This presentation is about the Membrane Separation Processes mostly used in Food and Chemical Industries. The presentation discusses about the Mechanisms and Food Industry Applications of Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis.
This document discusses membrane separation technology. It begins by defining membranes and the four types of separations they can perform. It then classifies membrane processes based on permeable species size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Each process is described in terms of pore/molecular weight cutoff size and applications such as cell harvesting, virus removal, water purification. Finally, common membrane module configurations including flat plate, hollow fiber and spiral wound are outlined along with their uses in food/pharma processing, water treatment, and other industries.
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
This document discusses membrane bioreactor processes and microfiltration. It provides details on microfiltration including that it uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.05-10 microns to separate particles like suspended solids and microorganisms. Microfiltration can be operated in dead-end or cross-flow configurations and is commonly used to treat wastewater and clarify beverages, pharmaceuticals, fruit juices, and water.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
This document provides an overview of membrane separation processes. It discusses different types of membranes based on their structure like dense/non-porous, porous, asymmetric, composite and electrically charged membranes. It also describes various membrane separation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis and pervaporation. Key applications and theoretical principles of each process are outlined. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to membrane separation technology.
This document summarizes membrane separation processes. It describes that membrane separation uses a semi-permeable barrier to allow faster movement of some components over others. The retained part is called retentate and the passing part permeate. Membrane separation is desirable as it saves energy, has a long membrane life, is defect-free, compact and easily operated. The document discusses membrane materials, permeance factors, transport mechanisms including porous and non-porous membranes. It provides examples of industrial applications like dialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.
This document discusses different types of membrane separation processes including microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Microfiltration uses silver, cellulose acetate, ceramic, and polyethersulfone membranes to remove particles between 0.2-5 microns in size. Ultrafiltration utilizes polyester membrane filters and ceramic membrane filters to remove even smaller particles or molecules.
Membrane separation process and its applications in food processingPriya darshini
This document summarizes key concepts in membrane separation processes used in food engineering applications. It defines membrane separation as selectively separating materials through a semi-permeable barrier based on molecule size and properties. It then discusses membrane transport mechanisms and important membrane properties like permeability and retention. Finally, it provides examples of membrane processes and materials commonly used in food industries like dairy, fruit juice, sugar, and brewing.
This document discusses membrane separation technology. It begins by defining membranes and the four types of separations they can perform. It then classifies membrane processes based on permeable species size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Each process is described in terms of pore/molecular weight cutoff size and applications such as cell harvesting, virus removal, water purification. Finally, common membrane module configurations including flat plate, hollow fiber and spiral wound are outlined along with their uses in food/pharma processing, water treatment, and other industries.
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
This document discusses membrane bioreactor processes and microfiltration. It provides details on microfiltration including that it uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.05-10 microns to separate particles like suspended solids and microorganisms. Microfiltration can be operated in dead-end or cross-flow configurations and is commonly used to treat wastewater and clarify beverages, pharmaceuticals, fruit juices, and water.
This is a descriptive note on Membrane separation. If you like this note or content please like comment and share. Your like inspires me very much .Thank you.
This document provides an overview of membrane separation processes. It discusses different types of membranes based on their structure like dense/non-porous, porous, asymmetric, composite and electrically charged membranes. It also describes various membrane separation techniques like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis and pervaporation. Key applications and theoretical principles of each process are outlined. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to membrane separation technology.
This document summarizes membrane separation processes. It describes that membrane separation uses a semi-permeable barrier to allow faster movement of some components over others. The retained part is called retentate and the passing part permeate. Membrane separation is desirable as it saves energy, has a long membrane life, is defect-free, compact and easily operated. The document discusses membrane materials, permeance factors, transport mechanisms including porous and non-porous membranes. It provides examples of industrial applications like dialysis, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.
This document discusses different types of membrane separation processes including microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Microfiltration uses silver, cellulose acetate, ceramic, and polyethersulfone membranes to remove particles between 0.2-5 microns in size. Ultrafiltration utilizes polyester membrane filters and ceramic membrane filters to remove even smaller particles or molecules.
