Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plants and its Application on the ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using silver nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts (neem, mango, lemon, and a combination) to treat textile mill wastewater. Key points:
1. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from different plants and characterized using SEM.
2. These silver nanoparticles were then used to treat textile mill wastewater and effectively removed 97-93% color and 49-43% COD within 15-60 minutes, with neem-synthesized nanoparticles performing best.
3. Various isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics providing best correlation. Dubinin-Radush
In the present work, green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles has wide interest due to its inherent features such as eco-friendly and low costs. Here we propose a cost effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aloe barbadensis and copper acetate. Aloe barbadensis has antioxidant property that helps in the formation of nanoparticles. Aloe barbadensis extract was obtained by heating it in distilled water and mixed to copper acetate to form copper oxide nanoparticles. The synthesised nanoparticles were analysed using UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application for mosquitoAnh Vu
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from an aqueous root extract of Parthenium hysterophorus and evaluated the larvicidal potential of the nanoparticles against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The researchers characterized the synthesized nanoparticles using visual observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, fluorescent microscopy and FTIR. UV-Vis analysis showed peak absorption at 420nm, indicating the production of silver nanoparticles. SEM revealed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. FTIR showed characteristic peaks for functional groups involved in nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles demonstrated dose and time dependent larvicidal effects against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with a maximum efficacy of 60.18% observed, suggesting
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plants and its Application on the ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on using silver nanoparticles synthesized from various plant extracts (neem, mango, lemon, and a combination) to treat textile mill wastewater. Key points:
1. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using extracts from different plants and characterized using SEM.
2. These silver nanoparticles were then used to treat textile mill wastewater and effectively removed 97-93% color and 49-43% COD within 15-60 minutes, with neem-synthesized nanoparticles performing best.
3. Various isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand adsorption, with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics providing best correlation. Dubinin-Radush
In the present work, green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles has wide interest due to its inherent features such as eco-friendly and low costs. Here we propose a cost effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aloe barbadensis and copper acetate. Aloe barbadensis has antioxidant property that helps in the formation of nanoparticles. Aloe barbadensis extract was obtained by heating it in distilled water and mixed to copper acetate to form copper oxide nanoparticles. The synthesised nanoparticles were analysed using UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application for mosquitoAnh Vu
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from an aqueous root extract of Parthenium hysterophorus and evaluated the larvicidal potential of the nanoparticles against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The researchers characterized the synthesized nanoparticles using visual observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, fluorescent microscopy and FTIR. UV-Vis analysis showed peak absorption at 420nm, indicating the production of silver nanoparticles. SEM revealed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. FTIR showed characteristic peaks for functional groups involved in nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles demonstrated dose and time dependent larvicidal effects against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with a maximum efficacy of 60.18% observed, suggesting
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
IRJET- Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Ficus Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Ficus religiosa plant leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding Ficus religiosa leaf extract to silver nitrate solution, indicated by a color change from green to brown. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 424nm confirming nanoparticle synthesis. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups that may stabilize the nanoparticles. SEM analysis showed the nanoparticles were spherical in morphology.
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
In vitro antioxidant activities of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The stress generated upon oxidation can lead to the production of free radicals which may cause many degenerative diseases. In order to eliminate the free radicals antioxidants have been used. The present study was to estimate the antioxidant activity of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid. The antioxidant property were studied under the categories DPPH, FRAP, Metal chelating activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Superoxide dismutase activity. We have isolated salazinic acid from the lichen Parmotrema reticulatum collected from Kodaikanal hills. The Derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid was also prepared. Both the compounds were subjected to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity and their IC50 value are also calculated. The Lichen metabolite and its derivative have shown better antioxidant efficiency.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Salazinic acid, Hexaacetyl salazinic acid, Tannic acid.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
The ethanol extract of Kola nitida seeds was investigated for its ability to inhibit corrosion of aluminum alloy AA3003 in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric experiments showed that the extract reduced the corrosion rate in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher extract concentrations but decreasing over time. Electrochemical tests confirmed that organic constituents in the extract adsorbed on the aluminum surface, decreasing anodic and cathodic currents in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. Computational modeling visualized the adsorption of extract constituents on the aluminum surface. The extract provided effective corrosion protection of aluminum in acidic conditions.
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
The document studies the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural and timber wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose on chromium adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels and other adsorbents. Adsorption was greatest at pH 3 and increased with contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: The reasons for and against Aspergil...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The enzymatic activity of fungi has recently inspired the scientists with re-explore the fungi as potential biofactories rather than the causing agents of humans and plants infections. In very recent years, fungi are considered as worthy, applicable and available candidates for synthesis of smaller gold, silver and other nano-sized particles.
