This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Colloidal and Particulate Fouling ,The source of silt or colloids in reverse osmosis feed waters often includes : bacteria, clay , colloidal silica, iron corrosion products .
Methods to prevent colloidal fouling: Media Filtration ,Oxidation–Filtration ,Coagulation-Flocculation ,Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration
,Cartridge Microfiltration ,Antifoulants
This document discusses membrane separation processes. It defines membranes as thin layers that selectively control the transport of materials between phases. There are two main types of membranes: permeable and semipermeable. Membrane processes are classified based on the size of materials separated and the driving force used. Examples given include reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in the dairy industry. Key concepts covered include transmembrane pressure, recovery percentage, molecular weight cutoff, and solute rejection coefficient. Advantages of membrane separation include energy savings, low temperature operation, and recovery of both concentrate and permeate.
This document discusses cross flow filtration, which separates solids from fluids using a semipermeable membrane while preventing filter cake formation. Cross flow filtration maintains a constant filtration rate by keeping the process feed in a mobile slurry form suitable for further processing. It allows for relatively high solids loads to be operated continuously without blinding the filter. The document outlines the principles, advantages over dead-end filtration, techniques to improve it like backwashing, and applications in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration such as water treatment, sterilization, dairy processing, and more.
This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
This document provides information about reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It defines RO as a water purification process that uses semi-permeable membranes to remove molecules and ions from water by applying pressure. RO can be used to purify drinking water, treat wastewater, and produce deionized water. It is effective at removing pesticides, salt, microorganisms, suspended solids, and other contaminants. RO has advantages such as low energy requirements, compact size, easy maintenance and modular design allowing for expansion. However, it does not remove hardness, gases or some beneficial minerals and the waste concentrate requires disposal.
This document summarizes an expert lecture on unit operations for wastewater treatment. It discusses various unit treatment processes including screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. It provides details on the design considerations and criteria for preliminary treatment systems including channels, screens, grit chambers, and skimming tanks. The primary functions and design of bar screens, equalization tanks, screen chambers, grit chambers, and primary sedimentation tanks are also outlined. Settling velocities and loading rates for different treatment units are defined through mathematical equations.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Colloidal and Particulate Fouling ,The source of silt or colloids in reverse osmosis feed waters often includes : bacteria, clay , colloidal silica, iron corrosion products .
Methods to prevent colloidal fouling: Media Filtration ,Oxidation–Filtration ,Coagulation-Flocculation ,Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration
,Cartridge Microfiltration ,Antifoulants
This document discusses membrane separation processes. It defines membranes as thin layers that selectively control the transport of materials between phases. There are two main types of membranes: permeable and semipermeable. Membrane processes are classified based on the size of materials separated and the driving force used. Examples given include reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in the dairy industry. Key concepts covered include transmembrane pressure, recovery percentage, molecular weight cutoff, and solute rejection coefficient. Advantages of membrane separation include energy savings, low temperature operation, and recovery of both concentrate and permeate.
This document discusses cross flow filtration, which separates solids from fluids using a semipermeable membrane while preventing filter cake formation. Cross flow filtration maintains a constant filtration rate by keeping the process feed in a mobile slurry form suitable for further processing. It allows for relatively high solids loads to be operated continuously without blinding the filter. The document outlines the principles, advantages over dead-end filtration, techniques to improve it like backwashing, and applications in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration such as water treatment, sterilization, dairy processing, and more.
This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
This document provides information about reverse osmosis (RO) technology. It defines RO as a water purification process that uses semi-permeable membranes to remove molecules and ions from water by applying pressure. RO can be used to purify drinking water, treat wastewater, and produce deionized water. It is effective at removing pesticides, salt, microorganisms, suspended solids, and other contaminants. RO has advantages such as low energy requirements, compact size, easy maintenance and modular design allowing for expansion. However, it does not remove hardness, gases or some beneficial minerals and the waste concentrate requires disposal.
This document summarizes an expert lecture on unit operations for wastewater treatment. It discusses various unit treatment processes including screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. It provides details on the design considerations and criteria for preliminary treatment systems including channels, screens, grit chambers, and skimming tanks. The primary functions and design of bar screens, equalization tanks, screen chambers, grit chambers, and primary sedimentation tanks are also outlined. Settling velocities and loading rates for different treatment units are defined through mathematical equations.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved salts and other contaminants behind. It works by applying pressure greater than natural osmotic pressure to the more concentrated side of the membrane. This forces water molecules through the membrane while preventing 95-99% of dissolved salts from passing. The filtered water is called permeate, while the concentrated waste is the reject stream. Reverse osmosis can remove particles, bacteria, and other contaminants over 200 molecular weight from water and is widely used for desalination, wastewater treatment, and producing ultrapure water.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts and other contaminants. It is a highly effective purification process that can remove pollutants from tap water to produce pure water. A basic reverse osmosis system consists of a cold water line, pre-filter, reverse osmosis membrane, post-filter, automatic shut-off valve, check valve, flow restrictor, storage tank, and faucet. Reverse osmosis systems are commonly used to purify water for industrial, medical, and bottled water applications.
