RECOVERY OF METALS FROM EFFLUENT
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This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
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Low current electrolysis is discussed as a more efficient method, similar to the water splitting that occurs in photosynthesis. Producing hydrogen directly from water without electrolysis is also mentioned. Overall
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2) The basic principles and setup of an electrodialysis system, including how ions migrate through membranes towards electrodes, resulting in concentration of ions in middle compartments and production of clean water in outer compartments.
3) Key factors that affect electrodialysis systems like applied voltage, flow rates, feed concentration, membrane
Ap3193100
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2. In biological systems, electron transfer chains facilitate the transfer of electrons between sites of oxidation and reduction, driven by electrochemical proton gradients across membranes.
3. The gradient arises from the asymmetric distribution of electron transfer components across membranes and drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
Electrochemistry and the processes of energy conversion in
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3. The concept of redox potential can be applied to small, non-statistical biological systems by considering their equilibrium with larger macrosystems. This explains why electron transfer chains contain many components overlapping a wide range of potential levels
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RECOVERY OF METALS FROM EFFLUENT
- 1. Presented by : Arvind Singh Heer MSc-II (Sem-IV) Analytical Chemistry Paper-III MITHIBAI COLLEGE RECOVERY OF METALS FROM EFFLUENT
- 2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION MODERN METHODS ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTRODIALYSIS
- 3. INTRODUCTION What does recovery of metals from effluents means? Separation of metals ions from an outflowing of water or gas from a natural body of water, or from a manmade structure is known as recovery of metals from effluents There are physical or chemical processes that fall under the designations of recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth are often difficult to distinguish in a precise manner
- 4. MODERN METHODS Modern methods for recovering of metals from effluents are - ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY - ELECTRODIALYSIS, etc.
- 5. ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY Ion-exchange chromatography is a chromatography process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including large proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. It is often used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control.
- 6. PRINCIPLE Ion-exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. The stationary phase surface displays ionic functional groups (R- X) that interact with analyte ions of opposite charge. This type of chromatography is further subdivided into cation exchange chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The ionic compound consisting of the cationic species M+ and the anionic species B- can be retained by the stationary phase. Cation exchange chromatography retains positively charged cations because the stationary phase displays a negatively charged functional group:
- 7. Anion exchange chromatography retains anions using positively charged functional group: Note that the ion strength of either C+ or A- in the mobile phase can be adjusted to shift the equilibrium position, thus retention time. The ion chromatogram shows a typical chromatogram obtained with an anion exchange column
- 9. ELECTRODIALYSIS Electrodialysis (ED) is used to transport salt ions from one solution through ion- exchange membranes to another solution under the influence of an applied electric potential difference. This is done in a configuration called an electrodialysis cell. The cell consists of a feed (dilute) compartment and a concentrate (brine) compartment formed by an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane placed between two electrodes. In almost all practical electrodialysis processes, multiple electrodialysis cells are arranged into a configuration called an electrodialysis stack, with alternating anion and cation exchange membranes forming the multiple
- 10. Electrodialysis processes are different than distillation techniques and other membrane based processes (such as reverse osmosis(RO)) in that dissolved species are moved away from the feed stream rather than the reverse. Because the quantity of dissolved species in the feed stream is far less than that of the fluid, electrodialysis offers the practical advantage of much higher feed recovery in many applications.Electrodialysis reversal(EDR) is an advanced electrodialysis process which utilizes a flow and polarity reversal to de-scale membrane surfaces and enable high concentration operation. EDR is used in higher salinity commercial applications where brine volume and
- 13. Electrode reactions: Small amounts of hydrogen gas are generated at the cathode: At the anode small amounts of oxygen gas are generated: 2 22e 2H O H (g) 2OH 2 2 - 2 H O 2H 1/ 2O (g) (also possible 2Cl Cl (g) 2e )