IT IS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI), AZADIRACHTAINDICA (NEEM), FICUS RELIGIOSA (PEEPAL), CYNODON DACTYLON (DURVA/BERMUDA GRASS) AND AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) PLANTS FOR IT’S FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thymeijtsrd
Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plants are sources of new drugs and many new medicines are produced directly from plants by various processes. During studying medicinal plants helps to understand plant toxicity, use long with protect human and animals from natural poisons. This paper reviews studies conducted to explore the physiological and pharmacological properties of thyme plant “Thyme vulgaris-. Thymus vulgaris L. T. vulgaris a significant aromatic plant with around 100 species in the world is widely used for medicinal purposes as well as in culinary dishes. It is obtained from European countries, along with France, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Portuguese Republic and Ellas. Thymus vulgaris L. is also known as Thyme, Pahari, Pudina, Mountain Thyme . The genus Thymus are important medicinal plants, highly recommended due to a wide variety of therapeutic properties of their essential oils, and the oil normally known as Thyme oil. The biological active components of thyme vulgaris such as flavonoids, luteolin, carvacrol, eugenol, thymol as well as aliphatic phenols, tetramethoxylated flavones and saponins that attribute to thyme pharmacological properties. Ganesh J. Pimple | Priyanka G. Tale | Sandhya S. Sonsale | Prachi B. Raut | Amol G. Jadhao | Prashant A. Patil | Vaishali B. Magar "Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thyme" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46282.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46282/formulation-evaluation-and-various-pharmacological-properties-and-uses-of-thyme/ganesh-j-pimple
Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as giloy or guduchi, is a climbing shrub used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains various alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, sesquiterpenoids, and other compounds that give it anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-toxic, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, prefers black or red soil, and can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. Overexploitation by pharmaceutical companies threatens wild populations, so tissue culture is being used to meet demand. Future prospects include its continued use in drugs and
This document discusses the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants to economies and healthcare. It notes that ancient civilizations relied predominantly on plant-based medicines and traditional systems like Ayurveda referenced medicinal plant use dating back thousands of years. Currently, about 80% of people in developing countries use traditional plant medicines. The document then outlines various plant-based industries and institutions in India and lists key medicinal plants like poppy, ergot, cinchona, ipecac, aloe, and senna along with their active constituents and uses.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thymeijtsrd
Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plants are sources of new drugs and many new medicines are produced directly from plants by various processes. During studying medicinal plants helps to understand plant toxicity, use long with protect human and animals from natural poisons. This paper reviews studies conducted to explore the physiological and pharmacological properties of thyme plant “Thyme vulgaris-. Thymus vulgaris L. T. vulgaris a significant aromatic plant with around 100 species in the world is widely used for medicinal purposes as well as in culinary dishes. It is obtained from European countries, along with France, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Portuguese Republic and Ellas. Thymus vulgaris L. is also known as Thyme, Pahari, Pudina, Mountain Thyme . The genus Thymus are important medicinal plants, highly recommended due to a wide variety of therapeutic properties of their essential oils, and the oil normally known as Thyme oil. The biological active components of thyme vulgaris such as flavonoids, luteolin, carvacrol, eugenol, thymol as well as aliphatic phenols, tetramethoxylated flavones and saponins that attribute to thyme pharmacological properties. Ganesh J. Pimple | Priyanka G. Tale | Sandhya S. Sonsale | Prachi B. Raut | Amol G. Jadhao | Prashant A. Patil | Vaishali B. Magar "Formulation, Evaluation and Various Pharmacological Properties and Uses of Thyme" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46282.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46282/formulation-evaluation-and-various-pharmacological-properties-and-uses-of-thyme/ganesh-j-pimple
Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as giloy or guduchi, is a climbing shrub used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains various alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, sesquiterpenoids, and other compounds that give it anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-toxic, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, prefers black or red soil, and can be propagated through seeds or vegetatively. Overexploitation by pharmaceutical companies threatens wild populations, so tissue culture is being used to meet demand. Future prospects include its continued use in drugs and
This document discusses the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants to economies and healthcare. It notes that ancient civilizations relied predominantly on plant-based medicines and traditional systems like Ayurveda referenced medicinal plant use dating back thousands of years. Currently, about 80% of people in developing countries use traditional plant medicines. The document then outlines various plant-based industries and institutions in India and lists key medicinal plants like poppy, ergot, cinchona, ipecac, aloe, and senna along with their active constituents and uses.
COMMERCIALIZATION OF GE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OR DRUGSavinash sharma
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF MDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
BIOTRANSFORMATION IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
COMMERCIAL COSMETIC PRODUCT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
USES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
RELEASES VARIETIES AND PATENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
COMMERCIALISATION OF DRUGS.
COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROCUREMENT, PROCESS AND MARKETING OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN KARNATAKA
WEBSITE LINKS.
Effect of Herbal plant (Tulsi) against Common Disease in Gold Fish, Carassius...IJLT EMAS
The Herbs (medicinal plants) are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day-to-day practice. These herbal plants are easily available in our surrounding area. Generally it is found, Gold fishes are frequently effected from microbes, bacterial, fungal, parasite etc. Disease fish were collected from ornamental Fish Farm. Collected fishes were feed with garlic supplemented feed and normal feed. Separately Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) dust was added to normal feed and prepared feed was applied the aquarium containing disease-affected Gold fishes (Carassius auratus L.). Experimental trial was continued for 8 weeks consecutively to observe the development of immunity against the common pathogens. Result shows that the after treatment fish were healthy and energetic.
Herbs, Plant Extracts, Enzymes and Essential Oils: Potential Malaysian and In...Murray Hunter
This document discusses the potential markets for Malaysian agricultural products such as herbs, plant extracts, enzymes, and essential oils internationally and locally. It outlines various uses of these products in traditional medicine, supplements, cosmetics, agriculture, and other industries. The global market for these products is valued at over USD $1.5 billion annually and is growing. Malaysia is well-positioned to produce and export more of these goods but currently only supplies a small portion of the global demand.
This document discusses medicinal plants and their prospects in Bihar, India. It provides background on the ancient use of plants for medicine dating back 60,000 years. It outlines some early civilizations and medical systems that incorporated plants, including Ayurveda. The document then focuses on Bihar's potential for growing medicinal plants due to its natural factors. It provides examples of economically important plants grown in Bihar like lemon grass, ashwagandha, and garlic. It also describes the uses of other plants like tulsi, ginger, brahmi, arjuna, and five-leaved chaste tree. Former President Abdul Kalam helped promote medicinal plant cultivation in Bihar. Finally, it
ABSTRACT- Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the
important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions. Doon-valley, Uttrakhand can
take advantages of increasing demand and low availability of medicinal and aromatic plants resources in the other parts
of the country and start to grow highly valuable medicinal plants in high altitude areas. Medicinal and aromatic plants can
play an important role in the subsistence livelihood enhancement rural people, especially women through an
environmentally sustainable manner while maintaining the biodiversity of these natural products.