Membrane separation process and its applications in food processingPriya darshini
This document summarizes key concepts in membrane separation processes used in food engineering applications. It defines membrane separation as selectively separating materials through a semi-permeable barrier based on molecule size and properties. It then discusses membrane transport mechanisms and important membrane properties like permeability and retention. Finally, it provides examples of membrane processes and materials commonly used in food industries like dairy, fruit juice, sugar, and brewing.
This document discusses membrane separation processes. It defines membranes as thin layers that selectively control the transport of materials between phases. There are two main types of membranes: permeable and semipermeable. Membrane processes are classified based on the size of materials separated and the driving force used. Examples given include reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in the dairy industry. Key concepts covered include transmembrane pressure, recovery percentage, molecular weight cutoff, and solute rejection coefficient. Advantages of membrane separation include energy savings, low temperature operation, and recovery of both concentrate and permeate.
Microfiltration is a membrane solids separation technique used to remove particles and suspended solids from colloidal and suspended solutions with particle sizes ranging from 0.05-10 microns. There are two main types of microfiltration systems - cross flow microfiltration and dead end microfiltration. Microfiltration membranes are made from materials like ceramics, metals, and polymers and are commonly used to remove microorganisms, particulates, and reduce turbidity from water and other liquids.
Membrane fouling occurs when deposits form on or within a reverse osmosis membrane, reducing its performance over time. There are three main mechanisms of fouling: adsorption, where solutes adhere to the membrane surface or inside pores via chemical interactions; plugging, where particles too large to pass through block the membrane channels; and biofouling, where bacteria attach to and grow on the membrane. Regular monitoring of plant performance is needed to detect fouling. Pretreatment and operating conditions affect fouling rates, which can increase pressures and energy usage if not controlled.
This document defines mechanical separation and describes the key processes involved. Mechanical separation uses machines to separate mixtures based on differences in density or size/shape. There are four main types of mechanical separation: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation involves settling solids to the bottom of a liquid. Centrifugal separation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. Filtration passes a solid-liquid mixture through a porous medium to separate insoluble solids. Sieving involves mechanically shaking a sample to separate particles by size as they pass through mesh screens. Mechanical separation is used extensively in food processing due to its ability to efficiently separate materials in a timely manner.
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Membrane Filtration (TFF) to Enable High Solids...njcnews777
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) Membrane Plants are used in Desalination, Brackish Groundwater Treatment, High Chloride Surface Water Treatment, Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse, Biopharmaceutical, Food & Protein Applications for removal of undesired constituents and harvesting of desireable products. Cross flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry globally. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost effective in comparison to the traditional evaporation methods. Techniques to improve performance of cross flow filtration include:
Backwashing: In backwashing, the transmembrane pressure is periodically inverted by the use of a secondary pump, so that permeate flows back into the feed, lifting the fouling layer.
Clean-in-place: Clean-in-place systems are typically used to remove fouling from membranes after extensive use. The CIP process may use detergents, reactive agents such as sodium hypochlorite and acids and alkalis such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Concentration: The volume of the fluid is reduced by allowing permeate flow to occur. Solvent, solutes, and particles smaller than the membrane pore size pass through the membrane, while particles larger than the pore size are retained, and thereby concentrated. In bioprocessing applications, concentration may be followed by diafiltration.
Diafiltration: In order to effectively remove permeate components from the slurry, fresh solvent may be added to the feed to replace the permeate volume, at the same rate as the permeate flow rate, such that the volume in the system remains constant. This is analogous to the washing of filter cake to remove soluble components. Dilution and re-concentration is sometimes also referred to as "diafiltration."
The document discusses ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane filtration processes. Ultrafiltration uses semi-permeable membranes to separate solids and liquids based on particle size. It is used to purify water by removing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass while retaining dissolved ions and solutes. It has various industrial and domestic uses, including water purification, wastewater treatment and desalination. Both processes are effective at removing microorganisms and suspended particles from water and liquids.
