Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of Cotton (Gossypium) for the Chemical and Biochemical Contents, Minerals and Trace Elements
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
Pineapple: Potential Source of Proteolytic Enzymes for Degumming of Raw Silk ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Pineapple is a well-known reservoir of proteases. Treatment of silk skeins with pineapple juice resulted in degumming of the fibers leading to unmasking of the lustrous inner layer. The juice obtained from raw pineapple was subjected to concentration by saturation with 85% ammonium sulfate. The proteolytic activity of the juice as well as the concentrate was found to effectively degum the skein. The proteases were optimally active at pH 6.6, and 50-55 C. Treatment of the skein with 5U of proteolytic activity at 50 C and pH 6.6 for 120min resulted in weight loss to an extent of 17-18.5%. Release of peptides and amino acids, arginine, histidine and aromatic amino acids was monitored during the process of degumming. The rate of release of peptides and amino acids was relatively higher till 90-120min, reducing thereafter. The enzymatically degummed skeins were found to be more lustrous in comparison to untreated skeins. Conventionally, raw silk skeins are chemically treated to impart luster to the fiber. Enzymatically degummed fibers displayed smoother texture and improved stretch ability in comparison to chemically decoated skeins. Use of pineapple in silk manufacture may boost the agronomy in tropical regions where it is grown extensively.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000585.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on American Research Journal of Agriculture please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Phytochemical screening and Polyphenol estimation by HPLC of Terminalia arjunapharmaindexing
The document reports on a study that evaluated the components and polyphenol content of Terminalia arjuna samples using proximate analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proximate analysis identified foreign matter, moisture content, ash, extractable matter, tannins, swelling index, and foaming index of different Terminalia arjuna dosage forms. HPLC analysis identified and quantified six polyphenols - gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Capsule dosage form had the highest levels of 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and gallic acid, while choornam
This document summarizes an experiment to extract and characterize crude oil from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. The extraction was done using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the extracted oil included determining specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value. The results of these tests were within ASTM standard specifications. Characterization suggested the oil contains high levels of saturated fatty acids. The oil showed considerable changes in iodine value and peroxide value when stored for one month under light, darkness, and refrigeration conditions, indicating oxidative rancidity.
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of the leaves of Ficus racemosa. Microscopic analysis of the leaf's transverse section revealed features like epidermis, collenchymatous cells, palisade parenchyma, vascular bundle, and unicellular trichomes. Phytochemical screening of successive leaf extracts detected the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Evaluation of the leaf powder found pH, ash values, and extractive values. The methanol leaf extract showed anthelmintic activity against the Indian earthworm in a dose-dependent manner.
Preparation and Standardisation of Ayurvedic Dosage formsManjusha Kondepudi
Standardization of Asava&Arista, Churna, Bhasma, Avalehya and Gutika.
Importance of standardization of herbals
Standardization of herbal raw material, plant extract
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of natural medicinal products, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. It describes procedures for determining foaming index, volatile oils, tannin content, contaminants like pesticides and microbes, and using quantitative microscopy with lycopodium spores to calculate drug purity percentages. Evaluation methods help ensure manufacturing quality and consistency of natural medicines.
Isolation and Pharmacological Activities of Curcumin from Curcuma longa L.AnuragSingh1049
The document discusses the isolation and evaluation of pharmacological activities of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa (turmeric). Various antioxidant assays were performed on the curcumin fraction, including DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and ferric reducing power assays. The curcumin fraction also showed anti-hemolytic, anti-angiogenesis, and antibacterial activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify components in the curcumin fraction. Overall, the study found that curcumin extracted from turmeric demonstrated significant antioxidant and pharmacological properties.
Pineapple: Potential Source of Proteolytic Enzymes for Degumming of Raw Silk ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Pineapple is a well-known reservoir of proteases. Treatment of silk skeins with pineapple juice resulted in degumming of the fibers leading to unmasking of the lustrous inner layer. The juice obtained from raw pineapple was subjected to concentration by saturation with 85% ammonium sulfate. The proteolytic activity of the juice as well as the concentrate was found to effectively degum the skein. The proteases were optimally active at pH 6.6, and 50-55 C. Treatment of the skein with 5U of proteolytic activity at 50 C and pH 6.6 for 120min resulted in weight loss to an extent of 17-18.5%. Release of peptides and amino acids, arginine, histidine and aromatic amino acids was monitored during the process of degumming. The rate of release of peptides and amino acids was relatively higher till 90-120min, reducing thereafter. The enzymatically degummed skeins were found to be more lustrous in comparison to untreated skeins. Conventionally, raw silk skeins are chemically treated to impart luster to the fiber. Enzymatically degummed fibers displayed smoother texture and improved stretch ability in comparison to chemically decoated skeins. Use of pineapple in silk manufacture may boost the agronomy in tropical regions where it is grown extensively.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000585.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on American Research Journal of Agriculture please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Phytochemical screening and Polyphenol estimation by HPLC of Terminalia arjunapharmaindexing
The document reports on a study that evaluated the components and polyphenol content of Terminalia arjuna samples using proximate analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proximate analysis identified foreign matter, moisture content, ash, extractable matter, tannins, swelling index, and foaming index of different Terminalia arjuna dosage forms. HPLC analysis identified and quantified six polyphenols - gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Capsule dosage form had the highest levels of 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and gallic acid, while choornam
This document summarizes an experiment to extract and characterize crude oil from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. The extraction was done using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. Characterization of the extracted oil included determining specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value. The results of these tests were within ASTM standard specifications. Characterization suggested the oil contains high levels of saturated fatty acids. The oil showed considerable changes in iodine value and peroxide value when stored for one month under light, darkness, and refrigeration conditions, indicating oxidative rancidity.
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of the leaves of Ficus racemosa. Microscopic analysis of the leaf's transverse section revealed features like epidermis, collenchymatous cells, palisade parenchyma, vascular bundle, and unicellular trichomes. Phytochemical screening of successive leaf extracts detected the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Evaluation of the leaf powder found pH, ash values, and extractive values. The methanol leaf extract showed anthelmintic activity against the Indian earthworm in a dose-dependent manner.
Preparation and Standardisation of Ayurvedic Dosage formsManjusha Kondepudi
Standardization of Asava&Arista, Churna, Bhasma, Avalehya and Gutika.
Importance of standardization of herbals
Standardization of herbal raw material, plant extract
The document discusses guidelines for standardization and quality control of herbal drugs and formulations. It describes various parameters for standardization including macroscopic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluations. Specific tests covered include determination of foreign matter, ash values, extractive values, water soluble ash, total solid content, water content, volatile oil content, bitterness value, haemolytic activity, tannin content, swelling index and foaming index. Standardization helps in confirmation of identity, quality and purity of herbal drugs.