Key-words- Endangered plants, Medicinal flora, Indigenous use, Medicinal and aromatic plants
Medicinal plants cultivation In Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants cultivation in Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
GUDUCHI Tinospora Cordifolia The Amrita for Lifeijtsrd
Tinospora Cordifolia is a climbing shrub belongs to family Menispermaceae. It is commonly known as Guduchi, Amrita, Gurach, Tinospora. Known by many names in Sanskrit such as gaduchi and Kundalini and scientifically called Tinospora cordifolia, it is a large, glabrous deciduous climbing shrub. Guluchi is considered as a most divine herb because of its various Ayurvedic uses. It is called as nectar Amruta for its divine healing nature. Guluchi increases the immunity of the body. It fights against infecting organisms. It is reported to possess anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, anti spasmodic, anti allergic, anti HIV and anticancer properties. Harshada Shivarkar | Vishal Galave | Kishor Otari "GUDUCHI (Tinospora Cordifolia): The Amrita for Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38432.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38432/guduchi-tinospora-cordifolia-the-amrita-for-life/harshada-shivarkar
What Effects do the Genus Prunus Plants Haveijtsrd
Genus Prunus is peach, plum, apricot, almond like cherry delicious among temperate fruit crops, important because it contains edible, drupe and stone fruits with ornamental value as well. Genus mostly spreads in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, such as northern Asia, North America and Europe. Species which have global economic importance, harvested or grown from the wild for timber and medicinal purposes. The use of these species, which have been used in folk medicine for many years, differs from country to country and plant cover. Main species used for traditional medical purposes are Prunus americana, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus dulcis, Prunus ceracifera, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus domestica, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, etc. When the studies are examined, it is seen that there are many in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies that carried out the different biological effects of the extracts obtained from different parts of these species. The literature presented here may suggest new inputs for further biological activity studies and reveal the relationship between traditional use and existing scientific studies. Zuhal Bayrakceken Guven | Ahmet Basaran "What Effects do the Genus Prunus Plants Have?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30993.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/30993/what-effects-do-the-genus-prunus-plants-have/zuhal-bayrakceken-guven
This document is a field attachment report submitted by Kwezi Mwaka Julius to the Department of Chemistry at Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry. The report summarizes Julius' activities during a field attachment at the Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI) from June 10th to August 15th 2014. The report includes an overview of NCRI and describes Julius' work in the botany, chemistry, and pharmacology departments, including plant collection, extraction techniques, spectroscopic analysis of herbal extracts, and laboratory animal handling.
5. medicinal of high valued their cultivation By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses medicinal plants that are indigenous to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It provides definitions of medicinal plants and discusses their mentions in the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. It then lists several important medicinal plants found in the region, the parts used, and their approximate annual yields. Some key medicinal plants discussed are cinnamon, turmeric, basil, clove, cumin, fennel, mint, oregano, and parsley. The document also covers the importance and uses of medicinal plants, as well as issues related to their cultivation and conservation in Pakistan.
This document discusses different types of herbal materials, preparations, products, and their definitions. It defines herbal materials as herbs, juices, gums, oils, essential oils, resins, and dried powders. Herbal preparations are made from extracted, fractionated, purified or concentrated herbal materials and can include decoctions or tinctures. Finished herbal products contain one or more herbal preparations from single or multiple plants, and may include excipients. Herbal medicine is defined as using plants to prevent or treat illness or for health, such as using ginger tincture for an upset stomach. Herbal medicinal products contain herbal substances or preparations as the only active ingredient.
This document provides information on biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. It discusses key concepts of biodynamic agriculture including treating soil, plants, and animals as an ecologically interrelated system. Organic farming aims to produce high quality food without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document also outlines principles and guidelines for good agriculture practice in cultivating medicinal plants, including using certified organic seeds and compost, minimizing environmental impacts, and documenting all steps of production. Pest management methods for medicinal plants include mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
This document provides details on a proposal submitted to the National Medicinal Plant Board in India for assistance to Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Village Forest Management Committees (VFMCs) for the cultivation, processing, storage, and marketing of medicinal plants. The proposal's objectives are to conserve and sustainably manage 17 medicinal and aromatic plant species in Nagaland, India through the involvement of local communities. It provides background on the medicinal plants resources in Nagaland and lists over 100 plant species and their traditional medicinal uses by local tribes.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
This document discusses breeding efforts to develop improved varieties of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the development of two promising lines, DWS 132 and DWS 135, as well as a dwarf pure line called DWS 327. A new procumbent plant type was developed called DWS-6. For the first time, a male sterile line was developed in ashwagandha. Growth studies showed active ingredients decrease with maturity. Some identified descriptors for distinctness, uniformity and stability include plant height, type, branching pattern and root branching.
Tinospora cordifolia is a shrub used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains various chemical constituents including alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, aliphatic compounds, and polysaccharides. The review summarizes reported medicinal properties of T. cordifolia such as anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities. The stem is commonly used to relieve general weakness, fever
This document defines herbs and herbal medicines. It notes that the global market for herbal medicines has grown from $62 billion in 2005 to an estimated $5 trillion in 2020 due to their accessibility, affordability, and assured safety. Herbal medicines are made from plants and can be used as whole plants or extracts. Proper identification and authentication of herbal materials is important to ensure the quality of finished herbal products.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Costus speciosus: Medicinally Wild Edible Stout of OdishaSanjeet Kumar
- Costus speciosus is a wild rhizomatous plant found in Odisha, India that has nutritional and medicinal value. It is used extensively in traditional medicine by rural and tribal people.
- All parts of the plant (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots, seeds, fruits) are used to treat various diseases like fever, diabetes, mental disorders, pneumonia, rheumatism, and more. The plant contains various bioactive compounds and antioxidants.
- In addition to its medicinal properties, C. speciosus is a good source of nutrients like vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Mass cultivation of the plant through tissue culture could help conserve it while
COMMERCIALIZATION OF GE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OR DRUGSavinash sharma
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF MDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
BIOTRANSFORMATION IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
COMMERCIAL COSMETIC PRODUCT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
USES OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
RELEASES VARIETIES AND PATENT OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATICS PLANTS.
COMMERCIALISATION OF DRUGS.
COMPANIES/ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PROCUREMENT, PROCESS AND MARKETING OF MEDICINAL HERBS IN KARNATAKA
WEBSITE LINKS.
Effect of Herbal plant (Tulsi) against Common Disease in Gold Fish, Carassius...IJLT EMAS
The Herbs (medicinal plants) are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day-to-day practice. These herbal plants are easily available in our surrounding area. Generally it is found, Gold fishes are frequently effected from microbes, bacterial, fungal, parasite etc. Disease fish were collected from ornamental Fish Farm. Collected fishes were feed with garlic supplemented feed and normal feed. Separately Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) dust was added to normal feed and prepared feed was applied the aquarium containing disease-affected Gold fishes (Carassius auratus L.). Experimental trial was continued for 8 weeks consecutively to observe the development of immunity against the common pathogens. Result shows that the after treatment fish were healthy and energetic.
Herbs, Plant Extracts, Enzymes and Essential Oils: Potential Malaysian and In...Murray Hunter
This document discusses the potential markets for Malaysian agricultural products such as herbs, plant extracts, enzymes, and essential oils internationally and locally. It outlines various uses of these products in traditional medicine, supplements, cosmetics, agriculture, and other industries. The global market for these products is valued at over USD $1.5 billion annually and is growing. Malaysia is well-positioned to produce and export more of these goods but currently only supplies a small portion of the global demand.