Materials and Methods:
A standard strain of Aspergillus parasiticus was grown on a liquid medium containing mineral salt. The cell-free filtrate of the culture was then obtained and subjected to synthesize SNPs while expose with 1mM of AgNO3. Further characterization of synthesized SNPs was performed afterward. In addition, antifungal activity of synthesized SNPs was evaluated against a standard strain of Candida albicans. The reduction of Ag+ ions to metal nanoparticles was investigated virtually by tracing the color of the solution which turned into reddish-brown after 72h.
Results:
The UV-vis spectra demonstrated a broad peak centering at 400nm which corresponds to the particle size much less than 70nm. The results of TEM demonstrated that the particles were formed fairly uniform, spherical, and small in size with almost 90% in 5-30nm range. The zeta potential of silver nanoparticles was negative and equal to -15.0 which meets the quality and suggested that there was not much aggression. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by A. parasiticus showed antifungal activity against yeast strain tested and exhibited MIC value of 4 μg/mL.
Conclusion:
The filamentous fungus, A. parasiticus has successfully demonstrated potential for extra cellular synthesis of fairly monodispersed, tiny silver nanoparticles.
This document compares different digestion methods for determining levels of lead, chromium, and cadmium in Ethiopian spice samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy. It analyzes samples that were digested via wet digestion, dry ashing, and microwave digestion. Microwave digestion provided a faster, safer, simpler, and cleaner method that yielded satisfactory recovery and detection limits. Lead, cadmium, and chromium were found in fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger samples in varying concentrations depending on the spice and metal. Microwave digestion is recommended as the best preparation method prior to atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis of metals in spices.
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Herbal drug and herbal mediated silver nanoparticles by akshay kakdeAkshay Kakde
1) The document discusses herbal drugs and herbal-mediated silver nanoparticles as potential treatments for diabetes.
2) It describes the green synthesis method used to create herbal-mediated silver nanoparticles (HMSNPs) and various characterization techniques.
3) The synthesized HMSNPs are proposed to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic with potential for treating diabetes due to an ability to enter biological cell membranes.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using azadirachta indicaAjay Kumar
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The silver nanoparticles formed within minutes upon addition of the leaf extract to a silver nitrate solution. Characterization of the nanoparticles found them to be predominantly spherical and around 34 nm in size. The nanoparticles showed antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly way to produce silver nanoparticles with potential biomedical applications.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
Facile Green Synthesis and Characterization Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using ...IRJET Journal
Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Albizia Amara leaves extract. The nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak confirming the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles to be monoclinic copper oxide with an average size of 38.93 nm. FTIR spectroscopy identified the possible biomolecules capping the nanoparticles. SEM images showed the nanoparticles were in the range of 60-80 nm and EDX confirmed the elemental composition of copper and oxygen. The green synthesis method was found to be a simple and effective approach for producing copper oxide nanoparticles.
IRJET- Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Ficus Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Ficus religiosa plant leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding Ficus religiosa leaf extract to silver nitrate solution, indicated by a color change from green to brown. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 424nm confirming nanoparticle synthesis. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups that may stabilize the nanoparticles. SEM analysis showed the nanoparticles were spherical in morphology.
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
In vitro antioxidant activities of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacet...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The stress generated upon oxidation can lead to the production of free radicals which may cause many degenerative diseases. In order to eliminate the free radicals antioxidants have been used. The present study was to estimate the antioxidant activity of salazinic acid and its derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid. The antioxidant property were studied under the categories DPPH, FRAP, Metal chelating activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Superoxide dismutase activity. We have isolated salazinic acid from the lichen Parmotrema reticulatum collected from Kodaikanal hills. The Derivative hexaacetyl salazinic acid was also prepared. Both the compounds were subjected to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity and their IC50 value are also calculated. The Lichen metabolite and its derivative have shown better antioxidant efficiency.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Salazinic acid, Hexaacetyl salazinic acid, Tannic acid.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
The ethanol extract of Kola nitida seeds was investigated for its ability to inhibit corrosion of aluminum alloy AA3003 in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric experiments showed that the extract reduced the corrosion rate in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher extract concentrations but decreasing over time. Electrochemical tests confirmed that organic constituents in the extract adsorbed on the aluminum surface, decreasing anodic and cathodic currents in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. Computational modeling visualized the adsorption of extract constituents on the aluminum surface. The extract provided effective corrosion protection of aluminum in acidic conditions.
A comparative study and kinetics for the removal of hexavalentAlexander Decker
The document studies the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions using low-cost agricultural and timber wastes as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose on chromium adsorption. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were analyzed. Dried rice husk showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 16.94 mg/g, followed by orange peels and other adsorbents. Adsorption was greatest at pH 3 and increased with contact time and adsorbent dose but decreased with increasing initial concentration. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second order model.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: The reasons for and against Aspergil...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The enzymatic activity of fungi has recently inspired the scientists with re-explore the fungi as potential biofactories rather than the causing agents of humans and plants infections. In very recent years, fungi are considered as worthy, applicable and available candidates for synthesis of smaller gold, silver and other nano-sized particles.
