A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.[1] In a multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used.
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by an African-American inventor and engineer Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845. Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.
Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment.
Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.
This Presentation gives an overview about the multiple effect evaporators. The intention is also focused on designing principles of Single and Multiple Effect Evaporators
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Agitation and Mixing are two important unit operations used in industries such as Impellers agitators are widely used to circulate the liquid through the vessel in which the dispersion of liquids and gases into other liquids like mixing of stiff paste, elastomers and dry solids powders takes place.
This Presentation gives an overview about the multiple effect evaporators. The intention is also focused on designing principles of Single and Multiple Effect Evaporators
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Agitation and Mixing are two important unit operations used in industries such as Impellers agitators are widely used to circulate the liquid through the vessel in which the dispersion of liquids and gases into other liquids like mixing of stiff paste, elastomers and dry solids powders takes place.
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
This presentation includes information about the evaporator, its history, working, classification, general types, methods of feeding, application, performance, thermal/process and design consideration, thermal design calculation, present and future vision regarding evaporators.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
In the field of biotechnology there are many industrial applications that result in biotech products that we use everyday at home. Some of these are food science applications that utilize enzymes to produce or make improvements in the quality of different foods. In the dairy industry, some enzymes are required for the production of cheeses, yogurt and other dairy products, while others are used in a more specialized fashion to improve texture or flavour.
Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
Enzymes are unstable molecules with a definite physico chemical organization. Even a slight change in this organization reduces the activity of enzyme and sometimes the enzyme is totally inactivated.
Therefore, the enzymes have to be isolated under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Since they are proteinaceous in nature, standard extraction and purification procedures for enzymes are the same as those used for proteins except that the activity of the enzyme is assayed at each of the following four steps of extraction and purification.
Purification of Enzymes - Enzyme purification involves three steps, electrophoresis. These three techniques described in the following text
1.Dialysis
2.Chromatography.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
This presentation includes information about the evaporator, its history, working, classification, general types, methods of feeding, application, performance, thermal/process and design consideration, thermal design calculation, present and future vision regarding evaporators.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
In the field of biotechnology there are many industrial applications that result in biotech products that we use everyday at home. Some of these are food science applications that utilize enzymes to produce or make improvements in the quality of different foods. In the dairy industry, some enzymes are required for the production of cheeses, yogurt and other dairy products, while others are used in a more specialized fashion to improve texture or flavour.
Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
Enzymes are unstable molecules with a definite physico chemical organization. Even a slight change in this organization reduces the activity of enzyme and sometimes the enzyme is totally inactivated.
Therefore, the enzymes have to be isolated under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Since they are proteinaceous in nature, standard extraction and purification procedures for enzymes are the same as those used for proteins except that the activity of the enzyme is assayed at each of the following four steps of extraction and purification.
Purification of Enzymes - Enzyme purification involves three steps, electrophoresis. These three techniques described in the following text
1.Dialysis
2.Chromatography.
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
Extraction, Purification and Production of Enzymes (Biotechnology) Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Extraction, Purification and Production of Enzymes (Biotechnology) (Polystyrenes, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carbon, Propylene Oxide, Vinyl Chloride, Biosensors, Amino Acids, Antibiotics, Acrylamide, Organic Acids, Maltose Syrups, Hollow Fibres, Hollow Fibres, Enzyme Immunoassay (ELA), Enzyme Electrodes, Biocatalysts)
Industrial biotechnology is the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction. Enzymes are the focal point of biotechnological processes, without them biotechnology as a subject would not exist. The main advantage of enzymes compared to most other catalysts is their stereo, region and chemo selectivity and specificity. Enzymes are responsible for many essential biochemical reactions in microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings.