This document discusses medicinal plants and their prospects in Bihar, India. It provides background on the ancient use of plants for medicine dating back 60,000 years. It outlines some early civilizations and medical systems that incorporated plants, including Ayurveda. The document then focuses on Bihar's potential for growing medicinal plants due to its natural factors. It provides examples of economically important plants grown in Bihar like lemon grass, ashwagandha, and garlic. It also describes the uses of other plants like tulsi, ginger, brahmi, arjuna, and five-leaved chaste tree. Former President Abdul Kalam helped promote medicinal plant cultivation in Bihar. Finally, it
ABSTRACT- Uttrakhand has tremendous potential for medicinal plants cultivation and in becoming one of the
important options for sustainable livelihood in the Doon valley as well as all hilly regions. Doon-valley, Uttrakhand can
take advantages of increasing demand and low availability of medicinal and aromatic plants resources in the other parts
of the country and start to grow highly valuable medicinal plants in high altitude areas. Medicinal and aromatic plants can
play an important role in the subsistence livelihood enhancement rural people, especially women through an
environmentally sustainable manner while maintaining the biodiversity of these natural products.
Key-words- Endangered plants, Medicinal flora, Indigenous use, Medicinal and aromatic plants
Medicinal plants cultivation In Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants cultivation in Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
GUDUCHI Tinospora Cordifolia The Amrita for Lifeijtsrd
Tinospora Cordifolia is a climbing shrub belongs to family Menispermaceae. It is commonly known as Guduchi, Amrita, Gurach, Tinospora. Known by many names in Sanskrit such as gaduchi and Kundalini and scientifically called Tinospora cordifolia, it is a large, glabrous deciduous climbing shrub. Guluchi is considered as a most divine herb because of its various Ayurvedic uses. It is called as nectar Amruta for its divine healing nature. Guluchi increases the immunity of the body. It fights against infecting organisms. It is reported to possess anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, anti spasmodic, anti allergic, anti HIV and anticancer properties. Harshada Shivarkar | Vishal Galave | Kishor Otari "GUDUCHI (Tinospora Cordifolia): The Amrita for Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38432.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38432/guduchi-tinospora-cordifolia-the-amrita-for-life/harshada-shivarkar
What Effects do the Genus Prunus Plants Haveijtsrd
Genus Prunus is peach, plum, apricot, almond like cherry delicious among temperate fruit crops, important because it contains edible, drupe and stone fruits with ornamental value as well. Genus mostly spreads in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, such as northern Asia, North America and Europe. Species which have global economic importance, harvested or grown from the wild for timber and medicinal purposes. The use of these species, which have been used in folk medicine for many years, differs from country to country and plant cover. Main species used for traditional medical purposes are Prunus americana, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus dulcis, Prunus ceracifera, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus domestica, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, etc. When the studies are examined, it is seen that there are many in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies that carried out the different biological effects of the extracts obtained from different parts of these species. The literature presented here may suggest new inputs for further biological activity studies and reveal the relationship between traditional use and existing scientific studies. Zuhal Bayrakceken Guven | Ahmet Basaran "What Effects do the Genus Prunus Plants Have?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30993.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/30993/what-effects-do-the-genus-prunus-plants-have/zuhal-bayrakceken-guven
This document is a field attachment report submitted by Kwezi Mwaka Julius to the Department of Chemistry at Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry. The report summarizes Julius' activities during a field attachment at the Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI) from June 10th to August 15th 2014. The report includes an overview of NCRI and describes Julius' work in the botany, chemistry, and pharmacology departments, including plant collection, extraction techniques, spectroscopic analysis of herbal extracts, and laboratory animal handling.
5. medicinal of high valued their cultivation By Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses medicinal plants that are indigenous to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It provides definitions of medicinal plants and discusses their mentions in the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. It then lists several important medicinal plants found in the region, the parts used, and their approximate annual yields. Some key medicinal plants discussed are cinnamon, turmeric, basil, clove, cumin, fennel, mint, oregano, and parsley. The document also covers the importance and uses of medicinal plants, as well as issues related to their cultivation and conservation in Pakistan.
This document discusses different types of herbal materials, preparations, products, and their definitions. It defines herbal materials as herbs, juices, gums, oils, essential oils, resins, and dried powders. Herbal preparations are made from extracted, fractionated, purified or concentrated herbal materials and can include decoctions or tinctures. Finished herbal products contain one or more herbal preparations from single or multiple plants, and may include excipients. Herbal medicine is defined as using plants to prevent or treat illness or for health, such as using ginger tincture for an upset stomach. Herbal medicinal products contain herbal substances or preparations as the only active ingredient.
This document provides information on biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. It discusses key concepts of biodynamic agriculture including treating soil, plants, and animals as an ecologically interrelated system. Organic farming aims to produce high quality food without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document also outlines principles and guidelines for good agriculture practice in cultivating medicinal plants, including using certified organic seeds and compost, minimizing environmental impacts, and documenting all steps of production. Pest management methods for medicinal plants include mechanical, agricultural, biological and chemical approaches.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
This document provides details on a proposal submitted to the National Medicinal Plant Board in India for assistance to Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) and Village Forest Management Committees (VFMCs) for the cultivation, processing, storage, and marketing of medicinal plants. The proposal's objectives are to conserve and sustainably manage 17 medicinal and aromatic plant species in Nagaland, India through the involvement of local communities. It provides background on the medicinal plants resources in Nagaland and lists over 100 plant species and their traditional medicinal uses by local tribes.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
This document discusses breeding efforts to develop improved varieties of the medicinal plant Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). It describes the development of two promising lines, DWS 132 and DWS 135, as well as a dwarf pure line called DWS 327. A new procumbent plant type was developed called DWS-6. For the first time, a male sterile line was developed in ashwagandha. Growth studies showed active ingredients decrease with maturity. Some identified descriptors for distinctness, uniformity and stability include plant height, type, branching pattern and root branching.
Tinospora cordifolia is a shrub used in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains various chemical constituents including alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, aliphatic compounds, and polysaccharides. The review summarizes reported medicinal properties of T. cordifolia such as anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities. The stem is commonly used to relieve general weakness, fever
This document defines herbs and herbal medicines. It notes that the global market for herbal medicines has grown from $62 billion in 2005 to an estimated $5 trillion in 2020 due to their accessibility, affordability, and assured safety. Herbal medicines are made from plants and can be used as whole plants or extracts. Proper identification and authentication of herbal materials is important to ensure the quality of finished herbal products.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
This document discusses threatened medicinal plant diversity in Gujarat, India. It provides background information on the number of plants identified globally and in India/Gujarat. It then discusses 16 threatened tree species, 8 shrub species, and 12 herb species that are indigenous to Gujarat and widely used for medicine. For each species, it provides the local name, botanical name, family, habitat, parts used, traditional and classical medicinal uses, and examples of classical medicines using that plant. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving these threatened medicinal plant species and their traditional uses in Gujarat.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Costus speciosus: Medicinally Wild Edible Stout of OdishaSanjeet Kumar
- Costus speciosus is a wild rhizomatous plant found in Odisha, India that has nutritional and medicinal value. It is used extensively in traditional medicine by rural and tribal people.