Materials and Methods:
A standard strain of Aspergillus parasiticus was grown on a liquid medium containing mineral salt. The cell-free filtrate of the culture was then obtained and subjected to synthesize SNPs while expose with 1mM of AgNO3. Further characterization of synthesized SNPs was performed afterward. In addition, antifungal activity of synthesized SNPs was evaluated against a standard strain of Candida albicans. The reduction of Ag+ ions to metal nanoparticles was investigated virtually by tracing the color of the solution which turned into reddish-brown after 72h.
Results:
The UV-vis spectra demonstrated a broad peak centering at 400nm which corresponds to the particle size much less than 70nm. The results of TEM demonstrated that the particles were formed fairly uniform, spherical, and small in size with almost 90% in 5-30nm range. The zeta potential of silver nanoparticles was negative and equal to -15.0 which meets the quality and suggested that there was not much aggression. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by A. parasiticus showed antifungal activity against yeast strain tested and exhibited MIC value of 4 μg/mL.
Conclusion:
The filamentous fungus, A. parasiticus has successfully demonstrated potential for extra cellular synthesis of fairly monodispersed, tiny silver nanoparticles.
This document compares different digestion methods for determining levels of lead, chromium, and cadmium in Ethiopian spice samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy. It analyzes samples that were digested via wet digestion, dry ashing, and microwave digestion. Microwave digestion provided a faster, safer, simpler, and cleaner method that yielded satisfactory recovery and detection limits. Lead, cadmium, and chromium were found in fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger samples in varying concentrations depending on the spice and metal. Microwave digestion is recommended as the best preparation method prior to atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis of metals in spices.
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Herbal drug and herbal mediated silver nanoparticles by akshay kakdeAkshay Kakde
1) The document discusses herbal drugs and herbal-mediated silver nanoparticles as potential treatments for diabetes.
2) It describes the green synthesis method used to create herbal-mediated silver nanoparticles (HMSNPs) and various characterization techniques.
3) The synthesized HMSNPs are proposed to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic with potential for treating diabetes due to an ability to enter biological cell membranes.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using azadirachta indicaAjay Kumar
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The silver nanoparticles formed within minutes upon addition of the leaf extract to a silver nitrate solution. Characterization of the nanoparticles found them to be predominantly spherical and around 34 nm in size. The nanoparticles showed antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly way to produce silver nanoparticles with potential biomedical applications.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
Facile Green Synthesis and Characterization Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using ...IRJET Journal
Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Albizia Amara leaves extract. The nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak confirming the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles to be monoclinic copper oxide with an average size of 38.93 nm. FTIR spectroscopy identified the possible biomolecules capping the nanoparticles. SEM images showed the nanoparticles were in the range of 60-80 nm and EDX confirmed the elemental composition of copper and oxygen. The green synthesis method was found to be a simple and effective approach for producing copper oxide nanoparticles.
This document discusses the green synthesis of nanoparticles using fruit peel for water purification. It begins with definitions of nanoparticles and green chemistry. It then describes different approaches to nanoparticle synthesis and explains why green synthesis is preferable to physical and chemical methods. The document reviews literature on nanoparticle synthesis using various fruit peels. It explains the mechanism of plant extract mediated nanoparticle synthesis and describes the preparation of peel extracts. Finally, it discusses applications of nanoparticles in water purification, factors affecting nanoparticle synthesis, and advantages of the green synthesis approach.
1. The document describes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Ficus Elastica and their application in controlling air pollution.
2. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a microwave-mediated method with Ficus Elastica leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and FTIR.
3. Batch experiments were conducted to study the removal of SO2 from aqueous solutions using the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The effect of contact time, initial SO2 concentration, nanoparticle dosage, and temperature were evaluated. Kinetic and adsorption models were applied to the experimental data.
This document discusses green synthesis methods for producing different types of nanoparticles. It describes using plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms to synthesize silver, gold, zinc oxide, and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. The green synthesis methods are environmentally friendly and cost effective alternatives to traditional chemical production techniques. Some key advantages of green synthesis include using natural reducing and capping agents, operating at ambient temperatures and pressures, and producing nanoparticles with applications in areas like dentistry, water purification, and environmental remediation.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Cytotoxic | Primary research | Silver nanoparticlesPubrica
Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Concinna POD Extract and Kigelia Africa Leaf Extract- Secondary metabolites found in plants include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. These secondary metabolites have a wide range of uses, including the production of nanoparticles.
Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Concinna POD Extract and Kigelia Africa Leaf Extract- Secondary metabolites found in plants include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. These secondary metabolites have a wide range of uses, including the production of nanoparticles.