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of natural medicinal products, including physical, chemical, and biological tests. It describes procedures for determining foaming index, volatile oils, tannin content, contaminants like pesticides and microbes, and using quantitative microscopy with lycopodium spores to calculate drug purity percentages. Evaluation methods help ensure manufacturing quality and consistency of natural medicines.
Isolation and Pharmacological Activities of Curcumin from Curcuma longa L.AnuragSingh1049
The document discusses the isolation and evaluation of pharmacological activities of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa (turmeric). Various antioxidant assays were performed on the curcumin fraction, including DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and ferric reducing power assays. The curcumin fraction also showed anti-hemolytic, anti-angiogenesis, and antibacterial activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify components in the curcumin fraction. Overall, the study found that curcumin extracted from turmeric demonstrated significant antioxidant and pharmacological properties.
This document discusses the standardization of Ayurvedic formulations. It explains that standardization involves quantifying the purity, quality, identity and constituents of drugs and formulations. For churnas (powders), both Ayurvedic and modern parameters are used for standardization, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopy, physical analysis, phytochemical analysis, and testing for contaminants. Similar parameters are discussed for standardizing other formulations like asavas, arishtas, avalehas, vatis, gutikas, tailas, ghritas and arka. Shelf life testing is also important for ensuring formulations remain within approved specifications when stored properly.
This document summarizes a seminar on the use of enzymes in textile processing. It discusses how enzymes can be used for bio-singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and bio-finishing processes as alternatives to conventional chemical methods. Enzymes offer advantages of operating at milder conditions while reducing water, energy and chemical usage. Specific enzymes like amylase, pectinase, catalase and cellulase are discussed in the context of their roles in desizing, scouring, bleaching and bio-washing textiles respectively. The mechanisms of various enzymatic processes and their benefits over traditional chemical methods are also highlighted.
Jurnal 1 physicochemical characterization of seed and seed oil of jatropha cu...anggaeryanto
This document summarizes a study characterizing the physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil collected from Bardoli, India. The seed was found to contain 46.31% oil and 22.50% protein. Analysis of the seed oil showed an iodine value of 106.00 mg/g, acid value of 36.46, and saponification value of 194.70 mg/g. Gas chromatography analysis identified the main fatty acids in the oil as palmitic acid (16.69%), stearic acid (7.67%), oleic acid (40.39%) and linoleic acid (33.09%).
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions and are used in various industries including textiles. In the textile industry, enzymes are used for desizing, bio-polishing, stone washing, and stain removal. Enzymes offer advantages over chemicals as they are effective under mild conditions, reduce water and energy usage, and are environmentally friendly. Specific enzymes like cellulase and polyesterase are used to treat fabrics containing materials like cotton and polyester respectively.
Mango (Mangifera Indica.L) is the national
fruit of India. Peels and seeds are the by-products obtained
during processing of mango. The Mango seed possess disposal
problem if not handled properly therefore conversion of mango
seed kernel to starch is the solution of this problem. Starch is
used in food and pharmaceutical industry. These industries
depend on crops that are the primary source of food for the
human thus raising the food prices. Unlike the conventional
method of producing starch, this method totally uses raw waste.
The report showed the maximum yield of starch was 59.06
percent, the amylose content 16.3 percent and ash content
between 0.12 to 0.15 percent. The purity of the starch obtained
was 97.18 percent when compared to market starch which was
92.59 percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the starch obtained
from mango seed kernel can be used in food industry.
Production of Pachouli Oil by Fermentation Methode Using Phanerochaete Chryso...IJERD Editor
This document discusses research into producing patchouli oil through fermentation using Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus. The research aims to determine the effect of adding kieserite, a magnesium sulfate fertilizer, and fermentation time on the yield, quality, and patchouli alcohol content of the extracted patchouli oil. Variables tested included fermentation time between 7-15 days and kieserite addition of 0.5-1.5 g/L of media. The results showed that decreasing kieserite added and increasing fermentation time up to 15 days improved yield and quality. The best results were obtained at 15 days fermentation with 0.5 g/L kieserite
This document summarizes a study on the fermentative production of squalene using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii under anaerobic conditions. Squalene yields of 41.16 μg/g and 237.25 μg/g were obtained from S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii, respectively. Isolation and purification of squalene from lipid extracts of the yeast cells was achieved through chromatographic techniques. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the purified product was squalene.
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the leather industry. It notes that the conventional chemical-heavy leather processing generates significant pollution. The document proposes using microbial enzymes as an alternative that can reduce pollution by simplifying steps and replacing chemicals in processes like soaking, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Future tanneries may combine enzymes and chemicals to produce eco-friendly leather labeled products.
Development and in vitro evaluation of polyphenols (catechin) loaded mucoadhe...SriramNagarajan17
This document describes the development and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches containing the polyphenol catechin. Various formulations were prepared using different polymers like HPMC, CMC, and chitosan, as well as an extract from Vinga radiata. The best performing formulation in terms of mucoadhesive properties and in vitro drug release was one containing a 1:1.5 ratio of chitosan and Vinga radiata extract. This formulation showed less erosion, faster hydration, an optimal pH, and released 66.2% of the drug within 6 hours in diffusion studies. Stability testing found it retained over 97% of the drug content after one month of storage.
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study compared the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and haldi (Curcuma longa). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, and saponins in both plant extracts. However, proteins were only present in haldi. Quantitative analysis found tulsi to have lower moisture content and water-soluble ash than haldi. The physicochemical and phytochemical profiles provide useful data for identification of these medicinal plants.
Proximate analysis and its limitations
The document discusses Weende's system of proximate analysis developed in the 1860s to analyze the main components of feeds. The components analyzed include moisture, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract (carbohydrates). While this system provides a simple analysis, it has limitations. Crude protein overestimates protein content, ash does not truly represent mineral levels, and crude fiber does not accurately measure the least digestible fibers in many feeds. Overall, proximate analysis provides a basic breakdown of feeds but has restrictions in precisely representing the true nutritional composition.
