the lyophilizers.
There are many new parenteral products, including anti-infectives, biotechnology derived products, and in-vitro diagnostics which are manufactured as lyophilized products. Additionally, inspections have disclosed potency, sterility and stability problems associated with the manufacture and control of lyophilized products. In order to provide guidance and information to investigators, some industry procedures and deficiencies associated with lyophilized products are identified in this Inspection Guide.
It is recognized that there is complex technology associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized pharmaceutical dosage form. Some of the important aspects of these operations include: the formulation of solutions; filling of vials and validation of the filling operation; sterilization and engineering aspects of the lyophilizer; scale-up and validation of the lyophilization cycle; and testing of the end product. This discussion will address some of the problems associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized dosage form.
oil__Refinery_processes_presentation.pptx
The document provides an overview of oil refinery processes. It discusses physical separation processes like distillation which separates crude oil into fractions based on boiling points. Distillation columns contain trays or packings to enhance vapor-liquid contact. Other physical processes mentioned include desalting, solvent extraction, thermal cracking, and blending. Thermal and catalytic conversion and treatment processes are also briefly outlined.
Lecture 1 distillation (introduction)
This document provides an overview of a course on distillation processes. It includes:
- Course objectives which are to provide information on distillation operation principles, phase equilibrium, design procedures, and evaluation methods.
- A course outline that covers topics like binary distillation design using various methods and mechanical design of distillation columns.
- Information on assessments which include attendance, tutorials, tests, and a final exam.
- An introduction to distillation that defines it as a method to separate mixtures based on volatility differences, and examples of common distillation applications.
0.2 Introduction to Distillation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Subject: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Distillation
Distillation is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to vaporize its components, cooling the vapors to condense them back to liquid, and collecting the condensed liquids separately. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, and steam distillation. Distillation is commonly used in pharmaceutical manufacturing to purify water and organic compounds or extract volatile plant constituents. Purified water and water for injection are both prepared using distillation methods to remove impurities, microbes, and pyrogens.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillation
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
Sterilization
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
Steam distillaiton
1. The document describes a lab experiment to isolate limonene from orange peels through steam distillation. Peels are blended with water and distilled to obtain an "essential oil" containing limonene, which is then extracted and characterized using gas chromatography.
2. Key steps include grinding orange peels, distilling the peels to obtain limonene, extracting limonene using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzing the isolated limonene using gas chromatography to determine its boiling point.
3. Steam distillation is used because it allows isolation of limonene at a lower temperature than normal distillation, preventing decomposition of the thermally sensitive terpene compounds like limonene.
Distillation Basics(Done).ppt
Distillation is one of unit operation which is uses for separation of two or more liquids which have difference in boiling points. Basic theory and calculation of Distillation which will help to understand Distillation and stage calculation. it will be helpful for students who are studying chemical engineering and fresh engineers in chemical process industries.
2. part two.pptx
The document discusses various types of laboratory equipment used for water purification and sterilization. It describes distillation systems that purify water through boiling and condensation. It also discusses different water types (I, II, III) and their recommended uses. The document outlines methods for sterilization including autoclaves, which use high pressure steam to kill microbes. Autoclaves achieve sterilization through precise control of temperature, pressure, and timing in the sterilization cycle.
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Distillation in short
- 1. Distillation Britto Samuel M II Msc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology AVS College of Arts and Science , Salem.
- 2. Distillation • Distillation is a process of separating the component from a liquid mixture by evaporation and condensation. • Distillation gives the expected component which we expecting. • Distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates out other fermentation products for commercial value • In short: “Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form its vapours and then condensing the vapour to form the liquid
- 3. History • Evidence of distillation comes from Greek alchemists working in Alexandria in the 1st century AD. Distilled water has been known since at least c. 200, when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process • Clear evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the • The first book solely dedicated to the subject of distillation, followed in 1512 by a much expanded version School of Salerno in the 12th century process • However, the pot is still widely used for the elaboration of some fine alcohols such as cognac, Scotch whisky, tequila and some vodkas.
- 4. Applications • Distillation used mostly in 4 different areas: * Laboratory scale * Industrial distillation * Distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinal * Food processing
- 6. Process of Distillation • Heat observed by the water will get evaporation. • When the evaporated gas forced to cool using water reflux, • the evaporated gas converted t liquid form and it can be collected • The End product will be pure and expected component.
- 7. Few Types of Distillation • 1.Batch distillation • 2.Continuous distillation • 3.Fractional distillation • 4.Vacuum distillation • 5.Zone distillation
- 8. Batch Distillation : •Batch Distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches •batch distillation, which is mainly used in specialty chemical, biochemical, and pharmaceutical industries; • Batch distillation is the oldest separation process and the most widely used unit operation in the batch industry. Batch distillation is highly preferable to continuous distillation when high-value-added, low-volume chemicals must be separated.
- 9. continuous distillation. • continuous distillation, which is primarily implemented in the petrochemical and bulk chemical industries • In continuous distillation the feed is constantly supplied to the column, and the top and bottom products are simultaneously obtained under a steady-state operation. The upper section of the feed point is referred to as the rectifying section, as a low- boiling temperature component is enriched.
- 13. Industrial distillation • Large scale industrial distillation applications include both batch and continuous fractional, vacuum, extractive, and steam distillation.
- 15. Distillation in food processing • plant materials are allowed to ferment, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. • Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. • Components other than ethanol, including water, esters, and other alcohols, are collected in the condensate, which account for the flavor of the beverage
- 16. Reference • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation • https://www.google.co.in/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahU KEwjGk8HxgIzOAhUI8mMKHcN0D8wQjxwIAw&url=http %3A%2F%2Felseware.univ-pau.fr%2FMAINPAGEPUB %2Fdistill %2Findex.html&psig=AFQjCNEEQHbTIiS0lEi5Vv3-- xdL90BVFg&ust=1469446483189214 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxNfJLMNS4E
- 17. Questions ?
- 18. Thank You