This presentation provides an overview of pervaporation. Pervaporation involves the partial vaporization of a liquid mixture through a nonporous membrane, driven by a concentration gradient. The membrane retains one component more strongly than the other, allowing separation. Common applications include dehydrating ethanol/water mixtures and removing organic solvents from wastewater. The presentation discusses the basic process, membrane types including organic and inorganic options, design of pervaporation modules, and mathematical models. Typical industrial uses aim to concentrate flavors or break azeotropes in distillation.
This document discusses nanofiltration membrane technology. Nanofiltration uses nanometer sized pores to remove ions, viruses, bacteria, and other contaminants from water. Spiral wound membrane modules are most commonly used, with flat membrane sheets wrapped around a central tube. Separation occurs through convection, diffusion, and sieving mechanisms. Nanofiltration is effective at removing dissolved matter, microorganisms, organic compounds, nutrients, metals, and salts. It has applications in water treatment, desalination, and various industrial processes. Advantages include chemical-free operation and reduced discharge volumes, while disadvantages include higher energy use than other membranes and limited retention of salts.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
The document discusses homogenization of milk. It defines homogenization as the process of breaking up fat globules in milk to a small uniform size so they remain suspended. This is done using a homogenizer machine which subjects milk to high pressure and shear forces that break up fat globules. The key effects of homogenization are preventing cream separation in milk and making the fat globules uniformly small (<1 micron). Homogenization improves properties of milk like taste, digestibility and stability of cultured milk products. The document also discusses the types of homogenizers, homogenization process, factors affecting it and applications.
This document discusses convective mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. It defines convective mass transfer as the rapid transfer of mass that occurs when there is motion in the transfer medium compared to the slower process of molecular diffusion. Mass transfer coefficients are introduced to simplify calculations of mass transfer rates. Different types of mass transfer coefficients are presented based on whether they are used for gases or liquids, and whether they are expressed in terms of concentrations, mole fractions, or partial pressures. Approximations for typical values of mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phases are provided.
This document presents an overview of various membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, membrane distillation, and microfiltration. It introduces membrane separation as using semi-permeable membranes to separate components in a feed mixture. For each technique, it discusses the basic principles, major components if applicable, and common applications. The techniques vary in their driving forces and size of molecules or particles that can be separated.
Advance in mass transfer in food applicationDayanand Raj
This document discusses advances in mass transfer processes for food applications. It begins by defining mass transfer and providing examples such as evaporation, absorption, and distillation. The fundamentals of mass transfer are then explained, noting that concentration gradients provide the driving force for mass to move between phases. Several key mass transfer operations for separating mixtures are described in detail, including distillation, gas absorption, dehumidification, liquid extraction, leaching, and drying. A variety of industrial and food processing applications that employ these operations are also outlined.
The document discusses mechanical separation processes that rely on physical forces to separate components. It focuses on centrifugal separation, explaining that centrifugal force is generated by rotating materials and depends on radius, rotational speed, and density. Centrifugal separation separates immiscible liquids based on density differences, with the denser liquid moving outward. Decanter centrifuges are also discussed, separating solids from liquids in slurries through high-speed rotation that exploits differences in buoyancy. Key applications include wastewater treatment, food processing, and oil/chemical industries.
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
This is for actual presentation for Membrane Separation Process. I hope I guided you better from skills. So keep learn about this slide. You basics already cleared from this presentations after reading. Many more things on this subject in Chemical Engineering. I will discuss with you about that remaining part. So Thank You.
This document provides an overview of membrane technology. It defines membrane technology as processes that use semipermeable membranes to separate molecules and ions on a molecular level. The document then discusses various membrane separation processes like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. It also covers membrane materials, modules, factors affecting performance, fouling, and applications of membrane technology in food processing industries like juice, dairy, fermented beverages and probiotic beverages. Emerging applications of membrane technology in novel food processing techniques and high-pressure processes are also mentioned.