This document discusses membrane filtration technology. It covers topics such as membrane classification based on pore size and pressure range, common membrane processes like microfiltration and reverse osmosis, factors that affect membrane performance like fouling, and advantages of membrane filtration over conventional processes like sand filtration. The document also describes strategies to mitigate fouling, such as pretreatment, operation techniques like crossflow filtration, and chemical cleaning methods. Maintaining membrane integrity is also addressed.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Development Of Ro Membrane & Its CharacterizationZed Siddy
This document discusses the development and characterization of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. It provides a brief history of RO membrane development, describes different membrane types including cellulose acetate and thin film composite membranes, and compares their materials and performance. It also outlines the project work plan to develop and test RO membrane samples, including market research, consulting experts, and conducting flux, pressure, and rejection tests. The document discusses benefits of RO such as desalination and contaminant removal for drinking water, and future areas of research including reducing membrane fouling and developing more energy efficient technologies.
This document provides an overview of membrane separation processes. It discusses different types of membranes based on their structure like dense/non-porous, porous, asymmetric, composite and electrically charged membranes. It also describes various membrane separation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis and pervaporation. Key applications and theoretical principles of each process are outlined. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to membrane separation technology.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Membrane fouling occurs when deposits form on or within a reverse osmosis membrane, reducing its performance over time. There are three main mechanisms of fouling: adsorption, where solutes adhere to the membrane surface or inside pores via chemical interactions; plugging, where particles too large to pass through block the membrane channels; and biofouling, where bacteria attach to and grow on the membrane. Regular monitoring of plant performance is needed to detect fouling. Pretreatment and operating conditions affect fouling rates, which can increase pressures and energy usage if not controlled.
This document summarizes membrane separation processes. It describes that membrane separation uses a semi-permeable barrier to allow faster movement of some components over others. The retained part is called retentate and the passing part permeate. Membrane separation is desirable as it saves energy, has a long membrane life, is defect-free, compact and easily operated. The document discusses membrane materials, permeance factors, transport mechanisms including porous and non-porous membranes. It provides examples of industrial applications like dialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.
This document discusses water recycling and membrane technology. It provides information on different types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. It explains how these processes work and their applications in water treatment. Key points covered include the selection of membranes based on factors like molecular size and charge, common membrane configurations, and challenges with membrane fouling.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
Introduction: Wastewater flow and its characteristics, Wastewater collection systems, Estimation and variation of wastewater flows. Problems of industrial wastewaters, sampling protocol, equalization, neutralization, proportioning processes, volume and strength reduction. Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes. Theory
and design of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation
mechanism of filtration, surface and depth filterssaqib_sulman
This document discusses filtration and provides details on various types of filtration processes. It defines filtration as the separation of solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium. There are two main types of filtration: surface filtration where solids are deposited in a cake on the filter medium surface, and depth filtration where particle deposition occurs inside the filter medium. The rate of filtration depends on the driving force, which is the pressure differential, and the resistance to flow from factors like the filter cake, filter medium properties, and fluid viscosity.
06 Treatment of water -Filtration and Water Softeningakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document discusses various water treatment processes used in the pharmaceutical industry, including reverse osmosis (RO), demineralization (DM), and ultrafiltration. RO uses semipermeable membranes to remove dissolved solids, organic pyrogens, and microbes from water. DM removes mineral salts using ion exchange resins. Ultrafiltration uses membranes to retain suspended solids and high molecular weight substances while allowing water and low molecular solutes to pass through. The document also describes different types of treated pharmaceutical water like water for injection and their uses.
This document discusses advanced membrane separation processes including dialysis, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation. Dialysis uses a semipermeable membrane to separate solutes like acids from contaminating ions. Electrodialysis uses an electric current to drive the separation of ions through ion-selective membranes. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to drive the separation of water from dissolved solutes like salts. Pervaporation combines membrane separation with evaporation to remove components from liquid mixtures.
The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved salts and other contaminants behind. It works by applying pressure greater than natural osmotic pressure to the more concentrated side of the membrane. This forces water molecules through the membrane while preventing 95-99% of dissolved salts from passing. The filtered water is called permeate, while the concentrated waste is the reject stream. Reverse osmosis can remove particles, bacteria, and other contaminants over 200 molecular weight from water and is widely used for desalination, wastewater treatment, and producing ultrapure water.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts and other contaminants. It is a highly effective purification process that can remove pollutants from tap water to produce pure water. A basic reverse osmosis system consists of a cold water line, pre-filter, reverse osmosis membrane, post-filter, automatic shut-off valve, check valve, flow restrictor, storage tank, and faucet. Reverse osmosis systems are commonly used to purify water for industrial, medical, and bottled water applications.