- All parts of the plant (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots, seeds, fruits) are used to treat various diseases like fever, diabetes, mental disorders, pneumonia, rheumatism, and more. The plant contains various bioactive compounds and antioxidants.
- In addition to its medicinal properties, C. speciosus is a good source of nutrients like vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Mass cultivation of the plant through tissue culture could help conserve it while
This document discusses a study on the phytochemical constituents and physicochemical properties of Moringa oleifera plants around Bule Hora, Ethiopia. Researchers qualitatively tested Moringa oleifera extracts for various phytochemicals and quantitatively analyzed selected physicochemical properties. Phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and steroid-glycosides were found in high amounts in the plant extracts, while anthraquinones, proteins, and fixed oils/fats were not detected. The study also measured moisture content, total ash value, saponification value, refractive index, acid value, and solubility of ethanol and methanol extracts. The results suggest Moringa oleifera contains active phytoc
Terminalia Chebula A Traditional Herbal Drug – A Short Reviewinventionjournals
The usage of medicinal plants used from ancient times to treat various diseases due to its potential medicinal applications. Terminalia chebula is one of the common herbal drugs used in traditional systems in worldwide. The review tries to focus the traditional use of Terminalia chebula as herbal drug and the importance and its impact in the medicinal applications.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Garden Cress Seeds Tiny But Mighty Nutrition Bombsijtsrd
Lepidium sativum, commonly known as garden cress, is a fast growing herb from the cruciferous family with a rich history of traditional medicinal uses. This comprehensive review explores the various properties and applications of Lepidium sativum in the realms of traditional and folk medicine, with a focus on its potential pharmacological effects. The plant is utilized in daily diets, Ayurvedic medicine, and Unani systems for its diverse range of health benefits.The article highlights the plants traditional uses in treating ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and rheumatism, as well as its role in promoting mental clarity and intellect. It further delves into its Ayurvedic properties, emphasizing its taste Katu, Tikta , qualities Raghu, Ruksa, Tiksna , potency Usna , and therapeutic actions.The pharmacological activities of Lepidium sativum are examined in detail, including its anti diabetic effects, anti inflammatory, anti pyretic, analgesic, coagulant properties, and diuretic effects. Notably, the review explores the potential anti cancer properties of Lepidium sativum, emphasizing its role in apoptosis induction and the presence of organosulfur compounds.Furthermore, the article discusses the nutrient rich oil derived from Lepidium sativum seeds, known for its ideal fatty acid composition. It explores recent studies demonstrating the preventive effectiveness of this oil, which is rich in alpha linolenic acid and possesses a balanced ratio of omega 3 n 3 and omega 6 n 6 fatty acids.In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted medicinal and pharmacological properties of Lepidium sativum, shedding light on its potential as a natural remedy for various health conditions. It underscores the need for further research to unlock the full therapeutic potential of this versatile herb. Prajakta Kokate | Devika Gondhale | Swati Sandhan "Garden Cress Seeds: Tiny But Mighty Nutrition Bombs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60060.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/60060/garden-cress-seeds-tiny-but-mighty-nutrition-bombs/prajakta-kokate
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Orchis latifolia, an orchid plant used in traditional Indian medicine, against multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The methanolic extract of O. latifolia was partitioned into different fractions and tested for antimicrobial activity. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibition of C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the active fractions, suggesting these compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial effects. Thin layer chromatography identified several constituents in the n
The document is a biology project report submitted by Sayan Mandal for his class 12 exams. It details his project creating herbarium sheets of 10 medicinal plants - Aloe Vera, Basil, Neem, Indian Pennywort, Periwinkle, Marigold, Water Hyssop, Kulekhara, Turmeric, and Green Chiretta. For each plant specimen, the report provides the collection details, botanical classification, physical description, locality collected from, and medicinal properties. The aim was to document and preserve samples of important medicinal plants along with their uses in treatments.
Analgesic activities of Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ra...Uploadworld
Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ramiflora and Trichosanthes dioica are four
important medicinal plants used traditionally in various iseases. Different parts of these plants have been used in different painful conditions
Phytochemical Screening and Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Eryth...ijtsrd
This study investigated the phytochemicals and pharmacological importance of Erythrina senegalensis. The root was extracted sequentially using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Methanol extraction yielded the highest percentage (4.28%), followed by ethyl acetate (3.62%) and hexane (2.84%). Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, phenols, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and xanthoproteins present. The plant is used traditionally to treat jaundice, gonorrhea, dysentery, colitis, and malaria. Previous studies found the root extract
This document discusses medicinal plants found in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan has around 6,000 plant species, 700 of which are used medicinally. It outlines the main ecological zones and some important medicinal plants found in each zone. These include plants found in alpine, temperate forest, subtropical forest, and arid areas. Some key plants mentioned are Glycyrrhiza glabra, Terminalia spp., Phylanthus embilica, Artemisia spp., and Commiphora wightii. It also provides details on medicinal plants found in Abbottabad and Balochistan, describing their uses.
Resource assessment, Uses, domistication and commercialization of timber and non-timber forest products. Table of some important agroforestry medicinal plants with their uses given. Some figure, image and data were collected from internet.
Global Market For Herbal Products In IndiaANKITA MANKAR
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals. Numerous phytochemicals with potential or established biological activity have been identified. However, since a single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals, the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. Further, the phytochemical content and pharmacological actions, if any, of many plants having medicinal potential remain unassessed by rigorous scientific research to define efficacy and safety.
The document analyzes the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. dactylon were tested against bacterial and fungal strains. The ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zones against bacterial strains like Salmonella paratyphi compared to the aqueous extract. Both extracts inhibited the growth of pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanol extract was more effective against Candida albicans while the aqueous extract worked better against Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids in C. dactylon, which could
Neem Azadirachta indica has much importance. Usefulness of neem has already mentioned in several literature. Ayurveda has mentioned its use in many disease conditions. Now public awareness for herbal products are increasing highly so it has been found demand of neem products are increasing day by day. Neem is a plant who's every parts holds multiple usage. Researcher has reported many medicinal benefits of neem. Neem is known for its anti diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti cancer effect. Neem is used in many hindu rituals. This review work represents several usage of neem which will provide a great knowledge to people and let them know about the wonder of neem. Rudra Prasad Giri | Dr. Ajit. K. Gangawane | Dr. Sucheta Ghorai Giri ""Neem the Wonder Herb: A Short Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23038/neem-the-wonder-herb-a-short-review/rudra-prasad-giri
Red sage a Chinese Plant: A Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological StudiesBRNSS Publication Hub
Salvia splendens Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae), commonly known “Red sage” or “Scarlet sage,” has been used in the different traditional system of medicines for various ailments since ancient times. S. splendens grows throughout in Brazil and many other Asian countries such as India and China. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of S. splendens. In traditional medicine, it has been used in the treatment of dressing of wounds and also applied to itchy skin by the leaves of the plant, roots are mainly used for cold and cough, and seeds are mainly used for emetic, dysentery, hemorrhoids, and colic disorders. It also used for the treatment of diabetes, hematemesis, leukoderma, pruritis, intestinal disorder and as antipyretics, analgesic, and laxative. The fruits, stem roots, and leaves of this plant contain a variety of biologically active compounds such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, flavon-3-ol derivatives, alkaloid, glycosides, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, reducing sugar, and steroids those have various medicinal properties. The leaves stem and roots extract shows various activities such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiulcer.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
The document summarizes information about 6 medicinal plants found in Bangladesh: Garlic, Neem, Kalmegh, Nayantara, Aloe Vera, and Basak. For each plant, it provides the common name, scientific name, taxonomic classification, description, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and other key details. The document is an assignment on pharmacognosy submitted by 5 students that analyzes the medicinal plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological uses.