Filtration, cake filters & principles of cake filtration Karnav Rana
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. Filtration is the separation of solids from a liquid suspension using a porous medium. In cake filtration, the suspended solids build up on the filter medium over time, forming a thicker cake with higher resistance. As the cake builds, the filtration rate decreases unless more pressure is applied. Common cake filters include filter presses, belt filters, and various types of vacuum filters that use a building cake to separate solids from liquids.
This document discusses membrane filtration technology. It covers topics such as membrane classification based on pore size and pressure range, common membrane processes like microfiltration and reverse osmosis, factors that affect membrane performance like fouling, and advantages of membrane filtration over conventional processes like sand filtration. The document also describes strategies to mitigate fouling, such as pretreatment, operation techniques like crossflow filtration, and chemical cleaning methods. Maintaining membrane integrity is also addressed.
ULTRA FILTRATION & NANO FILTRATION WITH APPLICATIONSKarnav Rana
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
This document discusses membrane separation processes. It defines membranes as thin layers that selectively control the transport of materials between phases. There are two main types of membranes: permeable and semipermeable. Membrane processes are classified based on the size of materials separated and the driving force used. Examples given include reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in the dairy industry. Key concepts covered include transmembrane pressure, recovery percentage, molecular weight cutoff, and solute rejection coefficient. Advantages of membrane separation include energy savings, low temperature operation, and recovery of both concentrate and permeate.
Microfiltration is a membrane solids separation technique used to remove particles and suspended solids from colloidal and suspended solutions with particle sizes ranging from 0.05-10 microns. There are two main types of microfiltration systems - cross flow microfiltration and dead end microfiltration. Microfiltration membranes are made from materials like ceramics, metals, and polymers and are commonly used to remove microorganisms, particulates, and reduce turbidity from water and other liquids.
Membrane fouling occurs when deposits form on or within a reverse osmosis membrane, reducing its performance over time. There are three main mechanisms of fouling: adsorption, where solutes adhere to the membrane surface or inside pores via chemical interactions; plugging, where particles too large to pass through block the membrane channels; and biofouling, where bacteria attach to and grow on the membrane. Regular monitoring of plant performance is needed to detect fouling. Pretreatment and operating conditions affect fouling rates, which can increase pressures and energy usage if not controlled.
This document defines mechanical separation and describes the key processes involved. Mechanical separation uses machines to separate mixtures based on differences in density or size/shape. There are four main types of mechanical separation: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation involves settling solids to the bottom of a liquid. Centrifugal separation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. Filtration passes a solid-liquid mixture through a porous medium to separate insoluble solids. Sieving involves mechanically shaking a sample to separate particles by size as they pass through mesh screens. Mechanical separation is used extensively in food processing due to its ability to efficiently separate materials in a timely manner.
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Membrane Filtration (TFF) to Enable High Solids...njcnews777
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) Membrane Plants are used in Desalination, Brackish Groundwater Treatment, High Chloride Surface Water Treatment, Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse, Biopharmaceutical, Food & Protein Applications for removal of undesired constituents and harvesting of desireable products. Cross flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry globally. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost effective in comparison to the traditional evaporation methods. Techniques to improve performance of cross flow filtration include:
Backwashing: In backwashing, the transmembrane pressure is periodically inverted by the use of a secondary pump, so that permeate flows back into the feed, lifting the fouling layer.
Clean-in-place: Clean-in-place systems are typically used to remove fouling from membranes after extensive use. The CIP process may use detergents, reactive agents such as sodium hypochlorite and acids and alkalis such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Concentration: The volume of the fluid is reduced by allowing permeate flow to occur. Solvent, solutes, and particles smaller than the membrane pore size pass through the membrane, while particles larger than the pore size are retained, and thereby concentrated. In bioprocessing applications, concentration may be followed by diafiltration.