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This document discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fenugreek leaf extract. It defines nanoparticles and green chemistry approaches. The fenugreek leaf extract is used to biologically synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a peak at 410nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. FT-IR analysis shows a peak at 464.80 cm-1, which is consistent with literature values for ZnO. The green synthesis method is described as eco-friendly, low cost, and able to produce nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
This study investigated the potential of neem leaf powder and acid-treated neem leaf powder as low-cost bio-adsorbents for removing dye color from Congo red solutions. The neem leaf powders were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the adsorbent dosage and agitation time. The results showed that 0.4g was the optimal dosage, with 91% color removal for neem leaf powder and 76% for acid-treated neem leaf powder after 60 minutes of agitation. Both neem leaf powders demonstrated potential as effective and low-cost bio-adsorbents for dye wastewater treatment.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Removal of Zinc from Synthetic Wastewater by ...IRJET Journal
This document studies the removal of zinc from synthetic wastewater using activated sawdust as an adsorbent. Sawdust was collected and activated through either acid activation using sulfuric acid or base activation using sodium hydroxide. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal process parameters for zinc removal. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial zinc concentration were evaluated. Maximum zinc removal of 98.68% for acid-activated sawdust and 99.58% for base-activated sawdust occurred at a dosage of 5g, pH of 5, contact time of 120 minutes, and initial concentration of 10ppm. The results indicate activated sawdust is an
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using PlantsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant leaves, including neem, mango, lemon, and a combination of the three. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using aqueous extracts of the leaves. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Optimization studies examined the effect of parameters like silver ion concentration, plant extract concentration, pH, and temperature on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The studies found that a silver ion concentration of 1mM, plant extract concentration of 1ml, pH of 7, and temperature of 25°C produced the highest yield of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on removing the pharmaceutical acetaminophen from wastewater using low-cost adsorbents developed from agricultural waste. Activated carbons were prepared from banana leaves, garlic stems, and babool seeds. The maximum removal efficiency of 84.9% was achieved using activated banana leaves adsorbent. Kinetic studies showed activated banana leaves adsorbent achieved removal equivalent to commercial activated carbon. Therefore, activated banana leaves have potential to be a good low-cost adsorbent for removing acetaminophen from wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of the seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium. Key findings include:
1) The seaweed extract reduced gold ions (Au+) to gold nanoparticles (Au0) in solution, indicated by a color change to ruby red and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD.
2) FTIR analysis showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the seaweed mediated reduction and stabilization of the gold nanoparticles.
3) TEM images showed the produced gold nanoparticles were monodisperse and spherical, ranging in size from 2 to 30 nm.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Similar to Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5) Nanocuboids (20)
Simple and direct synthesis of zinc vanadate ZnV2O5 nanocrystals for its elec...Arvind Singh Heer
Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals were prepared by two steps, ceramic route process. Optimization of the
ceramic route processing conditions enhances the Electrocatalytic and Antimicrobial performance of the prepared
nanoparticles. The thermally treated material was subjected to XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM and
EDS, which confirmed the formation of Zinc Vanadate (ZnV2O5) Nanocrystals. The electrochemical detection of
Anthracene by Zinc Vanadate nanoparticles was investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry. The result concludes that the
ZnV2O5 NPs have the higher activity for detection and oxidation of Anthracene. The as-synthesized ZnV2O5 NPs were
found to exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli (E.coli) gram-negative and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) gram-positive microorganisms implying their strong potential as the antimicrobial
agent.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Comparative Study of Seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II of ...Arvind Singh Heer
Cotton is a leading plant fiber crop worldwide, grown in temperate and tropical regions of 50 countries. Cotton seed is valuable foodstuff for cattle. The present study provides a detailed summary of the nutritional content of seeds of Ajeet – III BG – II and Tulasi – 144 BG- II to give clear standards for identification of the drug. These samples were air dried for a week, powdered and then subjected to proximate analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the amount of moisture, ash, Water soluble and insoluble ash, acid soluble and acid insoluble ash, calcium, magnesium, crude fiber, lipids, crude protein, oxalates, oil, defatted seeds, carbohydrates and the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, phenolic compounds, steroids, sterols, saponin, glycosides, amino acid and proteins by phytochemical analysis and the CHNS elemental analysis revealed the amount of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur. This study shows that these seeds find use in the production of therapeutic agents and domestic and industrial oil.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBSArvind Singh Heer
IT IS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI), AZADIRACHTAINDICA (NEEM), FICUS RELIGIOSA (PEEPAL), CYNODON DACTYLON (DURVA/BERMUDA GRASS) AND AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) PLANTS FOR IT’S FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
This document summarizes key concepts in organometallic chemistry. It discusses the definition of organometallic compounds as those containing metal-carbon bonds. It outlines different types of ligands that can bind to metals, including carbonyl, carbene, and cyclic π systems. It also describes principles for understanding bonding interactions between ligands and metals, such as the 18-electron rule and molecular orbital theory. Spectroscopic techniques for analyzing organometallic compounds are also summarized.