Similar to COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBS (20)
Simple and direct synthesis of zinc vanadate ZnV2O5 nanocrystals for its elec...Arvind Singh Heer
Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals were prepared by two steps, ceramic route process. Optimization of the
ceramic route processing conditions enhances the Electrocatalytic and Antimicrobial performance of the prepared
nanoparticles. The thermally treated material was subjected to XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM and
EDS, which confirmed the formation of Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals. The electrochemical detection of
Anthracene by Zinc Vanadate nanoparticles was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry. The result concludes that the
ZnV2O5 NPs have the higher activity for detection and oxidation of Anthracene. The as-synthesized ZnV2O5 NPs were
found to exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli (E.coli) gram-negative and
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Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. When X-rays strike a crystalline material, they cause the atoms to diffract in predictable patterns. By analyzing these diffraction patterns, properties of the crystal such as its d-spacing and unit cell parameters can be determined. Powder XRD is commonly used, where a sample is finely powdered and exposed to monochromatic X-rays, producing a characteristic diffraction pattern that can identify unknown crystalline materials.
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This document provides an overview of redox reactions including:
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This document summarizes the principles and applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, also known as nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. It discusses how Mossbauer spectroscopy probes nuclei using gamma rays and measures gamma absorption spectra. It explains how nuclei in solid crystals can undergo nuclear resonance because they are bound and not free to recoil. The document also outlines several key parameters that must be satisfied for Mossbauer spectroscopy to be effective, including the energy of nuclear transitions and lifetimes of excited states. Finally, it provides examples of how Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to identify iron oxide nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria.
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This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
This document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent of absorption of an active drug into the biological system. Bioavailability is determined by comparing the area under the curve (AUC) of an oral dose to that of an intravenous dose. There are different types of bioavailability, including absolute and relative bioavailability. Several factors can affect bioavailability, such as solubility, particle size, and stability. Bioequivalence refers to different drug formulations reaching systemic circulation at the same rate and to the same extent. Bioequivalence studies are important for determining therapeutic equivalence between generic and reference drugs. Limitations of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies include difficulties with drugs that have long
Mass spectrometry is a technique that ionizes chemical compounds and separates and identifies ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios. It can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about molecular structures. During analysis, molecules are bombarded by electrons which produces molecular ions and fragment ions. These ions are then separated by their mass in electric and magnetic fields. By analyzing the masses of molecular and fragment ions, mass spectrometry can determine molecular formulas and elucidate molecular structures. It is a highly sensitive technique that is widely used for molecular identification.
This document discusses different membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, and electrodialysis. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving dissolved ions behind. Dialysis relies on diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane to remove low molecular weight solutes from fluids. Electrodialysis transports ions through ion exchange membranes under an applied electric potential to purify solutions.
Affinity chromatography is a method used to separate biochemical mixtures based on highly specific interactions like antigen-antibody binding. It works by coupling a ligand to a stationary phase gel that can trap molecules of interest from a mobile phase solution. Unbound molecules are washed away while bound molecules are later released through elution. Common uses include purifying proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, and enzymes from mixtures by exploiting properties like metal ion binding or interactions with lectins or ligands.
This document summarizes different types of ion selective potentiometry electrodes, including liquid-liquid membrane electrodes, enzyme electrodes, and gas sensing electrodes. Liquid-liquid membrane electrodes use a water-immiscible liquid ion exchanger membrane to selectively measure ions like calcium. Enzyme electrodes immobilize enzymes like urease on an electrode to selectively measure enzyme substrates like urea. Gas sensing electrodes use a thin, porous, replaceable membrane to separate an analyte solution from an internal solution, allowing the electrode to selectively measure dissolved gases or ions by detecting pH changes.
This document summarizes several organic rearrangement reactions: the Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, and Curtius rearrangement. The Cope rearrangement involves the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. The Claisen rearrangement is a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that rearranges allyl vinyl ethers to γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyls. The Curtius rearrangement converts carboxylic acids to isocyanates through an acid azide intermediate. Mechanisms are provided for each reaction.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBS
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM
SANCTUM, AZADIRACHTA INDICA, FICUS RELIGIOSA,
CYNODON DACTYLON AND AEGLE MARMELOS PLANTS
FOR ITS FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF
AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Sajid M. Mansoori, Nikita Chamria*, Satish R. Ingale, and Arvind Singh Heer
Department of Chemistry
Mithibai College, Ville Parle (West), Mumbai-400056,
Maharashtra,India
ABSTRACT
The medicinal plants have become important in the global context today as it offer solutions to the major
concerns of human mankind. This paper gives a bird eye view on the comparative proximate analysis of some
medicinal plants of Mumbai, India. The study aimed to determine the nutritional content of leaves of Ocimum
sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Cynodon dactylon, Ficus religiosa and Aegle marmelos. Fresh and dried leaves
samples were subjected to proximate analysis. Moisture, Ash, Calcium, Magnesium, Crude fiber, Lipids,
Crude protein and the presence of Carbohydrates, Flavanoids Alkaloids, Tannin, Steroids, Terpenoids,
Saponin, Glycosides and Reducing sugar were determined by Phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental
analysis revealed the amount of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Sulphur. These analysis plays a vital role
in selecting the plant leaves according to its content for the preparation of herbal drugs that can be used for
various purposes like respiratory disorders, pharmacological activities, diabetes, etc. The findings indicate
that these leaves are a potential source of highly nutritious feed stuff, phytomedicine and Nanotechnology.
They are of nutritional, clinical and veterinary relevance considering the diverse pharmacological uses of the
plant in different parts of the world.
Keywords: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Cynodon dactylon (Durwa / Bermuda
grass), Ficus benghalensis / Ficus religiosa (peepal) and Aegle marmelos (Bael), Plant oil, Proximate
analysis, phytochemical analysis and elemental analysis.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants find application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industry [1]. The
earliest mention of medicinal use of plants in Hindu culture is found in “Rigveda “which is said to
have written between 4500-1600 BC. It is Ayurveda, the foundation of medicinal science of Hindu
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culture in its eight division deals with specific properties of drugs and various aspects of science of
life and art of healing. Medicinal plants are a source of great economic value all over the world.
Nature has bestowed on us a very rich botanical wealth and a large number of diverse types of plants
grown in different parts of the country [2]. Ocimum sanctum L. (family Lamiaceae) is an aromatic
perennial herb wildely grown in India. The medicinal value of these plants lies in bioactive
phytochemical constituents that produce definite physiological action on the human body [3].