Proximate and Microbial Profile of Couscous Yoghurt Produced from Soya MilkIJEAB
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of milk type (cow milk, soya milk, or a 50:50 mixture) and mixing ratio on the proximate composition and microbial profile of couscous yoghurt. Yoghurts were produced from the three milk types then mixed with couscous at ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. The experiment tested 9 treatments total. Proximate compositions and microbial counts were analyzed. Results showed significant differences in composition and counts based on milk type and ratio. The cow-soya milk mixture at a 70:30 ratio had the highest protein and nutrient content. All samples had microbial levels within acceptable standards.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
Regulations of bis, agmark, fda & us fda on food productsBHAVANASAMANTHAPUDI
The document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contaminants in herbal formulations. It describes using column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography to analyze samples. Methods are provided for extracting samples and detecting residues of pesticides like DDT and BHC, as well as phototoxins like furanocoumarins. Plating, membrane filtration, and serial dilution techniques are also outlined for evaluating microbial contamination in herbal drugs.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Biochemical studies on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Uploadworld
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a key role in traditional health care system for human and animals. Seeds from wheat crops possess a significant amount of phytochemicals. In Present study qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of wheat extract was made.
Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document discusses the standardization of Ayurvedic formulations. It explains that standardization involves quantifying the purity, quality, identity and constituents of drugs and formulations. For churnas (powders), both Ayurvedic and modern parameters are used for standardization, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopy, physical analysis, phytochemical analysis, and testing for contaminants. Similar parameters are discussed for standardizing other formulations like asavas, arishtas, avalehas, vatis, gutikas, tailas, ghritas and arka. Shelf life testing is also important for ensuring formulations remain within approved specifications when stored properly.
This document summarizes a seminar on the use of enzymes in textile processing. It discusses how enzymes can be used for bio-singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and bio-finishing processes as alternatives to conventional chemical methods. Enzymes offer advantages of operating at milder conditions while reducing water, energy and chemical usage. Specific enzymes like amylase, pectinase, catalase and cellulase are discussed in the context of their roles in desizing, scouring, bleaching and bio-washing textiles respectively. The mechanisms of various enzymatic processes and their benefits over traditional chemical methods are also highlighted.
Jurnal 1 physicochemical characterization of seed and seed oil of jatropha cu...anggaeryanto
This document summarizes a study characterizing the physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil collected from Bardoli, India. The seed was found to contain 46.31% oil and 22.50% protein. Analysis of the seed oil showed an iodine value of 106.00 mg/g, acid value of 36.46, and saponification value of 194.70 mg/g. Gas chromatography analysis identified the main fatty acids in the oil as palmitic acid (16.69%), stearic acid (7.67%), oleic acid (40.39%) and linoleic acid (33.09%).
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions and are used in various industries including textiles. In the textile industry, enzymes are used for desizing, bio-polishing, stone washing, and stain removal. Enzymes offer advantages over chemicals as they are effective under mild conditions, reduce water and energy usage, and are environmentally friendly. Specific enzymes like cellulase and polyesterase are used to treat fabrics containing materials like cotton and polyester respectively.
Mango (Mangifera Indica.L) is the national
fruit of India. Peels and seeds are the by-products obtained
during processing of mango. The Mango seed possess disposal
problem if not handled properly therefore conversion of mango
seed kernel to starch is the solution of this problem. Starch is
used in food and pharmaceutical industry. These industries
depend on crops that are the primary source of food for the
human thus raising the food prices. Unlike the conventional
method of producing starch, this method totally uses raw waste.
The report showed the maximum yield of starch was 59.06
percent, the amylose content 16.3 percent and ash content
between 0.12 to 0.15 percent. The purity of the starch obtained
was 97.18 percent when compared to market starch which was
92.59 percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the starch obtained
from mango seed kernel can be used in food industry.
Production of Pachouli Oil by Fermentation Methode Using Phanerochaete Chryso...IJERD Editor
This document discusses research into producing patchouli oil through fermentation using Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus. The research aims to determine the effect of adding kieserite, a magnesium sulfate fertilizer, and fermentation time on the yield, quality, and patchouli alcohol content of the extracted patchouli oil. Variables tested included fermentation time between 7-15 days and kieserite addition of 0.5-1.5 g/L of media. The results showed that decreasing kieserite added and increasing fermentation time up to 15 days improved yield and quality. The best results were obtained at 15 days fermentation with 0.5 g/L kieserite
This document summarizes a study on the fermentative production of squalene using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii under anaerobic conditions. Squalene yields of 41.16 μg/g and 237.25 μg/g were obtained from S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii, respectively. Isolation and purification of squalene from lipid extracts of the yeast cells was achieved through chromatographic techniques. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the purified product was squalene.
This document discusses the use of enzymes in the leather industry. It notes that the conventional chemical-heavy leather processing generates significant pollution. The document proposes using microbial enzymes as an alternative that can reduce pollution by simplifying steps and replacing chemicals in processes like soaking, dehairing, bating, and degreasing. Future tanneries may combine enzymes and chemicals to produce eco-friendly leather labeled products.
Development and in vitro evaluation of polyphenols (catechin) loaded mucoadhe...SriramNagarajan17
This document describes the development and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches containing the polyphenol catechin. Various formulations were prepared using different polymers like HPMC, CMC, and chitosan, as well as an extract from Vinga radiata. The best performing formulation in terms of mucoadhesive properties and in vitro drug release was one containing a 1:1.5 ratio of chitosan and Vinga radiata extract. This formulation showed less erosion, faster hydration, an optimal pH, and released 66.2% of the drug within 6 hours in diffusion studies. Stability testing found it retained over 97% of the drug content after one month of storage.
Effect of Drying Methods on Quality Characteristics of Curry (Murraya koenigi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different drying methods viz., Sun drying, shade drying and tray drying (temperature 45, 55 and 65 0C) were used for dehydration of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaves for optimal retention of color and its constituents. It was observed that the time required for tray drying was less (27%), when compared to sun and shade drying. Tray dried (550C) curry leaves had maintained nutritional constituents up to acceptable limit with superior green color and a more porous and uniform structure than those obtained from sun and shade drying. Dehydrated curry leaves showed good consumer acceptance as well as shelf life.
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study compared the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and haldi (Curcuma longa). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, and saponins in both plant extracts. However, proteins were only present in haldi. Quantitative analysis found tulsi to have lower moisture content and water-soluble ash than haldi. The physicochemical and phytochemical profiles provide useful data for identification of these medicinal plants.
Proximate analysis and its limitations
The document discusses Weende's system of proximate analysis developed in the 1860s to analyze the main components of feeds. The components analyzed include moisture, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract (carbohydrates). While this system provides a simple analysis, it has limitations. Crude protein overestimates protein content, ash does not truly represent mineral levels, and crude fiber does not accurately measure the least digestible fibers in many feeds. Overall, proximate analysis provides a basic breakdown of feeds but has restrictions in precisely representing the true nutritional composition.