Diafiltration: In order to effectively remove permeate components from the slurry, fresh solvent may be added to the feed to replace the permeate volume, at the same rate as the permeate flow rate, such that the volume in the system remains constant. This is analogous to the washing of filter cake to remove soluble components. Dilution and re-concentration is sometimes also referred to as "diafiltration."
The document discusses ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane filtration processes. Ultrafiltration uses semi-permeable membranes to separate solids and liquids based on particle size. It is used to purify water by removing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing pure water to pass while retaining dissolved ions and solutes. It has various industrial and domestic uses, including water purification, wastewater treatment and desalination. Both processes are effective at removing microorganisms and suspended particles from water and liquids.
This presentation provides an overview of pervaporation. Pervaporation involves the partial vaporization of a liquid mixture through a nonporous membrane, driven by a concentration gradient. The membrane retains one component more strongly than the other, allowing separation. Common applications include dehydrating ethanol/water mixtures and removing organic solvents from wastewater. The presentation discusses the basic process, membrane types including organic and inorganic options, design of pervaporation modules, and mathematical models. Typical industrial uses aim to concentrate flavors or break azeotropes in distillation.
This document discusses nanofiltration membrane technology. Nanofiltration uses nanometer sized pores to remove ions, viruses, bacteria, and other contaminants from water. Spiral wound membrane modules are most commonly used, with flat membrane sheets wrapped around a central tube. Separation occurs through convection, diffusion, and sieving mechanisms. Nanofiltration is effective at removing dissolved matter, microorganisms, organic compounds, nutrients, metals, and salts. It has applications in water treatment, desalination, and various industrial processes. Advantages include chemical-free operation and reduced discharge volumes, while disadvantages include higher energy use than other membranes and limited retention of salts.
Membrane filtration by Akram Hossain, Food and Process Engineering, HSTUAkram Hossain
This presentation explains about membrane filtration and its type. I collected information from different source and accumulated to make this. Hope you will find it useful.
The document discusses homogenization of milk. It defines homogenization as the process of breaking up fat globules in milk to a small uniform size so they remain suspended. This is done using a homogenizer machine which subjects milk to high pressure and shear forces that break up fat globules. The key effects of homogenization are preventing cream separation in milk and making the fat globules uniformly small (<1 micron). Homogenization improves properties of milk like taste, digestibility and stability of cultured milk products. The document also discusses the types of homogenizers, homogenization process, factors affecting it and applications.
This document discusses convective mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. It defines convective mass transfer as the rapid transfer of mass that occurs when there is motion in the transfer medium compared to the slower process of molecular diffusion. Mass transfer coefficients are introduced to simplify calculations of mass transfer rates. Different types of mass transfer coefficients are presented based on whether they are used for gases or liquids, and whether they are expressed in terms of concentrations, mole fractions, or partial pressures. Approximations for typical values of mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phases are provided.
This document presents an overview of various membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, membrane distillation, and microfiltration. It introduces membrane separation as using semi-permeable membranes to separate components in a feed mixture. For each technique, it discusses the basic principles, major components if applicable, and common applications. The techniques vary in their driving forces and size of molecules or particles that can be separated.
Advance in mass transfer in food applicationDayanand Raj
This document discusses advances in mass transfer processes for food applications. It begins by defining mass transfer and providing examples such as evaporation, absorption, and distillation. The fundamentals of mass transfer are then explained, noting that concentration gradients provide the driving force for mass to move between phases. Several key mass transfer operations for separating mixtures are described in detail, including distillation, gas absorption, dehumidification, liquid extraction, leaching, and drying. A variety of industrial and food processing applications that employ these operations are also outlined.
The document discusses mechanical separation processes that rely on physical forces to separate components. It focuses on centrifugal separation, explaining that centrifugal force is generated by rotating materials and depends on radius, rotational speed, and density. Centrifugal separation separates immiscible liquids based on density differences, with the denser liquid moving outward. Decanter centrifuges are also discussed, separating solids from liquids in slurries through high-speed rotation that exploits differences in buoyancy. Key applications include wastewater treatment, food processing, and oil/chemical industries.