Ocimum sanctum belongs to the family Lamiaceae and found mostly in countries including: Libya,
India, North and South America, Mexico and Brazil where it is popularly known as alfavaca-cravo,
alfavacao, alfavaca [4]. It's traditionally used to relief pains and used in the treatment of rheumatism,
diarrhea, high fever, convulsions, diabetes, eczema, piles and as a repellant [5][6].The decoction of
the stem is inhaled for the treatment of catarrh and bronchitis [7]. Ocimum sanctum is popularly used
in folk medicine for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, cough, fever,
gonorrhea, worm infection, stomach aches, headaches, pile, pneumonia and surface wound. It is also
implicated in blood coagulation, anti- inflammatory, cardiovascular and renal function properties
have been observed [8]. The plant is used as food spice and for the treatment of ailments such as;
malaria, diabetes, respiratory and urinary tract infections, cough, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pains,
pneumonia, conjunctivitis, oral wounds and tooth infection [9][10].
Azardirachta indica has been extensively used in India for the treatment of various diseases like
leprosy, respiratory disorder in children, intestinal helminthiasis. Azardirachta indica offers another
option for a safer and effective antiulcer drug. Neem is also used to treat viral diseases such as small
pox and chicken pox. It protects the liver from damage which in turn helps to clean the blood. It
shows hypoglycemic effect [11]. Neem may help in the search for prevention or cure for AIDS which
may possibly be treated by ingesting neem leaf extracts or the whole leaf or by drinking a neem tea
[12]. It has a multitude of pesticidal active ingredients which are together called “triterpeni” more
specifically “limnoids”. The four best limnoid compounds are azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol and
nimbin[13]. The seed of Neem tree has a high concentration of oil. Neem oil is widely used as
insecticides, lubricant, drugs for variety of diseases such as diabetes and tuberculosis [14, 15, 16]. A.
indica leaves are widely used among the various tribes of India to cure cuts, wounds and other minor
skin ailments [17,18].
Ficus religiosa belongs to the family of Moraceae which is known to be a native Indian tree and is
commonly known as Banyan tree in English and Peepal in Hindi [19]. Ficus religiosa is gaining great
attention in medicinal field because it has many compounds which can help curing various types of
diseases like Respiratory disorders, Sexual disorders, Central Nervous System disorders,
Cardiovascular disorders, Gastric problems, Skin infections and Diabetes etc. [20,21]. It is well
known for its Pharmacological activities such as Ant diabetic activity as it increases the level of
insulin and glycogen in liver which helps in decreasing triglycerides and cholesterol [22]. Wound
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healing activity as it contains tannins which possess ability to increase the collagen content, which is
one of the factor for promotion of wound healing [23,24]. Antimicrobial activity because it possess
high antimicrobial activity against selected pathogenic organisms with about 24mm inhibition zone
[25] and it also engages in some pharmacological activities such as Proteolytic activity [26],
Acetylcholinesterase activity [27] and Immunomodulatory activity[28].
Cynodon dactylon is a traditional medicine in India. On scientific studies it is found that C. dactylon
is having wide range of antimicrobial activity which include explanation of its antiviral and
antibacterial nature[29]. According to an estimation of the World Health Organization, about 80
percent of the world’s population uses herbs to fulfill its primary healthcare needs. More than 40,000
plant species are being used around the world as medicinal plants in traditional and ethno medicinal
practices. Cynodon Dactylon is a traditional medicine in India and has a renowned position for minor
treatments [30]. The paste of its root with water when taken internally used to treat fever, in headache
its paste is applied in head as analgesic, as antiseptic, to stop bleeding [31,32,33,34,35]. It is
traditionally used for diabetes [36]. Anti-inflammatory, kidney problems, urinary disease,
gastrointestinal disorder constipation, abdominal pain and as a blood purifying agent [37]. Whole
plant is used for-diuretic, dropsy, syphilis, wound infection, piles [38]. The juice of the plant is
astringent and is applied externally to fresh cuts and wounds [39]. It is used in the treatment of
catarrhal opthalmia, hysteria, chronic diarrhea, epilepsy, insanity and dysentery. The plant is folk
remedy for stones, carbuncles, cough, hypertension, snake bites and gout[40,41]. In ethanolic extract
of aerial parts of C. dactylon protection against convulsions induced by chemo convulsive agents in
mice has been recorded [42]. Ethanol extract of aerial parts of C. dactylon has marked CNS
depressant, [43] and antioxidant activity [44].
Aegle marmelos belongs to family-Rutaceae which belongs to kingdom-planate, division -
magnoliphyta, class- magnoliopsida and order-sapindales[45]. The chemical constituent of this plant
is Coumarins, alkaloids, steroids, and essential oils. xantotoxol, imperatorin and alloimperatorin,
different types of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, sitosterol, crude fibers, carotenoids, tannins,
skimminine, aegelin,lupeol, cineol,citral,citronellal, marmesinin, marmelosine, marmin and
tannins[46]. It is used in jaundice,astrigent, carminative, conjuctivitis, swelling of joints, anti-ulcer,
anti-pyretic, carioprotective, analgesic, radio protective action, wound healing[47]. It inhibits the
HMG-COA reductase enzyme which is necessary in cholesterol biosynthesis and Aegeline-2 an
alkaloid may be responsible for this action. This will limit cholesterol biosynthesis and show
hypolipidemic action [48]. The pharmacological activities of A.marmelos includes Lipid lowering
effect [49,50,51], Anti-inflammatory effect [52,53], Anti-oxidant activity [54], Hepatoprotective
effect [55,56], Antibacterial activity [57], Neuroprotective activity [58], Anti-convulsion activity
[59], Testicular activity [60], Anti-fertility effect [61], proximate analysis[62] and Comparative
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studies of plant help to decide the selection of plant in ayurveda formulation and food supplement
[63].
EXPERIMENTAL
Sample Collection:
The plant leaves under investigation were procured from Mumbai region (Maharashtra,
India). These plant leaves were authentic, healthy and matured.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
Moisture Content:
To determine the moisture content of the seeds, 2 g of seed powder were oven dried for 2
hours at 1100
C and the loss in weight was recorded.[64]
Crude Fibre:
About 3g of finely powdered seeds were accurately weighted and transferred to an
extraction apparatus and extracted with petroleum ether (40-60)C for 18-20 hours, air dried
defatted powder was transferred to dry 100 ml conical flask, 200 ml of 0.25 N sulphuric
acid were added and contents were brought to the boiling point. Boiling was continued for
exactly 30 minutes, maintaining a constant volume and rotating the flask after every few
minutes in order to remove the particles from the sides. The contents were filtered through
Buchner’s funnel under suction using circular filter paper (Whatman No. 41). The insoluble
matter was washed with boiling water until the washings were free from the acids. The
residue was washed back into the original flask along with 200 ml of 0.313N Sodium
hydroxide. The contents were brought to the boiling point and boiling was continued for
exactly 30 minutes. The whole insoluble matter was transferred to the filter paper by means
of boiling water. It was then washed with one percent hydrochloric acid and again with
boiling water until free from acid, and then it was washed twice with alcohol and thrice with
ether. Finally, it was transferred to a dried, previously weighed ash less filter paper and
dried at 100ºC to the constant weight. The increase in the weight of the filter paper was
noted. The filter paper and its contents were incinerated and ignited to ash in a silica crucible
at dull red heat, cooled and weighted. The weight of the ash subtracted from the increase of
the weight on the paper due to insoluble material, the difference was reported as crude fibre.