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. When X-rays strike a crystalline material, they cause the atoms to diffract in predictable patterns. By analyzing these diffraction patterns, properties of the crystal such as its d-spacing and unit cell parameters can be determined. Powder XRD is commonly used, where a sample is finely powdered and exposed to monochromatic X-rays, producing a characteristic diffraction pattern that can identify unknown crystalline materials.
The document discusses stereochemistry and isomers. It defines different types of isomers including constitutional, geometric (cis/trans), conformational, enantiomers and diastereomers. It explains chirality, how molecules can be chiral like hands or screws, and defines stereocenters. Absolute configuration is discussed using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules to assign R and S. Properties of enantiomers and diastereomers are compared. Methods to separate enantiomers like chemical resolution of a racemate are covered.
This document provides an overview of human nutrition. It discusses the biological values of proteins and how they are measured. It also summarizes the key aspects of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as nutrients - including their dietary sources, essential uses in the body, and dietary requirements. Pathways of lipid metabolism and hormonal controls of protein synthesis are also briefly covered. The document serves to introduce the topic of human nutrition and its various biochemical components.
This document provides an overview of redox reactions including:
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species, resulting in oxidation and reduction.
- Oxidizing agents gain electrons and are reduced, while reducing agents lose electrons and are oxidized.
- Latimer, Frost, and Pourbaix diagrams can be used to predict and understand redox reactions in aqueous solutions by showing the thermodynamic stability of different oxidation states.
- Key concepts like disproportionation, oxidizing/reducing abilities, and stable/unstable species can be determined from these types of diagrams.
This document discusses potable water and water treatment. It defines potable water as water that is safe for drinking. Water quality is determined by physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Treatment involves removing contaminants through processes like settling, filtration and disinfection to make water potable. Direct pollution discharges pollutants directly into water bodies, while indirect pollution occurs when pollutants enter water indirectly, like agricultural runoff. Various treatment stages like coagulation, sedimentation and filtration are used to purify water for drinking.
This document summarizes the principles and applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, also known as nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. It discusses how Mossbauer spectroscopy probes nuclei using gamma rays and measures gamma absorption spectra. It explains how nuclei in solid crystals can undergo nuclear resonance because they are bound and not free to recoil. The document also outlines several key parameters that must be satisfied for Mossbauer spectroscopy to be effective, including the energy of nuclear transitions and lifetimes of excited states. Finally, it provides examples of how Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to identify iron oxide nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria.
This document provides an overview of NMR spectroscopy, including its principles, applications, and the process of nuclear relaxation. It discusses how NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to analyze atomic nuclei and can be used to determine molecular structure and purity. The key principles of NMR are that atomic nuclei generate magnetic fields and can absorb and emit radio waves when placed in an external magnetic field. Nuclear relaxation occurs as the nuclei return to equilibrium and involves the transfer of energy between nuclei. The document also summarizes NMR applications for specific elements like tin, platinum, and their isotopes.
This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5) Nanocuboids
1. 297
Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol.7(4), 297-306, April 2017
(An International Research Journal), www.chemistry-journal.org
ISSN 2229-760X (Print)
ISSN 2319-7625 (Online)
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated
Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5) Nanocuboids
Arvind Singh K. Heer*, Sajid M. Mansoori, Nikita K.Chamria and
Satish R. Ingale
Department of Chemistry,
Mithibai College, Ville Parle (West), Mumbai-400056, Maharashtra, INDIA.
email: arvindsinghheer@gmail.com
(Received on: March 31, Accepted: April 4, 2017)
ABSTRACT
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of
nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present
work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008
moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to
aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping
agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied byusing
UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning
spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5
nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5
nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and
pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of
synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared
nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Keywords: KV2O5 Nanocuboids, UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and
EDS and Catalysis.
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is an up-and-coming and hasty mounting field of science which is
being exploited in an extensive spectrum of disciplines such as electronics, energy,
environment and health sectors. Nanoscience has revolutionized these fields in achieving the
processes and products that are hardly possible to evolve through conservative systems.
Nanotechnology is the creation and consumption of functional materials devices and
systems with novel properties and functions that are achieved through the control and
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reformation of matter at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels. Nanotechnology
has animatedly developed as a research for the synthesis of structure of particles with facet
smaller than 100nm.
Nanotechnology is always surrounded by the fact that the particles at nanoscale
behave very differently than they do in their original form. Green nanotechnology has been
described as the development of clean technologies, to minimize potential environmental and
human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products and
to encourage replacement of existing products with new nano-products that are more
environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle1-4
. Green synthesis of nanoparticle depends
on plant source and the organic compound in the crude leaf extract. It has no harmful particles
to help in building better products. In the midst of the assorted biosynthetic approaches the use
of plant extracts is easily available, safe to handle and cost effective. An economic novel
alternative choice for chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis is green
method5
. KV2O5 nanoparticles are presently under intensive study for applications in the field
of optical devices, sensors, catalysis, biotechnology, chemical and biological sensors and as
catalyst6
.