This document discusses membrane filtration technology. It covers topics such as membrane classification based on pore size and pressure range, common membrane processes like microfiltration and reverse osmosis, factors that affect membrane performance like fouling, and advantages of membrane filtration over conventional processes like sand filtration. The document also describes strategies to mitigate fouling, such as pretreatment, operation techniques like crossflow filtration, and chemical cleaning methods. Maintaining membrane integrity is also addressed.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Development Of Ro Membrane & Its CharacterizationZed Siddy
This document discusses the development and characterization of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. It provides a brief history of RO membrane development, describes different membrane types including cellulose acetate and thin film composite membranes, and compares their materials and performance. It also outlines the project work plan to develop and test RO membrane samples, including market research, consulting experts, and conducting flux, pressure, and rejection tests. The document discusses benefits of RO such as desalination and contaminant removal for drinking water, and future areas of research including reducing membrane fouling and developing more energy efficient technologies.
This document provides an overview of membrane separation processes. It discusses different types of membranes based on their structure like dense/non-porous, porous, asymmetric, composite and electrically charged membranes. It also describes various membrane separation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis and pervaporation. Key applications and theoretical principles of each process are outlined. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to membrane separation technology.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Membrane fouling occurs when deposits form on or within a reverse osmosis membrane, reducing its performance over time. There are three main mechanisms of fouling: adsorption, where solutes adhere to the membrane surface or inside pores via chemical interactions; plugging, where particles too large to pass through block the membrane channels; and biofouling, where bacteria attach to and grow on the membrane. Regular monitoring of plant performance is needed to detect fouling. Pretreatment and operating conditions affect fouling rates, which can increase pressures and energy usage if not controlled.
This document summarizes membrane separation processes. It describes that membrane separation uses a semi-permeable barrier to allow faster movement of some components over others. The retained part is called retentate and the passing part permeate. Membrane separation is desirable as it saves energy, has a long membrane life, is defect-free, compact and easily operated. The document discusses membrane materials, permeance factors, transport mechanisms including porous and non-porous membranes. It provides examples of industrial applications like dialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.
This document discusses water recycling and membrane technology. It provides information on different types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. It explains how these processes work and their applications in water treatment. Key points covered include the selection of membranes based on factors like molecular size and charge, common membrane configurations, and challenges with membrane fouling.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
Introduction: Wastewater flow and its characteristics, Wastewater collection systems, Estimation and variation of wastewater flows. Problems of industrial wastewaters, sampling protocol, equalization, neutralization, proportioning processes, volume and strength reduction. Preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes. Theory
and design of screens, grit chambers, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation
mechanism of filtration, surface and depth filterssaqib_sulman
This document discusses filtration and provides details on various types of filtration processes. It defines filtration as the separation of solids from liquids by passing a suspension through a permeable medium. There are two main types of filtration: surface filtration where solids are deposited in a cake on the filter medium surface, and depth filtration where particle deposition occurs inside the filter medium. The rate of filtration depends on the driving force, which is the pressure differential, and the resistance to flow from factors like the filter cake, filter medium properties, and fluid viscosity.
06 Treatment of water -Filtration and Water Softeningakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document discusses various water treatment processes used in the pharmaceutical industry, including reverse osmosis (RO), demineralization (DM), and ultrafiltration. RO uses semipermeable membranes to remove dissolved solids, organic pyrogens, and microbes from water. DM removes mineral salts using ion exchange resins. Ultrafiltration uses membranes to retain suspended solids and high molecular weight substances while allowing water and low molecular solutes to pass through. The document also describes different types of treated pharmaceutical water like water for injection and their uses.
This document discusses advanced membrane separation processes including dialysis, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation. Dialysis uses a semipermeable membrane to separate solutes like acids from contaminating ions. Electrodialysis uses an electric current to drive the separation of ions through ion-selective membranes. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to drive the separation of water from dissolved solutes like salts. Pervaporation combines membrane separation with evaporation to remove components from liquid mixtures.
The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
it is consist osmotic drug delivery system. and its new approaches. its advantage & disadvantage.. principle. etc
and basic camponents and osmotic pump......
This document provides an overview of osmotic drug delivery systems. It discusses the basic components and principles of osmosis that osmotic drug delivery systems utilize. The key components discussed include the drug, osmogen, semipermeable membrane, and factors that affect drug release such as solubility, osmotic pressure, delivery orifice size, and membrane type. A variety of osmotic pump designs are also briefly mentioned.
Newer technologies have gained popularity and expanded over the last one decade.
Effective separation is crucial in the operation of processes of any industry. A major question is how best can these processes solve the problems and what are the edges which we can push these new technologies. Achievements have been made in (waste) water treatment. Some of the successes are; low cost of operation, high efficiency, less energy consumption and smaller spaces of operation.
Membrane separation processes have been adopted throughout the world. They are
divided based on the size of particles they can let to pass through and the driving force that is used. Talking of pressure driven processes like microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, they are processes which changed the whole history of water treatment. For example, reverse osmosis has been used in the desalination of brackish water.