See more
https://goo.gl/LBmTLd
https://goo.gl/hMGIqd
https://goo.gl/KjIzGj
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Enzymes in Biotechnology, Enzymes in Industrial Biotechnology, Enzymes and Biotechnology, Enzymes Biotechnology, Enzymes Used in Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Enzymes in Food Industry, Enzymes Used in Industry, Industrial Uses of Enzymes, Industrial Production of Enzymes, Production of Enzymes, Methods of Enzyme Production, Large Scale Production of Enzymes, Enzyme Production Methods, Enzyme Production, Production of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Production Process of Enzymes, Enzyme Production and Purification, Enzyme Production Industry, Enzymes Manufacturing Plant, Manufacture and Formulators of Enzymes, Formulation of Enzymes, Enzymes Formulation, Purification and Formulation of Enzymes, Ethanol Fermentation, Bioaffinity Procedures, Phase Separation Method, Method and Formulation for Enzymes, Formulas for Enzymes, Formulae of Enzymes, Enzymic Production of Amino Acids, Method for Production of Enzymic of Amino Acids, Fruit Processing, Small Scale Fruit Processing, Enzyme Industry, Enzyme Industry in India, Enzyme Business, Profitable Biotechnology Business Ideas, Biotechnology Industry in India, Fruit Processing Industry, Fruits Processing Methods, Fruit Processing in India, Methods of Processing Fruits, Enzyme Inhibition, Methods of Purification of Enzymes, Enzyme Purification, Purification of Enzymes, Large-Scale Purification of Enzymes, Enzyme Extraction and Purification Process, Enzyme Purification Methods, Enzyme Biotechnology, Guide to Protein Purification, Cheese Production, Cheese Making Process, Cheese Manufacture, Cheese Production Process, Cheese Production Steps, Manufacture of Cheese, Manufacturing, Cheese, Cheese Making, Cheese Manufacturing
EVAPORATION: Properties of Liquids, Heat and Mass Balance in Single Effect An...ManeeshSonkar
This presentation discussed about evaporation process and the properties of the liquid that can affect the evaporation process. Evaporation is a process of movement of heat and mass fraction in different form in liquid. Balance of the heat and mass occured in evaporation are presented in single and multiple effect evaporator. Aroma recovery also a major phenomena in food industry. A number of different equipment and technologies are used in evaporation of liquid food products. The scope of appointment of this phenomena and applications are vast.
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Objectives
Applications and factors influencing evaporation
Differences between evaporation and other heat process
Principles, construction ,working, uses, merits and demerits of :
-Steam jacketed kettle
-Horizontal tube evaporator
-Climbing film evaporator
-Forced circulation evaporator
-Multiple effect evaporator
-Economy of multiple effect evaporator
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
The presentation consists of the introduction, basic terms, and different types of ideal cycles of refrigeration,
1. Introduction to refrigeration
2. Necessity and applications
3. Unit of refrigeration and C.O.P.
4. Types of ideal cycles of refrigeration
a) Bell Coleman cycle
b) Open and dense air systems
5. Boot strap Air refrigeration system
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
Chemical translocation & molecular fateSumer Pankaj
A toxicant is any toxic (harmful) substance which are often used to denote substances made by humans or introduced into the environment by human activity, in contrast to toxins, which are toxicants produced naturally by a living organism.
Toxicants are poisonous and they can enter into the plants by the stomatal openings and by root absorption.
In animals these toxic compounds may enter by ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption.
Translocation may be defined as a process which converts thee lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic metabolites so that it can pass through the cell membrane.
Biochemical alteration of chemicals such as nutrients, amino acids, toxins, and drugs in the body through certain processes like oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation with the help of some specific enzymes. This process is also know as Bio-transformation.
It is also needed to render nonpolar compounds polar so that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted.
The body typically deals with a foreign compound (DRUGS) by making it more water-soluble, to increase the rate of its excretion through the urine.
If there is no detoxification of the substance then the toxin or drug enters into ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction) phase which may disturb the normal functioning of the body.
This Bio-transformation generally takes place in the body to convert lipophilic compound to more hydrophilic compounds, so that it can be easily excreted out of the body.
Electron Microscopy - Scanning electron microscope, Transmission Electron Mic...Sumer Pankaj
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A transmission electron microscope can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.
Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the image.
Nanotechnology is an unique field of recent research studies which has a wide range of applications. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing attentions from applied physics, material science, colloidal science, supramolecular chemistry and even mechanical and electrical engineering . This new science is a boon to the environment. It is used in solving many environmental problems like pollution control, waste treatment, maintain good air quality, cleaning of oil spillage etc. Current scenario suggests that it promises a great success in future. Nanoparticle, due to its small size has a great surface area due to which is has a good catalytic property. NASA studied that it has many applications in construction of space shuttles due to its light weight and friction resistance property. Nanoparticles are used in medical sciences for the treatment of cancer cells. Colloidal Nanoparticles are beneficial in bulk forms such as suntan lotions, cosmetics, protective coating and stain resistance clothing. Not only western countries, but India also is spreading their hands in this field.