Proximate and Microbial Profile of Couscous Yoghurt Produced from Soya MilkIJEAB
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of milk type (cow milk, soya milk, or a 50:50 mixture) and mixing ratio on the proximate composition and microbial profile of couscous yoghurt. Yoghurts were produced from the three milk types then mixed with couscous at ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. The experiment tested 9 treatments total. Proximate compositions and microbial counts were analyzed. Results showed significant differences in composition and counts based on milk type and ratio. The cow-soya milk mixture at a 70:30 ratio had the highest protein and nutrient content. All samples had microbial levels within acceptable standards.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
Regulations of bis, agmark, fda & us fda on food productsBHAVANASAMANTHAPUDI
The document discusses methods for determining pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contaminants in herbal formulations. It describes using column chromatography, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography to analyze samples. Methods are provided for extracting samples and detecting residues of pesticides like DDT and BHC, as well as phototoxins like furanocoumarins. Plating, membrane filtration, and serial dilution techniques are also outlined for evaluating microbial contamination in herbal drugs.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Biochemical studies on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Uploadworld
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a key role in traditional health care system for human and animals. Seeds from wheat crops possess a significant amount of phytochemicals. In Present study qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of wheat extract was made.
Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...
Similar to Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of Cotton (Gossypium) for the Chemical and Biochemical Contents, Minerals and Trace Elements
Antimicrobial activities of Six Types of Wheat BranIOSRJAC
Six types of wheat bran (Emam, Pohean, Wadielneel, Argeen, Pladi and Debeira) investigated for their biological and antioxidant activities. Physiochemical properties carried for their oil. The polar and nonpolar extracts showed antioxidant activity. These results showed the importance of the wheat bran types as nutritive and medicinal plant. All plant bran types investigated for its biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial. Some types of the plant bran extracts showed antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, some types of the extracts showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, and Aspergillusniger. Polar and nonpolar extracts of the plant bran types prepared. The petroleum ether extracts subjected to determination by GC/ MS. It showed different major fatty acids as Linoleic acid followed by Linolelaidic acid and then Palmatic acid. The ethanolic extract of Plaid type separated by column chromatography. The isolated constituents were structurally determined using spectrophotometric analysis as IR, UV, and GC/MS. The ethanolic extract components may be esters and ketones as suggested by GC/MS and their functional groups appeared in the IR readings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Isolation of Yeasts from Raisins and Palm-Juice and Ethanol Production in Mol...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
The alternative fuels are expected to satisfy the progressive demand for energy on the wake of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere and resultant universal warming. In this study two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisae were isolated from Palm juice and Raisins. Both isolates were grown in Yeast extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium and characterized for alcoholic fermentation using molasses medium and optimized for pH, thermo-, osmo-, ethanol tolerance and sugar concentration. Results showed for ethanol fermentation, 31°C temperature, 6.01 pH and 6.50% sugar concentration is the prime condition. Raisin-isolate emerged as highly thermophilic and stress tolerant in nature. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisae isolated from Palmjuice produced 9.85% of ethanol in the medium. Creation of ethanol through fermentation appears to be a potential other fossil fuel and can be used as exclusive fuel in vehicles with dedicated engines or in fuel blends.
IRJET- Solid State Fermentation for Prodigiosin Production using Serratia Mar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using food waste as a substrate for solid state fermentation to produce the red pigment prodigiosin using Serratia marcescens bacteria. Various food wastes and inert materials like fibers were tested as substrates. Initial screening found rice husk, palm oil fiber, and sawdust produced the most pigment. Further optimization was done on parameters like incubation time, pH, inoculum size, moisture content, and carbon source to determine the best conditions for maximum prodigiosin production using food waste and rice husk.
Comparative Analysis of the proximate Composition of palmyrah pinattu and flo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Palmyrah (Borassusflabellifer) fruit is mostly used as fresh fruit, because of its perishable nature it is traditionally preserved as dried fruit pulp called as pinattu (fruit leather). It contained pectin as well as contain appreciable amount of saponinbecause of that fruit pulp having important medicinal properties. Considering these facts the phytochemical constituents of solvent extracts of pinattuwas identified and evaluated. Samples was collected from the three different branches ofPalmyrah Development Board.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and in-vitro antimicrobial studies of a copper(II) complex derived from black pepper. Specifically, it details the isolation of 1-[5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]piperidine from black pepper through solvent extraction. It then describes the synthesis of the copper(II) complex using the isolated compound as a ligand. Various spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis were used to characterize the ligand and complex. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of both the ligand and complex were evaluated against various bacteria and fungi, finding that the copper
This document analyzed the nutritive value of different parts (young leaves, mature leaves, inflorescence, stem) of five types of Solenostemon scutellarioides plants. Ash, moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and caloric content were measured using standard laboratory methods. Young leaves of type 5 had the highest nutritive value at 505.55 calories/kg, with 34% fat content. While all plant parts had nutritive values over 300 calories/kg, they are not all equally used as human food despite medicinal properties, possibly due to anti-nutritional compounds. The study provides information on nutritional quality but not whether these plants could be considered functional foods.