[65]
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Lipids:Total lipids were extracted from the whole powder in the Soxhlet apparatus for 20
hours, using petroleum ether (40-60)C fraction as a solvent and estimated gravimetrically
after evaporating the solvent at 60C.[66]
Calcium:Prepare 50ml of acidic solution of extracts from powder of plant leaves with 1:1 HCl
and dilute upto 250ml in standard measuring flask with distilled water.
Pipette out 25ml of above solution in conical flask, add 2-3 drops of Patton-Reader indicator and 8M
KOH till the color of Patton-Reader indicator appeared. Then add one and a half test tube of 10%
NH2OH.HCl solution till clear red solution is obtained and titrate against 0.05M EDTA solution till
the color of solution changes to blue.
1000 ml of 1M EDTA 40.08g of Ca
Magnesium:Prepare 50ml of acidic solution of extracts from powder of plant leaves with
4NH2SO4 and dilute upto 250ml in standard measuring flask with distilled water.
Pipette out 25ml of above solution in conical flask, add 10ml of buffer solution and add 2-3 drops of
Eriochrome Black T indicator and titrate against 0.01M EDTA solution till the color of solution
changes from wine red to blue.
1000 ml of 1M EDTA 24.32g of Mg
Ash and its analysis:About 5 g of the seed powder were ignited to the ash into a previously
ignited and weighted silica crucible. It was cooled in vacuum desiccators over concentrated
sulphuric acid, weighted and the increase over the first weight of crucible was taken as the
ash content.
For the determination of water-soluble ash, whole ash was boiled with 25 ml distilled water.
The suspension so obtained was filtered through an ash-less filter paper (Whatman No. 41)
and the residue were thoroughly washed with hot distilled water. The filter paper containing
the residue was ignited in the original crucible, cooled and the water insoluble ash was
weighted. From these data “water soluble” ash was calculated as follows:
Water soluble ash = Total ash – Water insoluble ash
(Percent) (Percent) (Percent)
The alkalinity of water-soluble ash was determined in the filtrate so obtained after cooling
and titrating against N/10 sulphuric acid, using methyl orange as indicator. The alkalinity
was expressed in terms of sodium carbonate miliequivalents.
1 ml N/10 H2SO4 0.1 miliequivalents Na2CO3
The acid insoluble ash content was determined by boiling the whole ash, equivalents to 5 g
seed powder in 25 ml dilute hydrochloric acid (10 percent, v/v) for five minutes and filtering
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the suspension through an ash-less filter paper (Whatman No. 41). After washing thoroughly
with hot water, the paper containing the residue was again ashed in a pre-weighed silica
crucible. It was cooled and weighed again. The difference of the two weights gave the “acid
insoluble” ash. [67]
Oxalates:5g of plant leaves powder was taken with 400ml distilled water in a 600ml pyrex beaker
and it was kept on sand bath, while covering the top of beaker with suitable round bottom flask
containing cold water to act as condenser. After boiling for half an hour 10ml of 20% Sodium
Carbonate solution was added and contents were stirred and cooked for another half an hour.
After cooking was done, the content was filtered hot by Whatman no.41. The filtrate was allowed to
settle down and enough HCl(1:1) was added drop by drop with constant stirring until final acid
concentration became 1%. Then the precipitate was allowed to settle and supernatant liquid was
filtered off through the filter paper. Then add ammonical solution and re-acidify with glacial acetic
acid. Allow precipitate to settle overnight. Remove the clear supernatant liquid and dissolve the
precipitate in sulphuric acid and titrate against 0.05N KMnO4.
1ml of 0.05N KMno4 = 0.00225g of anhydrous oxalic acid.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS [68]:
Alkaloids: Dragendroff’s test: To 0.5ml of alcoholic solution of extracts from powder of plant leaves
taken in separate test tubes, 2.0 ml of Hydrochloric acid solution was added. To this acidic medium,
1.0ml of Dragendroff’s reagent was added. An orange – red precipitate produced immediately
indicates the presence of alkaloid.
Meyer’s test: To 10 ml of alcoholic extracts from powder of plant leaves taken in separate test tubes,
few drops of Meyer’s reagent was added. Formation of white or pale precipitate showed the presence
of alkaloids.
Flavonoids: In test tubes containing 0.5ml of alcoholic extracts from powder of plant leaves each
was taken, 5 – 10 drops of dilute Hydrochloric acid and small piece of magnesium was added and the
solution was boiled for few minutes. Reddish pink color indicates positive test for flavonoids.
Saponins: In test tubes about 5ml of aqueous extracts from powder of plant leaves was taken, a drop
of sodium bicarbonate solution was added. The mixture was shaken vigorously and kept for 3min. A
honey comb like froth formation in test tubes indicates the presence of saponins.
Carbohydrates: Fehling’s test: To 2ml of aqueous extracts from powder of plant leaves taken in
seperate test tubes, a mixture of equal parts of Fehling’s solution A and B were added. The test tubes
were boiled for few minutes. Formation of red or brick precipitate indicates the presence of
carbohydrates.
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Benedict’s test: To 0.5ml of aqueous extracts from powder of plant leaves taken in separate test tubes,
5ml of Benedict’s reagent was added and boiled for 5minutes. Formation of bluish green color in test
tubes showed the presence of carbohydrates.
Steroids: 2ml of chloroform extracts from powder of plant leaves taken in separate test tubes, 1.0ml
of con Sulphuric acid was added carefully along the sides of the test tube. A red color was produced
in the chloroform layer indicates the presence of steroids.
Tannins: Ferric chloride test: 1-2ml aqueous extracts from powder of plant leaves was taken in test
tube. Then, few drops of 5% Ferric chloride solution were added. A bluish black color formed which
disappeared on addition of diluted Sulphuric acid, forming a yellow brown precipitate indicates the
presence of tannins.
Lead acetate test: Test tubes containing 5.0ml of aqueous extracts from powder of plant leaves, few
drops of 1% solution of lead acetate was added. Formation of yellow or red precipitate indicates the
presence of tannins.
Terpenoids:Four milligrams of extract was treated with 0.5 ml of acetic anhydride and 0.5 ml of
chloroform. Then concentrated solution of sulphuric acid was added slowly and red violet color was
observed for terpenoid.
Glycoside:To the solution of the extract in glacial acetic acid, few drops of ferric chloride and
concentrated sulphuric acid are added, and observed for a reddish brown coloration at the junction of
two layers and the bluish green color in the upper layer
Reducing sugar:To 0.5 ml of extract solution, 1 ml of water and 5 - 8 drops of Fehling’s solution
was added at hot and observed for brick red precipitate.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS:
By the use of Elemental analyser amount of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulphur was
determined from SAIF Department, IIT Mumbai and from the amount of nitrogen present ,
amount of crude protein in the plant leaves was calculated, by the formula; Wp= (WN *
12.5)/1000
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The result of proximate analysis of certain leaves has shown immense variations in their
parameters.