Ozone is the protective layer around the Earths surface which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations of sun. It is the layer which lies in stratosphere and absorbs the harmful radiation, in other words it acts like an umbrella. But anthropocentric activities causing the destruction of ozone layer by emission n of CFC's from coolants and refrigerators. This ozone layer is to be protected for existence of life on Earth. In order to protect this layer ever year 16th September. is celebrated as a world ozone day. Lets join the fight to protect this layer and to live without any fear.
Nanotechnology is an unique field of recent research studies which has a wide range of applications. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing attentions from applied physics, material science, colloidal science, supramolecular chemistry and even mechanical and electrical engineering . This new science is a boon to the environment. It is used in solving many environmental problems like pollution control, waste treatment, maintain good air quality, cleaning of oil spillage etc. Current scenario suggests that it promises a great success in future. Nanoparticle, due to its small size has a great surface area due to which is has a good catalytic property. NASA studied that it has many applications in construction of space shuttles due to its light weight and friction resistance property. Nanoparticles are used in medical sciences for the treatment of cancer cells. Colloidal Nanoparticles are beneficial in bulk forms such as suntan lotions, cosmetics, protective coating and stain resistance clothing. Not only western countries, but India also is spreading their hands in this field.
Temperature – limiting factor [autosaved] newSumer Pankaj
Temperature is the degree or the intensity of heatness or coldness of any object surroundings or organism and it plays a major role in development and growth of organisms in various ways like affect on metabolism, reproduction, sex ratio, morphology etc. Some organisms are adapted to extreme high temperatures and extreme low temperatures, which make them to sustain their life easily. There are many ways by which organisms can sustain themselves in these areas like occurrence of hibernation, activation, morphological and physiological changes etc. Though organisms have made their lives very much easier, temperature plays a major role in their growth and development.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
Single and multiple effective evaporator (mee)
1. Presented By – Sumer Pankaj
Class – M.Sc. EST
Semester – 3rd
Roll no. - 41
Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research
Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Recognized under section 2(f) and 12 (B) of
UGC act 1956 Mota Bazaar, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat 38812058
PG Department of Environmental Science and Technology
2. What are Evaporators
Basic mechanism of evaporators
Principle of Evaporators
Application of Evaporators in Industrial sector
Application of evaporators
Factors to be taken care of
Types of Evaporators
Single Effective Evaporates (SEE)
Multiple Effective Evaporator (MEE)
Mechanism of MEE
Construction of MEE
Working of MEE
Efficiency of MEE
Types of MEE
Advantages of MEE
Cost reduction in MEE plants
Criteria for selection of MEE plant
Checklist for designing and operation of MEE plant
Construction material of MEE plants in various industries
Safety measures during designing of MEE plan
3. Equipment used in evaporation, the process of boiling a liquid in
order to get a concentrated solution or in to recover maximum
percentage of water.
Driving force:
Temperature difference in between steam chest temperature and product
temperature.
Result :
Volatile solvent is removed from the feed.
Feed = Solution (volatile solvent + non volatile solute)
Concentrate (Higher solute Conc.)
4. Vapour out
Feed in
Steam in
(Saturated vapour)
Product out
Condensate out
(Saturated Liquid)
Vapor
Separator
Heat Exchanger
Condenser unit
Vacuum for non
condensable
Coolant In
Coolant out
5. An evaporator is used to evaporate a volatile
solvent, usually water, from a solution. Its purpose
is to concentrate non-volatile solutes such as
organic compounds, inorganic salts, acids or bases.
Typical solutes include phosphoric acid, caustic
soda, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, gelatine,
syrups and urea.
In many applications, evaporation results in the
precipitation of solutes in the form of crystals,
which are usually separated from the solution with
cyclones, settlers, wash columns, elutriating legs,
filters or centrifuges. Examples of precipitates are
sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate
and calcium sulphate.The desired product can be
the concentrated solution, the precipitated solids,
or both.
6. Concentration of milk to produce condensed milk
Concentration of juices
Concentration of NaOH, NaCl from aqueous solutions
to produce salt.
Ether recovery from fat extraction
8. Concentration of solute in feed.
Concentration of solute in product/concentrate.
Pressure and Temp. of the system
▪ Depends on temperature sensitivity of material.