Enrichment of Omega 3 Fatty Acids using Urea Complexation Method to Enhance t...ijtsrd
Lipid fraction extracted from tissues of oily fish and fishery by products are one of the best source of omega 3 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs , mainly eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA . Method of oil extraction from the Dasyatis sephen liver is simple and cheap. Therefore, the present study was conducted to extract and enrich the Omega 3 fatty acids from Dasyatis sephen liver which is discarded during dry fish production. Bligh and Dyer's method was used to extract oil. Fatty acids profiles were determined by Gas Liquid Chromatography method GLC . Average liver lipid recovery was 69.54 w w . Crude liver oil fatty acid profile of DHA and EPA was 0.5 and 0.6 , respectively. Urea complexation was done to enrich the extracted Omega 3 fatty acids. Physio chemical properties such as moisture content, color, specific gravity, peroxide value, and fatty acid compositions were obtained under the tolerable standard. The level of DHA 22 6n 3 and EPA 20 5n 3 in the enriched Dasyatis sephen oil were 9.7 and 8.7 , respectively. It could be concluded that the converting of Ray fish by product into enriched oil is an opportunity of adding value to the fish by product and could be suitable for applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Duglas Sathees | Vidanarachchi J. K | Himali S. M. C "Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids using Urea Complexation Method to Enhance the Nutritive Value of Stingray Fish (Dasyatis Sephen F.) Liver Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25181.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/animal-science/25181/enrichment-of-omega-3-fatty-acids-using-urea-complexation-method-to-enhance-the-nutritive-value-of-stingray-fish-dasyatis-sephen-f-liver-oil/duglas-sathees
Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. Mango Fruit Peel Extractijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the potential of Mangifera indica (mango) fruit peel extract to make germicidal soap. The researchers determined the physical properties (e.g. color, melting point, pH) and chemical properties (e.g. acid value, iodine value) of the mango peel soap. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was conducted using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed that the prepared soap did not reduce the growth of the microorganisms. Therefore, the researchers concluded that mango peel can be used to make soap but it is not comparable to commercially available germicidal soaps.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of seeds from two samples of Cicer arietinum (chickpea) purchased from local markets in Roopnagar, Punjab, India. The researchers conducted macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the seeds, as well as physicochemical evaluation including determination of extractive values, ash values, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index, and pH. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fixed oils and fats. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts showed multiple compounds
The Effects of Grape Seed Powder and Extract on Antimicrobial of Fermented Tu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this study, the effects of the grape seed powders and extracts of from two different grape cultivars (Razakı and Siyah Gemre) on the quality characteristics of Turkish sausage were investigated during the ripening period. Some characteristics of Turkish sausage including phenolic content, radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, Fe +2 chelating activity, Inhibition of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcusaureus, Candida albicans were studied. In fermented sausage, grape seed powders and extracts demonstrated the greatest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the results showed that Siyah Gemre grape seed extract was able to reduce Staphylococcusaureus populations by 42 CFU/g, while the population of Escherichia Coli was reduced by 590 CFU/g. Siyah Gemre grape seed extract was able to reduce Candida albicans populations by 880 CFU/g. Also this study demonstrated that grape seed extracts were more effective than grape seed powders. Our results suggest that the use of grape seed extract is a feasible alternative as antibacterial and antioxidant agents to prevent the deterioration of foods by bacteria and oxidation. Keywords— Grape seed powder and extract, Razakı and Siyah Gemre antimicrobial, antioxidant, natural preservative.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents of seven Indian medicinal plants: Aegle marmelos, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta prostrata, Moringa pterygosperma, Pongamia pinnata, Sida acuta, and Tridax procumbens. The study found that all plants contained flavonoids, while other constituents like alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides varied between plants. Quantitative analysis found that A. marmelos had the highest levels of alkaloids at 1.08% and tannins at 15.26%. The study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the traditional medic
Similar to Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of Cotton (Gossypium) for the Chemical and Biochemical Contents, Minerals and Trace Elements (20)
Simple and direct synthesis of zinc vanadate ZnV2O5 nanocrystals for its elec...Arvind Singh Heer
Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals were prepared by two steps, ceramic route process. Optimization of the
ceramic route processing conditions enhances the Electrocatalytic and Antimicrobial performance of the prepared
nanoparticles. The thermally treated material was subjected to XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM and
EDS, which confirmed the formation of Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals. The electrochemical detection of
Anthracene by Zinc Vanadate nanoparticles was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry. The result concludes that the
ZnV2O5 NPs have the higher activity for detection and oxidation of Anthracene. The as-synthesized ZnV2O5 NPs were
found to exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli (E.coli) gram-negative and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) gram-positive microorganisms implying their strong potential as the antimicrobial
agent.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBSArvind Singh Heer
IT IS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI), AZADIRACHTAINDICA (NEEM), FICUS RELIGIOSA (PEEPAL), CYNODON DACTYLON (DURVA/BERMUDA GRASS) AND AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) PLANTS FOR IT’S FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. When X-rays strike a crystalline material, they cause the atoms to diffract in predictable patterns. By analyzing these diffraction patterns, properties of the crystal such as its d-spacing and unit cell parameters can be determined. Powder XRD is commonly used, where a sample is finely powdered and exposed to monochromatic X-rays, producing a characteristic diffraction pattern that can identify unknown crystalline materials.
The document discusses stereochemistry and isomers. It defines different types of isomers including constitutional, geometric (cis/trans), conformational, enantiomers and diastereomers. It explains chirality, how molecules can be chiral like hands or screws, and defines stereocenters. Absolute configuration is discussed using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules to assign R and S. Properties of enantiomers and diastereomers are compared. Methods to separate enantiomers like chemical resolution of a racemate are covered.
This document provides an overview of human nutrition. It discusses the biological values of proteins and how they are measured. It also summarizes the key aspects of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as nutrients - including their dietary sources, essential uses in the body, and dietary requirements. Pathways of lipid metabolism and hormonal controls of protein synthesis are also briefly covered. The document serves to introduce the topic of human nutrition and its various biochemical components.
This document provides an overview of redox reactions including:
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species, resulting in oxidation and reduction.
- Oxidizing agents gain electrons and are reduced, while reducing agents lose electrons and are oxidized.
- Latimer, Frost, and Pourbaix diagrams can be used to predict and understand redox reactions in aqueous solutions by showing the thermodynamic stability of different oxidation states.
- Key concepts like disproportionation, oxidizing/reducing abilities, and stable/unstable species can be determined from these types of diagrams.
This document discusses potable water and water treatment. It defines potable water as water that is safe for drinking. Water quality is determined by physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Treatment involves removing contaminants through processes like settling, filtration and disinfection to make water potable. Direct pollution discharges pollutants directly into water bodies, while indirect pollution occurs when pollutants enter water indirectly, like agricultural runoff. Various treatment stages like coagulation, sedimentation and filtration are used to purify water for drinking.
This document summarizes the principles and applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, also known as nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. It discusses how Mossbauer spectroscopy probes nuclei using gamma rays and measures gamma absorption spectra. It explains how nuclei in solid crystals can undergo nuclear resonance because they are bound and not free to recoil. The document also outlines several key parameters that must be satisfied for Mossbauer spectroscopy to be effective, including the energy of nuclear transitions and lifetimes of excited states. Finally, it provides examples of how Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to identify iron oxide nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria.
This document provides an overview of NMR spectroscopy, including its principles, applications, and the process of nuclear relaxation. It discusses how NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to analyze atomic nuclei and can be used to determine molecular structure and purity. The key principles of NMR are that atomic nuclei generate magnetic fields and can absorb and emit radio waves when placed in an external magnetic field. Nuclear relaxation occurs as the nuclei return to equilibrium and involves the transfer of energy between nuclei. The document also summarizes NMR applications for specific elements like tin, platinum, and their isotopes.