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The Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, crude fibre, proteins, calcium,
magnesium, lipids and defatted matter. It has been found that moisture was higher in
Ocimum sanctum(Tulsi) and lower in Cynodon dactylon(Durva) where as in Azardirachta
indica(Neem) and Ficus religiosa(Peepal) moisture content was almost equal as shown in Table
No.1. The ash analysis was done to determine the amount of total ash then the total ash content of
each plant leaves were subjected to various analysis to determine the amount of Water soluble and
insoluble ash and Acid soluble and insoluble ash. From this analysis we found that the amount of
acid insoluble ash in all the plant leaves were negligible and the variations in acid soluble ash are as
follows: 2.886 ± 0.061 in Ocimum sanctum(Tulsi),4.8±0.04 in Azardirachta indica(Neem),
3.336±0.109 in Ficus religiosa(Peepal), 4.736 ± 0.0737 in Cynodon dactylon(Durva), 3.276 ±
0.0305 in Aegle marmelos(Bael). Water soluble ash is equivalent to 0.823 ± 0.0832 in Ocimum
sanctum(Tulsi), 1.376 ± 0.0404 in Azardirachta indica(Neem), 2.636 ± 0.0702 in Ficus
religiosa(Peepal), 1.37 ± 0.0458 in Cynodon dactylon(Durva), 1.056 ± 0.0503 in Aegle
marmelos(Bael) and water Insoluble ash is equivalent to 2.0633 ± 0.0230 in Ocimum
sanctum(Tulsi), 3.423 ± 0.0057 in Azardirachta indica(Neem), 0.7 ± 0.0435 in Ficus
religiosa(Peepal), 3.366 ± 0.0288 in Cynodon dactylon(Durva), 2.22 ± 0.02 in Aegle
marmelos(Bael). Crude fibre and lipids are found to be greater in Ficus religiosa(Peepal) and lower
in Ocimum sanctum(Tulsi). The amount of calcium in 2.537 ± 0.0080 in Ocimum
sanctum(Tulsi), 2.664 ± 0.0519 in Azardirachta indica(Neem), 3.627 ± 0.0221 in Ficus
religiosa(Peepal), 0.806 ± 0.0030 in Cynodon dactylon(Durva), 3.0906 ± 0.0180 in Aegle
marmelos(Bael) and amount of magnesium in 0.566 ± 0.0405 in Ocimum sanctum(Tulsi), 2.438 ±
0.0711 in Azardirachta indica(Neem), 3.255 ± 0.0192 in Ficus religiosa(Peepal), 0.369 ± 0.0365 in
Cynodon dactylon(Durva), 1.728 ± 0.163 in Aegle marmelos(Bael).
The Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Alkaloids in all plant leaves except in Cynodon
dactylon(Durva) and the Flavanoids is only present in Cynodon dactylon(Durva). Tannin,
Steroids, Terpenoids, Saponin, Glycosides and Carbohydrates are present in all the plant leaves.
Reducing sugar was only absent in Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Azardirachta indica(Neem)
leaves. As shown in table No.2.
The result of element analysis of air dried leaves as shown in Table No.3 It shows that the Nitrogen
content in all the plant leaves is almost same, whereas the amount of Carbon is maximum in
Azardirachta indica(Neem) and minimum in Ficus religiosa(Peepal). The greater amount of
Hydrogen has been found in Aegle marmelos(Bael) and minimum in Azardirachta indica(Neem).
From this analysis we found that the amount of Sulphur is zero in all the plant leaves.
The result of proximate analysis and the elemental analysis of air dried leaves are represented
graphically in Fig No.1 and Fig No.2.
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Fig No.1 Graphical representation of chemical analysis of plant leaves
Fig No.2 Graphical representation of elemental analysis of plant leaves
Table No. 1 Chemical analysis of plant leaves
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tulsi Neem Peepal Durva Bael
Elemental analysis of leaves (g/100g)
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
sulphur
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Table No. 2 Elemental analysis of plant leaves
Table No. 3 Phytochemical analysis of plant leaves
Parameter Tulsi Neem Peepal Durva Bael
Carbohydrates + + + + +
Flavanoids - - - - +
Alkaloids + + + - +
Tannin + + + + +
Steroids + + + + +
Terpenoids + + + + +
Saponin + + + + +
Glycosides + + + + +
Reducing sugar - - + + +
DISCUSSION
The present study was carried out on leaves of the plants Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica,
Cynodon dactylon, Ficus religiosa and Aegle marmelos. The nutritive values of plants were shown
significant presence of proteins in leaves almost equivalent to 0.035% and presence of carbohydrates
in all plant leaves.
Crude Fibre 8.843 ± 0.0450 12.064 ± 0.0108 31.072 ± 0.026 28.724 ±
0.0262
10.053 ±
0.0242
Defatted Leaf 93.56 ± 0.0818 83.443 ± 0.0702 92.943 ± 0.1106 79.806 ±
0.698
84.456 ±
0.117
Calcium 2.537 ± 0.0080 2.664 ± 0.0519 3.627 ± 0.0221 0.806 ±
0.0030
3.0906 ±
0.0180
Magnesium 0.566 ± 0.0405 2.438 ± 0.0711 3.255 ± 0.0192 0.369 ±
0.0365
1.728 ± 0.163
Protein 0.0296 0.0293 0.0316 0.0323 0.0302
Parameters Tulsi Neem Peepal Durva Bael
Carbon 42.115 44.076 38.659 39.854 40.535
Nitrogen 2.373 2.347 2.529 2.583 2.423
Hydrogen 3.988 2.045 3.977 4.557 4.7710
Sulphur 0 0 0 0 0
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It also showed the presence of significant amount of minerals such as Calcium and Magnesium.
Screening of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Cynodon dactylon,Ficus religiosa and Aegle
marmelos showed the presence of crude fibre, moisture and elemental constituents like Carbon,
Hydrogen and Nitrogen, while reducing sugar was found to be absent in Ocimum sanctum and
Azadirachta indica . The presence of these compounds shows the medicinal potential of the plant.
Since reducing sugar is absent in Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica leaves so different kinds
of phenolic compound, amino acids and medicinal value can detected. Since the present study was
only carried out on different leaves that can be studied further for its use in field of Ayurveda and
Nanotechnology.
CONCLUSION
The above analysis revealed that Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa and Aegle
marmelos contains Alkaloids whereas Cynodon dactylon do not have Alkaloids, which concludes
that the plant leaves which contains alkaloids can act as good reducing agent which can be used for
preparation of nanoparticles whereas Cynodon dactylon do not have alkaloids which states that the
amount or yield of nanoparticles prepared from Cynodon dactylon leaves extract might be low
compared to extract of other plant leaves. As the leaves possess good nutritive values, so they can be
used in Ayurveda for preparation of herbal medicines which act against harmful micro-organisms,
etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mithibai College and Chemistry Department, to give us
chance to do research work, Head of the Chemistry Department, Mrs.Rajeshwari Mirji, for providing
all facilities to work in Laboratory, SAIF Department, IIT Bombay, for analysing CHN Estimation.
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