Advantages of reverse osmosis in drinking water treatment include: physically removal
of pathogens, effective removal of substrates in the treated water, less biofilm growth, less disinfectant chemical requirement and less disinfection of the byproduct. However, there are some unanswered questions like the exact dosage of the disinfectants we can use and since the disinfectants will be of less amount, how can we compare it to classic technologies? What are the other advantages of using the reverse osmosis?
1. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes and pressure to separate solvent molecules like water from solutes like salt, forcing the pure solvent to pass through the membrane and retaining the solute.
2. It is used in desalination plants worldwide to produce fresh water from seawater and in various industrial and domestic water purification applications.
3. Key applications include purifying drinking water, water and wastewater treatment, producing deionized water, and concentrating food liquids like fruit juices and milk.
This document discusses osmotic drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to how osmotic drug delivery uses osmotic pressure for controlled drug delivery. It then covers the basic principles of osmosis, classification of osmotic delivery systems, factors affecting drug release, and basic components. The document lists advantages like achievable zero-order release and independence from gastric conditions. Disadvantages include potential for dose dumping. Materials used in formulation are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of osmotic drug delivery systems. It defines osmotic pressure and discusses how osmotic pumps use osmotic pressure to control drug delivery over extended periods of time. The key components of osmotic systems are a drug core containing an osmogen, a semipermeable membrane coating, and a delivery orifice. Factors like solubility, osmotic pressure, membrane properties, and orifice size influence drug release rates. Various polymers, osmogens, and other excipients are discussed for formulating different osmotic pump designs.
Osmotic Drug Delivery System and basic components of Osmotic systemDhanashreeDavare
Introduction to Osmotic Drug Delivery System . Various Advantages and Disadvantages. Principle of osmosis.Basic components of Osmotic System. Osmotic Pumps
Group presentation on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltrationzaman_866
This document summarizes reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes. Both RO and NF are pressure-driven membrane processes that separate low molecular weight solutes from water. The main difference is that NF membranes allow for the separation of some low molecular weight non-ionic molecules in addition to ionic solutes. The document discusses similarities and applications of RO and NF, as well as membrane materials, transport mechanisms, and challenges like fouling.
1) HPLC provides improved performance over classical column chromatography due to smaller particle sizes (<5 microns), higher operating pressures (>4000 psi), and higher column efficiencies (>100,000 theoretical plates per meter).
2) There are two main modes of HPLC separation - normal phase which uses a polar stationary phase and non-polar mobile phase, and reverse phase which uses a non-polar stationary phase and polar mobile phase.
3) Key components of an HPLC system include pumps to deliver the mobile phase at high pressure, injectors to introduce samples, columns packed with stationary phase to perform the separation, and detectors such as UV/Vis to identify eluted components.
Membrane separation processes have been widely used for wastewater treatment due to their advantages over conventional processes. Key membrane processes for wastewater treatment include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane bioreactors. These processes provide high quality treated water with low capital and operating costs due to their compact size and ability to automate. However, membrane fouling remains a challenge that can reduce membrane performance over time.
Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to separate salt from water by applying pressure greater than the osmotic pressure. It is used to desalinate seawater and brackish water by producing fresh water with low salt content. Common applications include meeting water needs where surface water is limited, and purifying water for industrial uses. Proper membrane cleaning and maintenance is important to prevent contamination and extend membrane lifespan for continued effective desalination.
Membrane processes use selective barriers called membranes to separate particles and molecules in fluids. There are four main types of membranes: reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. Reverse osmosis membranes are semipermeable thin films that allow water molecules through but block dissolved ions like sodium and chloride. Nanofiltration similarly blocks divalent ions more than monovalent ions. Ultrafiltration and microfiltration rely on straining through larger pores. These membrane processes are seeing increased use for water treatment and desalination due to their ability to separate components without chemicals.
This document discusses the effect of temperature on the forward osmosis process. It summarizes previous studies that have found that increasing the system temperature generally leads to an increase in water flux across the membrane due to decreased water viscosity and increased water diffusivity. However, the extent of increased flux with temperature varies depending on factors like membrane orientation and the presence of internal concentration polarization. Higher temperatures can also impact concentration polarization and solute diffusion/rejection, with effects depending on the membrane configuration used. A better understanding of these temperature effects could help optimize forward osmosis performance.
This document defines osmosis and osmotic pressure, and describes how osmotic systems utilize these principles for controlled drug delivery. It discusses the basic components of osmotic systems, including drugs, osmotic agents, semi-permeable membranes, and plasticizers. It also describes various types of osmotic systems for both oral and implantable drug delivery, including elementary osmotic pumps, push-pull osmotic pumps, and implantable mini-osmotic pumps. The document provides equations to describe drug release from these systems driven by osmotic pressure.
This document summarizes research on developing a novel impregnated membrane for wastewater treatment using forward osmosis. Impregnated membranes were created by impregnating a hydrophilic polymer within a porous support structure to increase water flux. Experimental results showed that while impregnated membranes had lower water flux than commercial thin film composite membranes, they had higher performance ratios and salt rejection. This research demonstrates the potential of impregnated membranes for more efficient wastewater treatment using forward osmosis.