This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
This document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent of absorption of an active drug into the biological system. Bioavailability is determined by comparing the area under the curve (AUC) of an oral dose to that of an intravenous dose. There are different types of bioavailability, including absolute and relative bioavailability. Several factors can affect bioavailability, such as solubility, particle size, and stability. Bioequivalence refers to different drug formulations reaching systemic circulation at the same rate and to the same extent. Bioequivalence studies are important for determining therapeutic equivalence between generic and reference drugs. Limitations of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies include difficulties with drugs that have long
Mass spectrometry is a technique that ionizes chemical compounds and separates and identifies ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios. It can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about molecular structures. During analysis, molecules are bombarded by electrons which produces molecular ions and fragment ions. These ions are then separated by their mass in electric and magnetic fields. By analyzing the masses of molecular and fragment ions, mass spectrometry can determine molecular formulas and elucidate molecular structures. It is a highly sensitive technique that is widely used for molecular identification.
This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
Affinity chromatography is a method used to separate biochemical mixtures based on highly specific interactions like antigen-antibody binding. It works by coupling a ligand to a stationary phase gel that can trap molecules of interest from a mobile phase solution. Unbound molecules are washed away while bound molecules are later released through elution. Common uses include purifying proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, and enzymes from mixtures by exploiting properties like metal ion binding or interactions with lectins or ligands.
This document summarizes different types of ion selective potentiometry electrodes, including liquid-liquid membrane electrodes, enzyme electrodes, and gas sensing electrodes. Liquid-liquid membrane electrodes use a water-immiscible liquid ion exchanger membrane to selectively measure ions like calcium. Enzyme electrodes immobilize enzymes like urease on an electrode to selectively measure enzyme substrates like urea. Gas sensing electrodes use a thin, porous, replaceable membrane to separate an analyte solution from an internal solution, allowing the electrode to selectively measure dissolved gases or ions by detecting pH changes.
This document summarizes several organic rearrangement reactions: the Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, and Curtius rearrangement. The Cope rearrangement involves the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. The Claisen rearrangement is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that rearranges allyl vinyl ethers to γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyls. The Curtius rearrangement converts carboxylic acids to isocyanates through an acid azide intermediate. Mechanisms are provided for each reaction.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of Cotton (Gossypium) for the Chemical and Biochemical Contents, Minerals and Trace Elements
1. ISSN 2229-760X (Print)
ISSN 2319-7625 (Online)
Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol.7(6), 425-434, June 2017
(An International Research Journal), www.chemistry-journal.org
425
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II
and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of Cotton (Gossypium)
for the Chemical and Biochemical Contents,
Minerals and Trace Elements
Nikita K. Chamria, Arvind Singh Heer, Sajid M. Mansoori and Satish R. Ingale
Department of Chemistry,
Mithibai College, Ville Parle (West), Mumbai-400056, Maharashtra, INDIA.
email: nikskhushi1@gmail.com.
(Received on: June 10, Accepted: June 17 , 2017)
ABSTRACT
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and
tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The
present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet
– III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the
drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to
proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water
soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium,
crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the
presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols,
saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the
CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen,
sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic
agents and domestic and industrial oil.
Keywords: Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of cottonseed, cottonseed oil,
proximate analysis, phytochemical analysis and elemental analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION
Cotton is a natural vegetable fiber obtained from the cotton plant of the genus
gossypium and belongs to Malvacae family, a shrub which grows to about 40 cm high in
tropical and subtropical areas with its flowers either red or yellow. Gossypium (cotton) is
economically the most important plant comprising of around 50 species1
. Cotton was first
2. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
426
cultivated in 5th millennium BC by Indus valley civilization. The capsules (seeds) are formed
as soon as the petals fall off and burst open into four parts upon maturity thereby revealing the
cottonseeds after which they are harvested mechanically. The short cellulose fibers are used
for the making of coarse yarns and many cellulose products. The outer coverings of seed are
used as roughage in ruminant animal feed and oil extracted from seed kernel is used for
cooking, salad dressing due to its flavour stability. The remaining cake is added as a
supplement in cattle and swine feed2
. Defatted cottonseed flour is used generally for animal
nutrition and only one fourth it potentially available could satisfy the present worldwide
shortage of protein3
.
Cottonseed oil is mainly used for edible purposes, a large portion of which is used in
the manufacture of margarine and a small amount is consumed as salad oil in Turkey4
. Crude
cottonseed oil from the mill requires further processing before it is used in food. The first step
in this process is refining to produce refined grades, the treatment being similar to that used
for soybean. It involves alkali refining to remove impurities, bleaching with activated clays
and finally, steaming under vacuum conditions to remove traces of odour. The refining process
also removes darker colouring materials present, leaving clear yellow oil5
. In literature review
concerning cotton seed oil, the % oil content of cotton seed is 31.33 and in the characterization
of the oil, % of unsaturated fatty acid is more of oleic and linoleic acid (74%) and the results
of physicochemical properties obtained, showed that the oil has high industrial value6
.
Cotton seeds have been used as antidote for Somal (Arsenic Trioxide) and metal
poison7
. Seeds are sweet, nerving tonic, emollient, and anodyne, anti-dysenteric, galactagogue,
expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, laxative, antipyretic and tonic. They are used internally in
epilepsy, amentia, psychosomatic disorders, meningitis, tinnitus, earache, dyspepsia,
dysentery, orchitis, piles, cough, bronchitis, galactic, strangury, general debility, hyperpyrexia
with chills. Seeds are externally applied in inflammation, burns, scalds, ulcers, joint pains8
.
The seeds are also found to show pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antibacterial,
anti-fertility, anti-spermatogenic, antitumor, contraceptive, anti-diabetics, and antiviral9
.
Cotton seeds are also used in Ayurveda to cure many diseases like Kasa, Balgraha, hatura
visha, Somal Visha, Pakshaghat and for Nasya, Abhyanga10
.
Cottonseed oil finds application in the production of biscuits, crackers, doughnuts and
potato chips and the preparation of ice cream substitutes (mellorines), where the oil replaces
butter fat. Industrial uses of cottonseed oil include alkyl resins for interior paints, special
lubricants and soft soaps11
.
Hence, the seeds were both qualitatively and quantitatively analysed to determine the
nutritional content and various other parameters, to know about its properties and to validate
the compounds present.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
Sample Collection
The cottonseeds under investigation were procured from Jalgaon district (Maharashtra,
India).
3. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
427
These seeds were authentic, healthy and matured.
2.1 Chemical analysis
Moisture Content
To determine the moisture content of the seeds, 2 g of seed powder were oven dried
for 2 hours at 1100
C and the loss in weight was recorded12
.