Vanadium compounds (pentoxide and certain vanadates) are used as catalyst in the
oxidation of SO2 to SO3; ethanol to acetaldehyde; in the synthesis of phthalic and maleic
anhydrides; in the manufacture of polyamides (nylon); sugar to oxalic acid, and anthracene to
anthraquinone. It is also used for the manufacture of yellow glass; inhibiting UV light
transmission in glass; depolarizer; as developer in photography; and as mordant in dyeing and
printing fabrics and in manufacture of aniline black in form of ammoniumvanadate.
The catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3 and alcohols to aldehydes is focus of interest in
both industrial and fundamental catalysis. In spite of the economic significance of such
reactions, only a few papers have reported on the selective oxidation of SO2. In the present
paper we report on the selective oxidation of SO2 on potassium promoted V2O5.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as “oxides of
sulphur”. SO2 is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system and other
environmental issues. It is an important industrial emission gas which causes several
difficulties in the environment like acid rain7
. Sulphur dioxide is a ubiquitous component of
fuel combustion exhausts and one of the first air pollutants to be regulated all over world.
Several approaches have been adopted to reduce SO2 content in the environment8
. One of the
most difficult environmental problems facing industry is how to economically control SO2
emissions. Conversion of H2SO4 from SO2, which could be a great impact on reducing
pollution. Production of Sulphuric acid is one of the best choices considering it’s economical
values and utilities9
. This paper addresses the different processes to control SO2 and to use SO2
in most economic and productive way to reduce SO2 effect in environment. A review of
various treatment methods has been provided and a brief description of each process hasbeen
included and their technical applicability is also compared10,11
. The process of Sulphur dioxide
removal from various Sulphur operations and production of Sulphuric acid from this SO2 is
studied in this paper.
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EXPERIMENTAL
Materials and Methods
Leaves of Ocimum Sanctum were collected in the month of Oct. 2016 from Mumbai
region. They were surface cleaned with running tap water to remove debris and other
contaminated organic contents, followed by double distilled water, air dried at room
temperature and finely grinded to powder. The different qualitative chemical tests were
performed for establishing profile of given extract for its chemical composition.
Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done using the standard procedures from
12-14 and 23
. The qualitative examination of the aqueous extracts of the leaf sample of Ocimum
Sanctum showed the presence of phytochemical constituents such as Alkaloid, Carbohydrate,
Glycoside, Flavonoid, Terpenoid, Tannins and Steroid.
TABLE.1 Phytochemical constituents of Ocimum Sanctumaqueous leaf extract
Phyto-constituents Reagents Results
Carbohydrates Molisch’s, Benedict’s +,+
Flavonoids Alkaline Reagent, Shinoda’s +,+
Alkaloids Mayer’s, Wagner’s +,+
Tannin Lead acetate, Ferry chloride, Wagner’s -, +, +
Steroids Liebermann Burchard’s +
Terpenoids Thionyl chloride +
Saponin Gelatin -
Glycosides Legal’s, Borntrager’s +, +
Reducing Sugar Fehling solutions -
Fixed oils Spot test -
+ Presence; – Absence
*all tests have been performed in triplicate.
Preparation of Ocimum Sanctum extract
About 10 gm of finely grinded leaves powder were kept in a beaker containing 100
ml double distilled water and boiled for 30 min. After cooling at room temperature, it was
centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes and filtered. The filtrate was stored at 4°C for further
experiments. The filtrate was used as reducing and stabilizing agent
Synthesis of KV2O5 nanocuboids using Ocimum Sanctum
The obtain leaf extract was heat stirred in erlenmeyer flask till it attains the
temperature of 60o
C. After the solution attains the temperature of 60o
C, 0.008 moles of
Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 moles of Potassium Oxalate was added to the above
solution. Then stirring was continued for 1hr at 80o
C-90o
C. After 1hr of heat stirring the
solution turns in to a thick black paste which was washed with first double distilled water and
then with ethanol for complete isolation of plant matter. Then the obtained black paste was
4. Arvind Singh K. Heer, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(4), 297-306 (2017)
300
4
oven dried for 2hrs at 110o
C. After completion of drying process the black paste turns into
dark blue powder which was grinded in mortar pestle for 1hr and sintered in horizontal furnace
for 24hr at 510o
C. The dark blue powder now turns into dark brown shinny KV2O5
nanoparticles which were subjected to further characterisation.
Characterisation
UV-Vis spectral analysis was done by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-
1100, India). UV-Visible absorption spectrophotometer with a resolution of 5 nm between 200
and 600 nm was used. One millilitre of the sample was pipetted into a test tube and
subsequently analysed at room temperature. FTIR spectra of were recorded on Perkin Elmer
Spectrum 2 FTIR Spectrophotometer. The particle size and surface morphology was analysed
using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), operated at an accelerated voltage of 200 kV.