Reverse Phase HPLC in proteomics separates proteins and peptides based on their reversible hydrophobic interactions with a hydrophobic stationary phase. It involves denaturing the proteins during chromatography. RP-HPLC uses a mobile phase gradient from aqueous buffers to organic solvents like acetonitrile to differentially elute the proteins from the column based on their hydrophobicity. Two-dimensional LC combines RP-HPLC with another separation technique like strong cation exchange chromatography to further separate complex protein mixtures by exploiting different properties. This improves peak capacity and resolution over single dimension techniques alone.
Forward osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane due to a difference in osmotic pressure. There are three types of osmotic solutions: dilute, concentrate, and draw. The forward osmosis process uses a draw solution to concentrate a feed stream and dilute the draw solution. Forward osmosis membranes are asymmetric composite membranes with an active layer and thicker support layer. Concentration polarization occurs due to buildup of solute concentrations near the membrane surface during operation and can be external or internal. Modern applications of forward osmosis include wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, and food processing.
This document discusses dissolution, which is defined as the process by which a solid substance solubilizes in a given solvent. Key points include:
- Drugs are classified into BCS classes based on their solubility and permeability. The four classes are high/high, high/low, low/high, and low/low.
- Noyes-Whitney and Hixson-Crowell equations describe dissolution kinetics under non-sink and sink conditions. Factors like surface area, diffusion coefficient, and concentration gradients impact dissolution rate.
- In vitro dissolution testing uses apparatus like baskets, paddles, and flow-through cells per BP and USP methods to simulate in vivo conditions and assess
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
1. REVERSE OSMOSIS & NANOFILTRATION
(Advanced Food Engineering FST-603)
COLLEGE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY
V.N.M.K.V. PARBHANI
Submitted By Course Guide
Mr. S.B. Shinde
Reg. No: 2020T14M
M.Tech Food technology
College of Food Technology
VNMKV Parbhani 431402
Dr. R.B. Kshirsagar
Dept. Food Engineering
College of Food Technology
VNMKV Parbhani 431402
1
Siddheshwarshinde@hotmail.com
2. • What is Membrane technology
• Basic terminologies
• What exactly happens in osmosis
• Osmotic pressure & Laws
• Reverse osmosis phenomenon
• Theoretical background of RO
• Filters and modules
• Applications of RO technology
• Nanofiltration
• Transport theories of NF
• Applications of NF
• References
OUTPUT
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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3. Membrane operations
Micro filtration Ultra filtration
Nano filtration
Reverse osmosis
Pore size: 0.1-10 micron
Pressure range: 0.1-3 bar
Pore size: 0.003-0.1 micron
Pressure range: 2-10 bar
Pore size: 0.0001 micron
Pressure range: 15-80 bar
Pore size: 0.001 micron
Pressure range: 5-35 bar
Pressure Driven
Operations
(PDOs)
• A number of membrane processes have evolved which make use of a pressure
driving force and a semipermeable membrane in order to effect a separation of
components in a solution or colloidal dispersion.
• Separation is based mainly on molecular size, but to a lesser extent on shape
and charge.
• They can be considered to be a continuous spectrum of processes, with no clear-
cut boundaries between them.
Membrane technology
3
4. Basic Terminologies
• The feed material is applied to one side of a membrane and subjected to a
pressure.
Permeate (Filtrate)
The stream which passes through the membrane under the influence of
this pressure is termed the permeate (filtrate).
Concentrate or Retentate
The stream left after the required amount of permeate is removed is
termed the concentrate or retentate.
4
5. What is Osmosis ?
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of
solvent molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane into a region of higher solute
concentration, in the direction that tends to
equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Osmosis is how plants are
able to absorb water from
soil.
Swelling of resins and
other seeds when they are
soaked in water
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 1
Phase 2
π
5
7. • Isotonic solution: Net movement is zero
• Hypotonic solution: Cell swells in hypotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution: Cell shrink in hypertonic solution
Solution
Cell/commodity
7
8. What is Osmotic Pressure?
π = iCRT
Where,
π is the osmotic pressure
i is the van’t Hoff factor
C is the molar concentration of the solute in the solution
R is the universal gas constant
T is the temperature
If sufficient pressure is applied to the solution side of the semipermeable membrane, the
process of osmosis is halted. The minimum amount of pressure required to nullify the
process of osmosis is called osmotic pressure.
Pressure to halt Osmosis Mechanism i.e. Movement of solvent to solution.
Dependent on the concentration of solute particles in the solution
8
9. Laws of osmotic pressure
• Solute partical in dilute solution posses kinetic energy & moves random
directon in solution. Thus, they are similar to gas molecules
Van’t Hoff’s theory of osmotic pressure
Van’t Hoff’s Boyle’s Law of solution
• At constant temperature, osmotic pressure (π) of dilute solution is directly
proposnal to its molar concentration (C) or Inversely proposnal to volume
(V) of the solution
Expression:
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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10. Van’t Hoff’s Charle’s Law of solution
• When concentration remaining constant then osmotic pressure (π) of dilute
solution is directly proposnal to absolute temperature (T) of solution.