Crude Fibre
About 3g of finely powdered seeds were accurately weighted and transferred to an
extraction apparatus and extracted with petroleum ether (40-60)0
C for 18-20 hours, air dried
defatted powder was transferred to dry 100 ml conical flask, 200 ml of 0.25 N sulphuric acid
were added and contents were brought to the boiling point. Boiling was continued for exactly
30 minutes, maintaining a constant volume and rotating the flask after every few minutes in
order to remove the particles from the sides. The contents were filtered through Buchner’s
funnel under suction using circular filter paper (Whatman No. 41). The insoluble matter was
washed with boiling water until the washings were free from the acids. The residue was
washed back into the original flask along with 200 ml of 0.313N Sodium hydroxide. The
contents were brought to the boiling point and boiling was continued for exactly 30 minutes.
The whole insoluble matter was transferred to the filter paper by means of boiling water. It
was then washed with one percent hydrochloric acid and again with boiling water until free
from acid, and then it was washed twice with alcohol and thrice with ether. Finally, it was
transferred to a dried, previously weighed ash less filter paper and dried at 100ºC to the
constant weight. The increase in the weight of the filter paper was noted. The filter paper and
its contents were incinerated and ignited to ash in a silica crucible at dull red heat, cooled and
weighted. The weight of the ash subtracted from the increase of the weight on the paper due
to insoluble material, the difference was reported as crude fibre13
.
Lipids
Total lipids were extracted from the whole powder in the Soxhlet apparatus for 20
hours, using petroleum ether (40-60)0
C fraction as a solvent and estimated gravimetrically
after evaporating the solvent at 600
C14
.
Calcium
Prepare 50ml of acidic solution of extracts from powder of seeds with 1:1 HCl and
dilute upto 250ml in standard measuring flask with distilled water.
Pipette out 25ml of above solution in conical flask, add 2-3 drops of Patton-Reader
indicator and 8M KOH till the colour of Patton-Reader indicator appeared. Then add one and
a half test tube of 10% NH2OH.HCl solution till clear red solution is obtained and titrate
against 0.05M EDTA solution till the colour of solution changes to blue.
4. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
428
1000 ml of 1M EDTA = 40.08g of Ca
Magnesium
Prepare 50ml of acidic solution of extracts from powder of seeds with 4NH2SO4 and
dilute upto 250ml in standard measuring flask with distilled water.
Pipette out 25ml of above solution in conical flask, add 10ml of buffer solution and
add 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator and titrate against 0.01M EDTA solution till
the colour of solution changes from wine red to blue.
1000 ml of 1M EDTA = 24.32g of Mg
Ash and its analysis
About 5 g of the seed powder were ignited to the ash into a previously ignited and
weighted silica crucible. It was cooled in vacuum desiccators over concentrated sulphuric acid,
weighted and the increase over the first weight of crucible was taken as the ash content.
For the determination of water-soluble ash, whole ash was boiled with 25 ml distilled
water. The suspension so obtained was filtered through an ash-less filter paper (Whatman No.
41) and the residue were thoroughly washed with hot distilled water. The filter paper
containing the residue was ignited in the original crucible, cooled and the water insoluble ash
was weighted. From these data “water soluble” ash was calculated as follows:
Water soluble ash = Total ash – Water insoluble ash
(Percent) (Percent) (Percent)
The alkalinity of water-soluble ash was determined in the filtrate so obtained after
cooling and titrating against N/10 sulphuric acid, using methyl orange as indicator. The
alkalinity was expressed in terms of sodium carbonate miliequivalents.
1 ml N/10 H2SO4 = 0.1 miliequivalents Na2CO3
The acid insoluble ash content was determined by boiling the whole ash, equivalents
to 5 g seed powder in 25 ml dilute hydrochloric acid (10 percent, v/v) for five minutes and
filtering the suspension through an ash-less filter paper (Whatman No. 41). After washing
thoroughly with hot water, the paper containing the residue was again ashed in a pre-weighed
silica crucible. It was cooled and weighed again. The difference of the two weights gave the
“acid insoluble” ash.15
Oxalates
5g of seed powder was taken with 400ml distilled water in a 600ml Pyrex beaker and
it was kept
On sand bath, while covering the top of beaker with suitable round bottom flask containing
cold water to act as condenser. After boiling for half an hour 10ml of 20% Sodium Carbonate
solution was added and contents were stirred and cooked for another half an hour.
After cooking was done, the content was filtered hot by Whatman no.41. The filtrate
was allowed to settle down and enough HCl(1:1) was added drop by drop with constant stirring
5. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
429
until final acid concentration became 1%. Then the precipitate was allowed to settle and
supernatant liquid was filtered off through the filter paper. Then add Ammoniacal solution and
re-acidify with glacial acetic acid. Allow precipitate to settle overnight. Remove the clear
supernatant liquid and dissolve the precipitate in Sulphuric acid and titrate against 0.05N KMnO4.
1ml of 0.05N KMno4 = 0.00225g of anhydrous oxalic acid.
Carbohydrates
The total carbohydrate was estimated by Anthrone method. 1mg of Gossypium seed
powder was hydrolysed to simple sugars by keeping it in a boiling water bath for three hours
with 5ml of 2.5N HCl and cool to room temperature. After neutralizing, the contents were
centrifuged and 0.1ml of supernatant was used for the analysis. To the sample add 4ml of
anthrone reagent and the contents were heated in a boiling water bath for 8 minutes. The tubes
were cooled and read at 630nm using spectrophotometer Schimadzu-Model-UV 1800. The
standards were developed with glucose. Standard graph plotted was used to find out the
concentration of glucose present in the hydrolyzed extract.16
2.2 Phytochemical analysis17
Test for alkaloids
Wagner’s test
To the extract add few drops of iodine solution in potassium iodide. Reddish brown precipitate
shows positive result.
Hager’s test
To the extract add few drops of saturated solution of picric acid. Yellow colour precipitation
signifies positive result.
Test for steroids and sterols
Libermann-Burchard test
To the extract add 2ml chloroform, 10 drops of acetic anhydride, and 2 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid. Bluish red to cherry red colour in chloroform layer shows positive result.
Salwoski test
To the extract add few drops of chloroform, concentrated sulphuric acid. Bluishred to cherry
red colour.
Test for Glycosides
Legal test
To the extract added pyridine, sodium nitroprusside. Positive result shows pink red colour.
Baljet test
To the extract add picric acid. Appearance of orange colour signifies positive result.
Test for saponins
Foaming test
6. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
430
Foams produce when the extract is shake with water.
Test for flavonoids
Shinoda test
To the extract added magnesium turnings, 1-2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Appearance of red colour indicates positive result.
Zinc hydrochloride test
To the extract added zinc dust, 1-2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Appearance of
red colour indicates positive result.