Elemental composition of the present sample was analyzed with energy dispersive analysis of
X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the synthesized KV2O5 NPs
were collected on PANalytical Empyrean 300TT X-ray diffractometer with Cu K(λ=1.542Å)
radiation.
Catalysis of SO2
SO2 gas was prepared by heating 1mole of Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate with
4moles of Concentrated Sulphuric acid15
. The SO2 gas was first collected in 100ml Hydrogen
Peroxide(H2O2) and the resultant solution was titrated against 0.001N NaOH for determination
of total amount of SO2 gas evolved with abovereaction.
NaH2PO2 + 4H2SO4 SO2 + H5PO4 + 3H+
+ Na+
+2SO 2-
+ 2H2O
SO2 + H2O2 H2SO4
Then the prepared SO2 gas was collected in a beakers containing 100ml Distilled water
with the varying content of prepared KV2O5 nanoparticles. This experiment was performed
with blank (without KV2O5 NPs), 0.09, 0.18, 0.27, 0.36, 0.45, 0.54, 0.63, 0.72, 0.81, 0.90 and
mmoles of KV2O5 nanoparticles.
The resultant solution after delivering SO2 gas to beaker containing Distilled water
and KV2O5nanoparticles was titrated against 0.001N NaOH, for determination of amount of
H2SO4 formed.
H2O + SO2 KV2O5 H2SO4
+O
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Synthesis of KV2O5 nanocuboid
The mechanism of formation of KV2O5 nanocuboids probably proceeds through the
following reactions.
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301
K2C2O4 + 4NH4VO3 + Aqueous extract of OcimumSanctum leaves 2KV2O5 (1)
-O
K2C2O4 2K+
+2CO2 (2)
4NH4VO3 (2VO3)2 + NH4 (3)
2VO3
-O
V2O5 (4)
2K+
+ 2V2O5 2KV2O5 (5)
Reaction (1) represents the general reaction for formation of KV2O5 nanocuboids, in
this reaction the plant extract acts as reducing as well as capping agent between K+ ions and
V2O5 where in reaction (4) the plant extract reduces the 2VO3 to V2O5 and helps in dopping
potassium in the lattice of V2O5. The Vanadium Ions (V+6
) reacts with solvated electrons and
undergo reduction to generate V+5
species. However the V+5
ions are highly stable, so to dope
K+
ions in V2O5, Sintering at high temperature of 510o
C was required for the formation of
KV2O5 nanocuboids.
XRD Analysis
The phase identification of the KV2O5 nanoparticles was carried out by X-ray
diffraction method. X-ray powder diffraction measurement was carried out by using
PANalytical Empyrean 300TT X-ray powder diffractometer with long fine focus Cu anode
operated at 40 KV and 30 mA in Bragg-Brentano geometry.
Figure1. XRD analysis of Potassium Vanadate Nanoparticles, Figure 2.XRD analysis of Potassium Vanadate
Nanoparticles and Plant matter
The powder XRD data were obtained in the 2 range from 10° to 80° in step-scan
mode with 2 step of 0.02°. The X-ray diffractometer was calibrated by means of external
silicon standard, SRM 640a. The diffraction pattern indicated that the sample is the KV2O5
nanoparticles. The Bragg reflections at 2=16.372, 28.433, 31.362 and 33.090 can be indexed
to the (020), (121), (002) and (040) orientation confirms the presence of KV2O5 nanoparticle
in orthorhombic crystal system.The conversion of Potassium oxalate and Ammonium Meta-
6. Arvind Singh K. Heer, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(4), 297-306 (2017)
302
Vanadate to KV2O5 nanoparticle was greater than ninety percent and smaller peaks contributed
to Ocimum Sanctum extract impurity. The XRD pattern of the mixture is shown in the Figure.2
and XRD pattern of the Potassium Vanadate nanoparticle is shown in Figure 1.
FTIR Analysis
A small amount of the glass powder was mixed and ground with a relatively large
quantity of KBr which is transparent to IR radiation. Discs for measurement of IR absorption
spectra were formed by pressing the mixture at a pressure of 10-15 tons for few minutes under
vacuum. The infrared absorption spectra of the heat treated and as quenched samples were
determined by using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 2 FT- Infrared Spectrometer in the range of 400
to 4000 cm−1. As s hown in figure 2.