Expression:
Van’t Hoff’s Avagedro of solution
• At given temperature, equal volumes of the solutions having the same
osmotic pressure contain equal number of solute particles.
𝝅 ∝ 𝒏 10
11. Van’t Hoff’s general solution equation
• With the help of above three equation we can conclude general solution
equation.
From above all laws
π = iCRT
Osmotic pressure
11
12. Important processing parameters for all pressure
activated processes
The concentration factor (f )
Where,
VF is the feed volume
VC is the final concentrate volume.
As soon as the concentration factor exceeds 2.0, the volume of permeate
will exceed that of the concentrate.
Concentration factors may be as low as 1.5 for some viscous materials and 5.0–
50 for some dilute protein solutions.
Generally higher concentration factors are used for ultrafiltration than for RO:
Over 50.0 can be achieved for UF treatment of cheese whey, compared to about
to 5 for RO treatment of cheese whey.
12
13. Continue...
• Rejection or retention factor (R)
• where
CF is the concentration of component in the feed
CP is the concentration in the permeate
It influences the extent (quality) of the separation that can be achieved.
Rejection values normally range between 0 and 1.0; and sometimes they are
expressed as percentages (0–100%).
Occasionally negative rejections are found for some charged ions (Donnan
effect).
1. When CP= 0, R= 1, all the component is retained in the feed.
2. When CP=CF, R= 0, the component is freely permeating.
13
14. Continue…
• If the concentration factor and rejection value are known,
• Yield of any component, which is defined as the fraction of that component
present in the feed, which is recovered in the concentrate, can be estimated.
• Obviously for reverse osmosis, the yield for an ideal membrane is 1.0.
The yield (Y) can be calculated from:
The derivation of this equation is provided in Lewis.
Thus for a component where R= 0.95, at a concentration factor of 20,
By putting these values in above equation
the yield is 0.86; i.e.
86% is retained in the concentrate and 14% is lost in the permeate
14
15. Flux Rate
• The permeate flux is usually expressed in terms of
• This permits a ready comparison of different membrane configurations of
different surface areas.
• Flux values may be from < 5 to > 500 .
• Factors affecting the flux rate are the applied pressure, the volumetric flow rate of
feed across the membrane surface, its temperature and its viscosity.
• The flux is also influenced by concentration polarization and fouling, which in
turn are influenced by the flow conditions across the membrane.
• Inducing turbulence increases the wall shear stress and promotes higher flux
rates.
𝑳/𝑴𝟐
𝒉𝟏
𝑳/𝑴𝟐𝒉𝟏 𝑳/𝑴𝟐𝒉𝟏
15
16. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from region of high solute
concentration through semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute
concentration by Applying a pressure.
16
Hydrostatic pressure must be
higher than the Osmotic pressure
P > Pi
Direction of flow from
High solute concentration
to low solute concentration
17. How does Reverse Osmosis work?
To remove ions, mineral
chemicals, and other impurities
from drinking water.
In this process, greater
pressure is applied, forcing the
water to travel through the
semipermeable membrane in
opposite to natural osmosis.
1. Sediment Pre-Filter
2. Carbon Pre-Filters
3. Reverse osmosis Membrane
4. Post Carbon filters
17
18. 1. Sediment Pre-Filter
It removes dirt, rust and sediment particles down
to 5 microns. There are several different types of
sediment cartridges.
Pleated filters feature increased surface area and
longer life. These cartridges are washable and
reusable.
Melt blown polypropylene filters are designed
for the removal of dirt, rust and sediment from
water. 5 and 20 micron are the most popular sizes
for drinking water applications.
String wound filters are an inexpensive solution
to your filtration needs. These cartridges come in
a variety of media types and have a wide range of
applications.
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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19. 2. Carbon Pre-Filters
Coconut Shell Carbon Block Cartridges
of 10 Micron removes chlorine, taste,
odor and chemical contaminants.
Activated carbon block filters typically
have a 0.5 to 10 micron filtration
This Capability, makes it also helpful for
particulate filtration, removing taste and
odor from chlorine, insoluble lead
reduction.
A 5-stage reverse osmosis system has an
third housing to hold an additional carbon
block cartridge.
19
20. • TFC (Thin Film Composite) rejects or removes 95% of total dissolved
solids (TDS) down to 0.0001 micron
• Different membrane modules are manufactured for use of water
purification or desalination system also in fuel cells.
3. Reverse osmosis Membrane
4. Post carbon Filters
• Coconut shell Activated carbon is final polishing.
• It is just before you use that water
• Inline post filters typically clip onto top of reverse osmosis systems
membrane housing
• This post filters removes any chlorine or contaminants missed by the other
cartilage or membrane.