▪ Boiling point elevation
Steam pressure and temperature
Material of construction
Foaming
Low heat transfer rate
Entrainment loss
In the U.S. MEE plant
9. Types of
Evaporators
Open kettle
or pan Single
Effective
evaporator
Multiple
Effective
evaporator
Horizontal
type natural
circular
evaporation
Vertical
type natural
circulation
evaporation
Long tube
vertical type
evaporator
Falling film
type
evaporator
Forced
circulation
type
evaporator
Agitated
film
evaporator
Open pan
solar
evaporator
10. Feed water Vaporised
tank feed water
Tank Volume out to
0.92 litre/cm atmosphere
Overflow
to drain Water
main
Steam in
Constant
level Sight
device glass
Steam
trap
Condensate
out
Condensate
tank
Tank Volume
1.31 litre/cm
Figure 1. The Evaporator
11. A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering,
is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to
evaporate water.
Water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower
pressure than the last.
Because the boiling point of water decreases as pressure decreases,
the vapour boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next
Generally the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an
external source of heat
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular methods
used for the concentration of aqueous solutions. Water is removed
from a solution by boiling the liquor in an evaporator and
withdrawing the vapour.
12. Pre-heating of a solution prior to evaporation – The
feed solution is brought to its respective boiling point
before feeding it into the MEE plant.
Removal of water (solvent) as vapour by steam
heating - steam injected in the steam chest jacket
gives an efficient heating to the feed solution by
transferring its heat, hence the vapour of solvent rises
due to temperature difference.
Condensing the vapour removed – ones the vapour
is separated from the fees then a cold inlet in given to
condense the vapours and the clean solvent is
collected.
13. A multiple effect evaporator system for concentrating a process liquid
comprises:
(a) a plurality of evaporator effects arranged in series, each effect including a
process liquid inlet and a process liquid outlet; a heating fluid inlet and heating
fluid outlet;
(b) heat exchange means in each effect for passing said process liquid in heat
exchange relationship with heating fluid for evaporating water out of said
process liquid; and wherein evaporated water from one effect serves as heating
fluid for an adjacent effect; and
(c) an evaporative condenser provided with liquid inlet means for receiving
process liquid from one of said evaporator effects, and liquid outlet means for
transmitting said process liquid to another of said evaporator effects; and means
for receiving heating fluid vapor and for passing said heating fluid vapor in heat
exchange relationship with cooled process liquid in a cooling circuit, for
condensing said heating fluid vapor.
15. Multiple effect evaporator Due to heat transfer, the liquid
temperature increases & reaches the B.P. during this process,
vapor well be generated from the liquid feed.
So, formed vapor displaces air in the upper part of 1st
evaporator.
Moreover, the vapor also displaces the air in the steam space of
the 2nd evaporator.
After complete displacement of air by vapor in the steam
compartment of 2nd evaporator, the second
valve is closed.
The vapor of 1st evaporator transmits its heat to the liquid of
2nd evaporator & gets condensed.
Condensate is removed through the second condensate valve.
These steps continue in the 3rd evaporator also.
16. As the liquid in 1st evaporator gains temperature the
difference in temperature between the liquid & steam
decreases, hence, the rate of condensation decreases.
As a result, the pressure in the vapor space of 1st
evaporator gradually increases to P1 by increasing
temperature to T1 , which is the B.P. of the liquid in first
evaporator & decreasing the temperature difference (t0-
t1).
A similar change takes place in the 2nd evaporator &
the liquid reaches the B.P.
similarly, the process will be repeated in 3rd evaporator.
Finally 3 evaporators come to a steady state with the
liquid boiling in all the 3 bodies.
17. As boiling proceed, liquid level in 1st evaporator comes down.
Feed is introduced through the feed valve to maintain the
liquid level constant.
Similarly evaporation of liquid takes place in 2nd & 3rd
evaporators.
To maintain the liquid levels constant, feed valves F2 & F3 are
used for 2nd & 3rd evaporator respectively.
This process is continued until the liquid in all the evaporators
reaches the desired viscosity.
Now the product valves are opened to collect the thick liquid.
Thus in this evaporators, there is continuous supply of feed,
continuous supply of steam & continuous withdrawal of liquid
from all 3 evaporators. Hence, evaporators work continuously.
18. It is the quantity of vapor produced per unit steam
admitted.
Feed is admitted at its B.P. so it does not require any
more heat to raise its temp.
Hence, the supplied steam is condensed to give heat
of condensation. This heat will then transferred to
the liquid.