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
This is for actual presentation for Membrane Separation Process. I hope I guided you better from skills. So keep learn about this slide. You basics already cleared from this presentations after reading. Many more things on this subject in Chemical Engineering. I will discuss with you about that remaining part. So Thank You.
This document provides an overview of membrane technology. It defines membrane technology as processes that use semipermeable membranes to separate molecules and ions on a molecular level. The document then discusses various membrane separation processes like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. It also covers membrane materials, modules, factors affecting performance, fouling, and applications of membrane technology in food processing industries like juice, dairy, fermented beverages and probiotic beverages. Emerging applications of membrane technology in novel food processing techniques and high-pressure processes are also mentioned.
Filtration, cake filters & principles of cake filtration Karnav Rana
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. Filtration is the separation of solids from a liquid suspension using a porous medium. In cake filtration, the suspended solids build up on the filter medium over time, forming a thicker cake with higher resistance. As the cake builds, the filtration rate decreases unless more pressure is applied. Common cake filters include filter presses, belt filters, and various types of vacuum filters that use a building cake to separate solids from liquids.
This document discusses membrane filtration technology. It covers topics such as membrane classification based on pore size and pressure range, common membrane processes like microfiltration and reverse osmosis, factors that affect membrane performance like fouling, and advantages of membrane filtration over conventional processes like sand filtration. The document also describes strategies to mitigate fouling, such as pretreatment, operation techniques like crossflow filtration, and chemical cleaning methods. Maintaining membrane integrity is also addressed.
ULTRA FILTRATION & NANO FILTRATION WITH APPLICATIONSKarnav Rana
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
Ultra filtration and nano filtration are membrane filtration processes. Ultra filtration uses membranes with pore sizes from 0.1 to 0.001 microns to remove particles and molecules. It is used in water treatment, food processing, and industrial applications. Nano filtration uses even smaller pores from 1-10 nanometers to soften water and remove organic matter. It has various industrial and water treatment uses such as removing contaminants and concentrating products while allowing monovalent ions to pass through.
Purification of drinkiing water by polymer.pptxBhargavPenke
This document discusses the purification of drinking water using polymer-based membranes. It describes various membrane filtration processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis that can remove pathogens and other contaminants from water. These processes use semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate particles according to their size. Microfiltration removes protozoa and bacteria, while ultrafiltration eliminates proteins and viruses. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are needed to filter out smaller ions and molecules like salts. Pre-treatment is important to prevent membrane fouling and maintain efficiency. Membrane filtration provides an energy efficient option for continuous water purification.
Application of nanotechnology in food processingChhaviBhandula
This document discusses three membrane-based separation processes: nanofiltration, membrane emulsification, and nanoencapsulation. It provides details on each process such as operating principles, pore sizes, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Nanofiltration is between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis used for softening and purifying water and fluids. Membrane emulsification uses microporous membranes to directly produce single or multiple emulsions with controlled droplet sizes. Nanoencapsulation packages nanoparticles within a shell or matrix 1-1000 nm in size to isolate, protect, and deliver active ingredients in applications like foods and nutraceuticals.
Microfiltration is an inexpensive water treatment process that uses membranes to reduce turbidity, suspended substances, and bacteria. It has advantages like reducing treatment chemicals and microorganisms while lowering costs compared to conventional treatment. However, it may require pretreatment to prevent fouling and scaling, and membranes require replacement every 3-5 years. Microfiltration is used for water pre-treatment in various biological and membrane processes. Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration can remove even smaller particles and molecules but not salts or sugars. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to force purified water through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving behind dissolved ions and larger particles.