20
21. Theoretical background
According to the solution-diffusion transport mechanism (Salt & Water
permeate reverse osmosis membranes)
The water flux, Ji is linked to the pressure and concentration gradient
across the membrane by the equation
Where
p is the pressure difference across the membrane,
π is the osmotic pressure differential across the membrane
A is constant
When the applied pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure ( p > π )
Water flows from the concentrated to dilute salt solution side of membrane
21
22. The salt flux J(j) across a reverse osmosis membrane is described by the equation
Where
B is salt permeability constant
Cjo & CJi are the salt concentrations on the feed and permeate side of the membrane
Concentration of salt in the permeate solution is usually much smaller than the
concentration in feed , so the above equation can be simplified to,
It follows from these two equations that, the water flux is proposnal to the applied
pressure but the salt flux is independent of pressure
Thus it means the membrane becomes more selective as pressure increases
22
23. • For the RO system to produce product water, a minimum pressure must be
applied to the membrane to overcome the natural Osmotic pressure of the water.
• This pressure depends on the type of ion present and their concentration in water
• Osmotic pressure doesn’t depend on the type of membrane
• Roughly, every 10 ppm of TDS contribute about 1 psi of osmotic pressure
• For instance, if the TDS of feed water is 2000 ppm, then the Osmotic Pressure for
this water is about 20 psi
• Generally, the applied pressure is at least twice the OP for the variable RO system
Table gives information about how the permeate quality and quantity for a
membrane may change as pressure is reduced
23
24. RO: Cellulosic membrane
• Cellulose acetate was the first high-performance reverse osmosis membrane
material discovered. (year 1894)
• The water & salt permeability of CA membrane is extremely sensitive to the
degree of acetylation of the polymer used to make the membrane.
• These membrane achieve 98-99 % sodium chloride rejection in seawater
desalination process
FTIR
SEM
XRD
TGA
ANTIBACTERIAL
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
24
25. ADVANTAGES OF CELLULOSIC MEMBRANE
• Easy to make
• Mechanically tough
• Cellulose acetate has higher flux
• Resistance to free chlorine concentration
• Kept free of bacteria
• Suitable to feed water having biological loading
RO: Non Cellulosic polymer membrane
During in 1960s to 1970s
Good sea water salt rejection upto 99.5 % but fluxes are low 1-3 gal/ft2
High chlorine rejection ( able to withstand upto 10000 ppm h)
High flux ( especially for polysulfone and poly vinyl alcohol.
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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26. RO: Interfacial Composite Membrane
Interfacial composite membrane are formed over porous support by in-situ
polycondensation of polyfunctional amines and acid chloride monomers at the interface
of solvent
Advantages
• High flux & High rejection RO due to interfacial polymerization
• Also be operated at 35 oc temperature
• Salt rejection 995 % and water flux of 30 gal/ft2 day at 800 psi
26
27. RO Modules: Membrane Configurations
Four Different Types of RO Modules Used In Desalination Process
TUBULAR MODULE
FRAME MODULE & PLATE MODULE
SPIRAL MODULE
HOLLOW FIBER MODULE
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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28. • Made up of cellulose triacetate or aromatic polyamides
• Module incorporate the membrane around the central, and feed solution
flowed rapidly outward to shell
• Because fibers are extremely tightly packed inside the pressure vessel, flow
of feed solution is quietly slow
• As much as 40-50 % of feed could be removed as permeate in a single pass
through the module
HOLLOW FIBER MODULE
28
29. Hollow fiber Advantage Hollow fiber Disadvantage
With high packing density because of
small strand diameter
Irreversible fouling & fiber breakage
Can be back flushed from the permeate
side and air scoured
Break under high strain compared to other
method and high operating cost
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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30. SPIRAL WOUND MODULE
• In last 20 years improvement of sea water spiral elements have been made
• The capacity of 8 inch element has been doubled wheras the salt passage is about three
times less.
• Operating pressure for spiral wound element was 69 bar (1000 psi) in the past recently
it is 89.7 bar (1200 psi) .
30
Spiral wound Advantage Spiral wound Disadvantage
Very high packing density than others Fouling is greater than fouling in tubular
filtration process
Easy for cleaning through CIP and
prevent membrane breakage
Can not handle by mechanical cleaning
like tubular and have low packing
density than hollow fiber
31. FRAME MODULE & PLATE MODULE
• Plate and frame membrane system utilizes membrane laid on the top of the plate like
structure which in turn is held together by frame like support.
• Flat sheet membrane bolted together with frame around the perimeter, similar to heat
exchanger and filter press.