The heat transferred now serves as latent heat of
vaporization, i.e. liquid undergoes vaporization by
receiving heat. Loss of heat by means is negligible.
19. There are four types of MEE based upon feeding methods:
Backward
feeding
Mixed
feeding
Parallel
feeding
Forward
feeding
20. Feed should be near the B.P. of the
solution at the pressure in the 1st effect
Previous unit vapour serves as a heating
medium for the next effect
Here latent of the vapour can be reused
and recovered again
Uses when feed is hot or when the
concentration product might be damaged
at high temperature
B.P decreases from effect to effect
Pressure is 1 atm at 1st effect and under
vaccum in other effects
This procedure is highly advantageous if
the feed is hot. The method is also used
if the concentrated product may be
damaged or may deposit scale at high
temperature
22. Uses when fresh feed is cold
Flows from low to high pressure for this to happen we apply pumps at certain
places
Temperature increases from effect to effect
Used when concentrated product is highly viscous
High temperature and low viscosity gives high heat transfer coefficient
FeedSteam
23.
24. A hot saturated solution of the feed is
directly fed into each of the three
effects in parallel without
transferring the material from one to
another. This is commonly used in
the concentration of the salt solution,
where the solute crystallizes on
concentration without increasing the
viscosity.
Operations :-The equipment is at
room temp. & at atm. Pressure at the
beginning. The liquid feed is
introduced into all the 3 evaporators
up to the level of upper tube sheets.
Eg- evaporation of brine to make salt
Feed
Feed
Feed
Steam
25.
26. When feed moves
forward with fresh feed
is entering at the 2nd or
3rd effect called as
mixed type.
Used in solutions
having considerable
change in viscosity
with temperature over
concentration range
28. Suitable for large scale & for
continuous operation.
Highly economical when compared to
single effect.
Multiple effects, or stages, are now used
to minimize the energy input required to
evaporate or boil off undesirable water
content.
The total evaporation achieved in these
systems is approximately the number of
effects times the energy input to the first
effect.
29. Effect of temperature : feed must be at
temp greater or equal to the boiling point of
the solution . Preheating the feed can
reduce the size of evaporator heat transfer
area
Effect of pressure : a pressure of 101.32
kpa is used in the vapour space which gives
the boiling point of the feed .if the rise in
temperature increases .means large
difference in temperature is desirable
heating surface area and the cost of the
evaporator decreases .if pressure decreases
under vacuum condenser and pump are
used
Effect of stream pressure :with increase in
pressure of the saturated stream difference
in boiling point of increases giving small
size and hence cost decreases.
31. Must prevent entrainment due to product loss
Contamination of the vapor phase (pollution)
Condensation of vapor onto surfaces (corrosion and fouling)
Overhead mist or spray may cause troublesome deposits
Vortices increase pump head requirements and therefore equipment
Configuration
Short circuiting a big problem as it presents the problem of cavitation
(there must be a net positive suction head)
Liquid concentration - relates to viscosity and heat transfer
Temperature and Pressure
Boiling temperature is inversely proportional to pressure.
Boiling points may increase as solution get concentrated (boiling
point rise)
Foaming - will determine the height of your freeboard in the
Design
Solubility of materials - May be the limit to the concentration that you can achieve.
Scale deposits - decrease your heat transfer coefficient.
32. INUSTRIES/PRODUCT MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Most dairy and food products 304/316 stainless steel
Most fruit juices 316 stainless steel
Sugar products Carbon steel /304/316
Foods containing high salt (NaCl) Titanium/Monel
High alloy stainless steels
Duplex stainless steels
Caustic soda < 40% Stress relieved carbon steel
Caustic soda high concentration Nickel
Hydrochloric acid Graphite/Rubber lined carbon steel
33. Possible Causes Possible Remedies
• The product may be backing up in the
evaporator body due to choking.
• Open discharge lines to check and
eliminate cause of choking.
• The evaporator body may be heavily
scaled.
• Dismantle the unit and check for scaling.
• The feed rate is excessive. • Control the feed rate.
• There might be a problem with the drive
motor.
• Check for malfunctioning of the drive
motor.
• System starts vibrating
• There may be heavy scaling. • Go through the cleaning procedure.
• The product is backing up in the body due
to choking.
• Check and eliminate the cause of product
backup.
• Uneven heating of evaporator shell
causing thermal stresses on its body.
• Check the steam pressure of
thermocompressor.