This document discusses reverse osmosis as an ideal system for water softening. It begins by explaining the history of membrane technology, moving from simple sieves and filters to modern membranes that can separate substances based on differences in solution and diffusion rates. It then defines different types of membrane-based filtration processes based on particle size range, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. The key difference between reverse osmosis and other filtration processes is that reverse osmosis uses a semipermeable membrane and osmotic pressure to separate dissolved solids from water. The document outlines the principles of osmosis and how reverse osmosis works by applying pressure greater than natural os
Membrane separation technology uses semi-permeable membranes to separate particles and molecules based on size. There are four main types of pressure-driven membrane processes: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses pores sizes from 0.1 to 10um to remove bacteria and viruses. Ultrafiltration retains macromolecules like proteins using pore sizes down to 1kD. Nanofiltration allows salts to pass while retaining larger molecules. Reverse osmosis separates molecules below 100Da like salts from water. Membrane separation is widely used in food/beverage processing, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and water purification due to its ability to operate without
Membranes are thin films that allow some types of matter to pass through while restricting others. They work by exploiting differences in molecular size, shape, or solubility. There are various types of membrane processes that separate components of a solution based on factors like pressure, concentration, voltage, or temperature differences. These include reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and others. Membrane processes have many applications in food processing, such as concentrating fruit juices, separating whey from cheese, and purifying water and wastewater. Key factors that determine membrane performance include thickness, molecular structure, chemical composition, and configuration.
The document discusses new technologies and product development in the dairy industry, focusing on membrane processing techniques. It describes how membrane processes like reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration are being used for applications like concentration and fractionation of fluid milk and whey. These techniques offer advantages over conventional processes like avoidance of heat-related changes and more efficient energy usage. The document also discusses other emerging technologies like UHT processing and how various membrane modules and configurations are being implemented.
This document discusses the key stages in the downstream process after fermentation. It describes:
1) Removal of insolubles such as cells through filtration, centrifugation or sedimentation.
2) Product isolation through liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption or ultrafiltration to remove water and concentrate the product.
3) Product purification using chromatography to separate contaminants similar to the product. Affinity chromatography can achieve high selectivity and purification.
This document discusses water recycling and membrane technology. It provides information on different types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. It explains how these processes work and their applications in water treatment. Key points covered include the selection of membranes based on factors like molecular size and charge, common membrane configurations, and challenges with membrane fouling.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on water purification using ultrafiltration methods. It begins with an introduction to water purification and different filtration types including ultrafiltration. It then discusses the working principles of ultrafiltration, including membranes used. It describes membrane fouling and various methods to reduce fouling, as well as cleaning techniques. Finally, it outlines applications of ultrafiltration in water treatment and other industries.
This document discusses membrane technology for water treatment. It describes the basic working principle of membranes, which selectively allow water to pass through while blocking other substances like solids, bacteria, and proteins. There are two main types of membrane modules: hollow fine fiber membranes and spiral wound membranes. The performance of membranes can be affected by factors like pH, pressure, temperature, and feed flow. Regular cleaning is needed to prevent fouling, which is typically done through chemical cleaning processes involving low and high pH cleaners.
Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes to purify water by separating dissolved solids. It has various applications in water treatment and is used along with demineralization plants. A reverse osmosis system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems, and post-treatment. It produces permeate water while concentrating impurities in reject water. Demineralization uses ion exchange resins to remove mineral ions, producing very high purity water. Together, reverse osmosis and demineralization can purify water for various industrial and medical uses.
Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes to purify water by separating dissolved solids. It has various applications in water treatment and is used along with demineralization plants. A reverse osmosis system consists of pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems, and post-treatment. It produces permeate water while concentrating impurities in reject water. Demineralization uses ion exchange resins to remove mineral ions, producing very high purity water. Together, reverse osmosis and demineralization can purify water for various industrial and medical uses.
Seawater desalination operation maintainence and trouble shootingRajesh Mon
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FOR DOWNLOAD CONTACT - eduvish24@gmail.com
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3. Introduction
➔ The membrane processes are an accepted unit operations for a variety of separations in
chemical and food industries.
➔ The processes are driven by pressure, concentration, or electric force across the membrane
and can be differentiated according to the type of driving force, molecular size, or type of
operations.