• Two plate configuration : DEAD END & CROSS FLOW
• Dead End : Feed solution flows perpendicular to membrane
• Cross Flow : Flow tangential to membrane wall
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32. Frame & Plate Module Advantage Frame & Plate Module Disadvantage
Solid being able to be easily separated
from water and easy cleaning of filter
surface
Low packing density
Cross flow plates allow more shearing
force and fouling reduction
Low efficiency and high presuure drop
Handle high solid concentration For dead end system, buildup is much
greater than cross flow so efficiency is
become less
32
33. • T.M. consist of minimum of two tubes, Inner tube, called membrane tube, &
outer tube which is the shell
• Feed stream goes across the length of the membrane tube & is filtered out
into the outer shell while concentrate collects at the opposite end of the
membrane tube
• Used for application such as oily wastewater treatment, MBR and other high
solids process
TUBULAR MEMBRANE MODULE
• Tube like structure with porous wall
• Tubular modules work through tangential cross flow & can handle high
dissolved solids, high suspended solids, oil, grease, or fats
33
34. Tubular Module Advantage Tubular Module Disadvantage
It has less fouling compared to plate and
frame systems. And similar amount of
fouling when compared to spiral and
capillary.
Low packing density and large size
Allows robust cleaning methods such as
use of harsh chemicals, backwash and
mechanical cleaning which is unique
feature
Packing density higher than plate and
frame but lower than capillary, hollow
fiber, and spiral wound
Handle high solid and emulsified oil load
and can physically cleaned by sponge ball
Capital and operating cost is high
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
Cft Vnmkv Parbhani
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35. USES OF RO TECHNOLOGY
• Drinking water purification
• Waste water purification
• Hydrogen production
• Maple syrup production in food industry
• Production of deionized water
35
37. • Realm between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration.
• Hydraulic pressure is used to overcome the feed solution osmotic pressure,
and to induce diffusion of pure water, which we also called as permeate
through a semi permeable nanofiltration membrane
Rejects
dissolved
organics
insecticide
s and
pesticides
herbicid
es
Antibioti
cs
nitrates,
sugars
What is Retentate??
size range of 1 nm or 10 Angstroms.
• Nanofiltration may achieve moderate to low
removal of monovalent ions.
For example, sodium, potassium, chloride etc
37
38. • The features of nanofiltration membranes lie between those of non-porous
RO membrane and porous ultrafiltration membranes
• Commercial nanofiltration membranes possess a fixed charge developed by
dissociation of surface groups such as sulphurated or carboxylic acids.
NF Membrane allow ions
to be separated by a
combination of the size
and electrical effects of
UF and the ion interaction
mechanisms of RO
38
39. Properties of NF
PLATE AND
FRAME FORM
HOLLOW FIBER
FORMATS
CAPILLARY
SPIRAL WOUND,
TUBULAR
MEMBRANES
• NF can withstand very high or low pH environment.
• Membrane tends to have a slightly charged surface with a negative charge at a
neutral pH.
39
40. Transport theories or models are adapted to describe the
Nanofiltration transport
1. Sourirajan’s sorption surface capillary flow model
2. Solution diffusion model
Sourirajan’s sorption surface capillary flow theory
• sorption of water molecules in the membrane. And then the desorption of
multivalent ions by dielectric forces
• effective charge density, pore radius and ionic strength determine the
rejection of monovalent ions.
• For nanofiltration membranes the rejection of monovalent ions ranges
between 0% to 50%.
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
Cft Vnmkv Parbhani
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41. Solution diffusion model
• Describes the membrane as a porous film into which both water and solute
ions dissolve.
• Solute moves in the membrane mainly under the concentration gradient
forces.
• Water transport is dependent on the hydraulic pressure gradient.
• Transport of the solute through the membrane depends on the hindered
diffusion as well as convection.
Transport mechanism of charged solute
• Three modes of transfer:
Diffusion
Convection
Electromigration
41
42. Parameters That Affect The Performance Of A
Nanofiltration Membrane
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Cross-Flow velocity
• Solution PH
NF Advantages NF Disadvantages
Lower discharge volumes, lower retained
concentrations than RO for low value salts
Higher energy consumption than
ultrafiltration and microfiltration
Reduction in heavy metals Limited retention for salts and univalent
ions
Reduced to nitrates and sulphates Expensive than reverse osmosis
membranes
Reduction in colour, tannins and turbidity Membranes are sensitive to free chlorine.
Most of the time chlorine is present in
water and water streams 42
43. NF Application
• Desalination of food, dairy and beverage products or by-products.
• Partial desalination of whey, UF permeate or retentate as required.
Desalination of dyes and optical brighteners.
• Purification of spent clean in place chemicals, CIP chemicals.
• Colour reduction or manipulation of food products.
• Concentration of food, dairy and beverage products or by-products.
• Fermentation byproduct concentration.
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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44. REFRENCES
• Food Processing Handbook James G. Brennan
• M.H. Moulder, Basic techniques in membrane technology
• Https://www.Safewater.Org/fact-sheets1/2017/1/23/ultrafiltrationnanoandro
• B.K. Datta Mass transfer and seperation process 2007
• K. Nath Membrane seperation processes PHI 2008
• M.cheryan ultrafiltration and microfiltration hand book
• Membrane Technology Prof. Kaustubha Mohanty Department of
Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
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45. Mr. Shinde S.B. ( 2020T14M)
M. Tech food technology
Cft Vnmkv Parbhani 45