Figure 2. FTIR spectra of Potassium Vanadate Nanoparticles
The earlier reports17
show flavonoids and terpenoids were present in the Ocimum
Sanctum leaf. The spectrum reveals that carbonyl group (C-O, 1636 cm-1
) was involved inthe
reduction of V6
+ to V5+
. Hence, it may be conclude that flavonoids and terpenoids were
responsible for reduction and efficient stabilization. The peaks at 1026 cm-1
and 570 cm-1
confirms the formations of VR-SO3 and Metal-Ligand(V-O)bond.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
The UV- Visible Spectrum of Ocimum Sanctum leaves extract (fig. 3a) shows the a
well-defined absorption at 420nm which indicates the presence of reducing agents such as
flavonoids and terpenoids which has already been confirmed by phytochemical analysis
(Table. 1) and in the SPR band at 345 nm in the spectrum of prepared nanoparticles (fig. 3b)
shows the presences metal-metal bond formation16
. The direct band gap calculated from
diffused reflectance spectra is 3.59 eV, which is higher for nano Potassium vanadate than that
for bulk Potassium vanadate20
. The increment of the values of optical band gap arises due to
improvement in the crystallinity of during annealing treatment21,22
.
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303
Figure3a. UV-Visible spectra of Ocimum Sanctum leaves extract
Figure3b. UV-Visible spectra of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles
SEM and EDS Analysis
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to identify the size, shape and morphology of
nanoparticles. It reveals that the KV2O5 nanoparticles are well dispersed and predominantly
cuboidal in shape, while some of the nanoparticles were found to be having structures of irregular
shape as shown in fig. 4(a, b, c and d). The nanoparticles are homogenous and cuboidal shape
which conforms to the SPR band in UV- Visible spectrum. The Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum of the synthesised KV2O5 nanoparticles fig. 5 shows strong
potassium signal along with vanadium and weak peaks of oxygen and oxides analysis by EDS
confirms the formation of pentavalent Vanadium(V2O5) and Potassium Ions(K+
) i.e KV2O5.
(a) (b)
420nm
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 200 400 600 800
Absorbance Wavelength (nm)
345nm
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 200 400 600
Absorbance
Wavelength (nm)
8. Arvind Singh K. Heer, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(4), 297-306 (2017)
304
(c) (d)
Figure4.(a, b and c) SEM images for prepared Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles
Figure5. EDS spectra of prepared Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles
Catalysis of SO2
The previous articles [18,19] has discussed different methods of SO2 emission control and a way to
produce Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) from industrial SO2 emission and the oxidation of sulphur dioxide
to sulphur trioxide over supported Vanadia catalysts.
In this paper we have tried to introduce a very cost effective and safe method for conversion of SO2
to Sulphuric acid using the prepared KV2O5 nanoparticles as catalyst and distilled water.
The varying amount of catalyst was placed in 100 cm3
of distilled water and SO2(g) was passed in
this water containing catalyst. It was observed that when the SO2(g) was passed in water containing
catalyst the color of water turns light yellow which indicates the formation of Sulphuric acid and
the color gets denser with the increase in amount of catalyst and when the SO2(g) was passed in
water without catalyst the color of water does not change. The total amount of SO2 gas evolved was
determined by the reaction of H2O2 and SO2 as shown in esperimental section, it was found that the
total amount SO2 (g) evolved was 21.4375 moles.
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305
Table 2. Catalysis of SO2
Amount of Catalyst dispersed in distilled water (in mmoles) Percentage of SO2 converted to H2SO4
0 0%
0.09 11.6%
0.18 23.6%
0.27 36.14%
0.36 52.25%
0.45 60%
0.54 70.21%
0.63 82.85%
0.72 84.92%
0.81 85.21%
0.90 92.28%
1.8 92.28%
*all tests have been performed in triplicate.
According to the results of following experiments, when 0.09 mmoles of KV2O5 nanoparticle
(catalyst) was placed in distilled water it converts 11.6% of SO2(g) to Sulphuric acid and the
conversion rate increases with the increase in amount of catalyst. But it was found that after a
certain amount of 0.63 mmoles the rate of conversion decreases, even on adding the prepared
catalyst in excess. Maximum of 92.28% of SO2 (g) can be converted to Sulphuric acid by this
technique.
CONCLUSION
Compared to other costlier techniques of SO2 emission control this has been found to be an cost
effective and easy technique to control the dispersion of SO2 (g) in environment and it not only
controls the emission of SO2(g) in environment but also gives a very useful by-product in the form
of H2SO4, which is used in many industrial processes.
The synthesis of KV2O5 nanoparticles by plant extract have found to be safe and effective method,
as there was no evolution of harmful fumes and yield of nanoparticle obtained by this method is
greater compared to other preparative techniques.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mithibai College and Chemistry Department, to give us
chance to do research work, Head of the Chemistry Department, Mrs.Rajeshwari Mirji, for
providing all facilities to work in Laboratory, Earth Science Department, IIT Bombay, for XRD
analysis and ICON Analytical Laboratory, Worli, Mumbai for SEM and EDS analysis. Special
thanks to Tanmay Shukla and Dr.Rajiv Pandit.
10. Arvind Singh K. Heer, et al., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.7(4), 297-306 (2017)
306
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