Test for tannin and phenolic compounds
Ferric chloride test
To the extract add ferric chloride. Formation of greenish black colour shows positive result.
Potassium dichromate test
To the extract add potassium dichromate solution. Positive result is confirmed by a formation
of brown precipitate.
Test for protein and amino acids
Biuret test
To the extract added 4% sodium hydroxide, few drops of 15% copper sulphate gives purple
colour.
Ninhydrin test
Bluish violet colour forms when a solution of ninhydrin and extract mixture was heated.
2.3 Elemental analysis
By the use of Elemental analyser amount of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulphur
was determined and by the help of amount of nitrogen, amount of crude protein in the plant
leaves was calculated, by the formula; Wp= (WN * 12.5)/1000.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of physical parameters of selected varieties (Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi
– 144 BG- II) of cottonseeds are summarized in table 1, phytochemical screening of the same
are summarized in table 2, elemental analysis summarized in table 3.
Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, crude fibre, proteins,
carbohydrates, oil, defatted seed, oxalates, calcium and magnesium. The two varieties Ajeet –
III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II are considered on various accounts. It was found that Ajeet
– III BG – II (4.35%) has less moisture as compared to Tulasi – 144 BG- II (6.20%). Lower
value of moisture content in Ajeet – III BG – II indicates high calorific value and high energy
and can therefore be used as a good biofuel. Ash usually represents the inorganic part of the
cottonseed. Ash value is useful in determining authenticity and purity of sample and also these
values are important qualitative standards. In the study, there was a marginal difference in the
7. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
431
ash content of Ajeet – III BG – II (4.947%) and Tulasi – 144 BG- II (5.105%) which was
subjected to further treatment to determine the amount of water soluble and insoluble ash, acid
soluble and insoluble ash. The seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II were found to contain higher water
soluble ash and so the acid soluble ash values also showed a hike. Water soluble ash in Ajeet
– III BG – II (46.81%) was much more than found in Tulasi – 144 BG- II (27.50%). Water
insoluble ash in Ajeet – III BG – II was 53.19% and in Tulasi – 144 G- II was 72.50%. Both
the varieties were found to be highly soluble in acid and the variation in acid soluble ash
content was negligible; the amount being 97.99% in Ajeet – III BG – II and 97.92% in Tulasi
– 144 G- II. The oil content in Ajeet – III BG – II (28.10%) was higher than that of Tulasi –
144 BG- II (20.10%).Cottonseed oil is controlled by multiple genes and also influenced by
environmental factors. The percentage of crude fibre and proteins in both varieties has minimal
differences. Amount of Crude fibre in Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II is 0.100%
and 0.175% respectively. Similarly, protein content in Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144
BG- II is 35.56% and 36.34% respectively, the percentage of defatted seed in the former
(70.35%) is greater than the latter (67.41%). The amount of calcium in Ajeet – III BG – II is
0.802% and in Tulasi – 144 BG- II is 1.06% and the amount of magnesium in Ajeet – III BG
– II is 0.81% and in Tulasi – 144 BG- II is 0.97%.
The result of elemental analysis showed that both Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144
BG- II had marginal differences in their carbon (52.78%, 51.953%), nitrogen (5.689%,
5.815%) and hydrogen (7.588%, 7.653%) contents respectively. Also, the amount of sulphur
in both the varieties was found to be zero.
Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, amino
acids, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds and absence of steroids and sterols.
The result of proximate analysis and the elemental analysis of cottonseeds are
represented graphically in Fig No.1 and Fig No.2.
Table No. 1 Chemical analysis of cottonseeds
Constituent (%) Ajeet – III BG – II Tulasi – 144 BG- II
Moisture 4.35±0.0009 6.20±0.005
Ash content 4.947±0.002 5.105±0.018
Water soluble ash 46.81±0.003 27.50±0.004
Water insoluble ash 53.19±0.003 72.50±0.004
Acid soluble ash 97.99±0.004 97.92±0.0008
Acid insoluble ash 2.01±0.004 2.08±0.0008
Crude fibre 0.1 0.175±0.004
Crude protein 35.56 36.34
Defatted seed 70.35±0.049 67.41±0.304
Oil 28.10±0.001 20.10±0.001
Lipids 5.21±0.014 5.1±0.008
Carbohydrates 27.04 32.24
Oxalates 2.742±0.002 2.511±0.009
Calcium 0.802 1.06
Magnesium 0.81 0.97
*Values are means± SD (n=3), calculated as percentage on dry weight basis.
8. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
432
Table 2: Phytochemical analysis of cottonseeds
Name of the test Ajeet – III BG – II Tulasi – 144 BG- II
Test for alkaloids:
a) Wagner test
b) Hagers test
+
+
+
+
Test for steroids and sterols:
a) Libermann – Burchard test
b) Salwoski test
-
-
-
-
Test for Glycosides:
a) Legal test
b) Baljet test
++
+
+
+
Test for saponins:
a) Saponin test + +
Test for flavonoids:
a) Shinoda test
b) Zinc hydrochloride test
+
+
+
+
Test for tannin and phenolic compounds:
a) Ferric chloride test
b) Potassium dichromate test
+
+
+
+
Test for amino acid and protein:
a) Biuret test
b) Ninhydrin test
+
+
+
+
+ Present, - Absent
Table 3: Elemental analysis of cottonseeds
Element (%) Ajeet – III BG – II Tulasi – 144 BG- II
Carbon 52.78 51.953
Nitrogen 5.689 5.815
Hydrogen 7.588 7.653
Sulphur 0.0 0.0
Figure 1: Graphical Representation of Chemical Analysis of Cottonseeds
9. Nikita K. Chamria, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(6), 425-434 (2017)
433
Figure 2: Graphical Representation of Elemental Analysis of Cottonseeds
CONCLUSION
From the results of the analysis carried out, the seed and oil extracts of gossypium
exhibited good physiochemical properties and could be useful for industrial application. Low
moisture content is advantageous in terms of storage stability since the lower the moisture
content, the better the storability and suitability to be preserved for a longer period. It can be
concluded that Gossypium seeds can be used as a natural remedy for many ailments. The
different physicochemical parameters of the seeds were observed. The preliminary
phytochemical test of the crude extracts indicated the presence of different phytochemical
constituents and these can act as diagnostic tool for identification and authentication of raw
drug samples and play an important role in quality control and detection of adulteration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mithibai College and Chemistry
Department, to give us chance to do research work, Head of the Chemistry Department, Mrs.
Rajeshwari Mirji, for providing all facilities to work in Laboratory, SAIF Department, IIT
Bombay; for analysing CHNS Estimation.
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