➔ Basic Unit of Membrane Separation processes - MEMBRANE
➔ Membranes are semi-permeable barriers, used to separate two phases (permeate and
retentate) on the basis of particle size, electric charge etc,.
➔ It performs separation by a combination of filtration, purification, sieving and diffusion
mechanisms.
➔ The separation efficiency is usually affected by different processing factors like feed
composition, pH, temperature, pressure, feed flow and interactions between feed component
& membrane surface
4. Principle
The separation is accomplished with the
application of driving force on the solution or the
feed to pass through a specific membrane.
In membrane separation process the feed stream
is separated into two fractions:
● Permeate: - The fraction of feed that
permeates through membrane is called
permeate
● Retentate: - The fraction of feed stream that
is retained over (doesn’t permeate) through
membrane is called retentate.
5. Types of
Membranes
Classified based on
material composition
Membranes are most commonly
made up of: -
1. Organic polymers like cellulose
and its derivative, polyamides,
polyolefines, polycarbonate,
polysulfones, chlorine and
fluorine substituted
hydrocarbons
2. Inorganic membranes based on
oxides of silicium, zirconium,
titanium, and aluminum.
The principal requirements of membrane
are:
● High permeate flux
● Chemical stability and inertness
● Good mechanical strength
● Thermal stability
● Good retention capability
● Smooth, fouling resistant surface
● Resistance against microbial action
● Affordable cost
● Long service life
6. DEAD END
Feed flow is perpendicular to the
membrane surface
This causes a large reduction in flux
CROSS FLOW
Flow of solution is parallel to the
membrane surface.
Flow causes turbulence and produces
shear.
Modes of membrane
Filtration
11. Micro Filtration
● Microfiltration is a low-pressure cross-
flow membrane process
● Microfiltration (MF) designates a
membrane separation process with
larger membrane pore size i.e.
macromolecules.
● Separates the colloidal and suspended
particles in the range of 0.05-10 microns
● It is used for bacteria removal,
fermentation broth clarification and
biomass clarification and recovery.
● Microfiltration is used as pre-treatment
before ultra filtration or reverse
osmosis.
MICRO
FILTRATION
12. Micro Filtration
Applications in Food Industry:
● Clarification of beer and wine i.e. for
removal of yeasts, microorganisms.
● Removal of oil droplets and fat globules
● Removal of suspended solids and fat
present in the brine used in fish
processing.
● Pre filtration of wastewater streams
generated in food processing.
Application in Dairy Industry:
● For making low-heat sterile milk
● Removal of bacteria from milk
● Pre-treatment of cheese whey.
13. Ultrafiltration
● Ultrafiltration is a selective fractionation
process.
● They operate under low pressures i.e up to 10
bars.
● ultrafiltration (UF) lies between microfiltration
and nanofiltration in terms of pore size, which
can range from 1-100 nm i.e 0.1 to 0.01 microns
● UF allows for the concentration of high
molecular weight proteins, macromolecules,
and other small, suspended solids.
● Polymers like polysulfones, polyamides, PVC,
polystyrene, polycarbonates and polyethers
are normally used.
ULTRA
FILTRATION
14. Ultrafiltration
● Inorganic salts, lactose and water are
removed as permeate where as fat
globules and proteins are retained over the
membrane. This concentrated milk
(retantate) is used in the manufacture of
many types of cheeses from milk.
● whey protein concentrate is retained over
the membrane. This retentate is used to
produce protein concentrates from whey.
● Ultrafiltration can be used for isolated
soybean protein production.
15. Nanofiltration
● Size and charge play a role in
nanofiltration (NF) separation processes, it
is also known as loose reverse osmosis
● Pressure range: 10-50 bar (lower pressure
than RO)
● Pore size between 0.1-10 nm i.e. 0.001 μm
to 0.01 μm
● The mass transfer mechanism in Nanofiltration is diffusion
● NF membrane permeates: certain ionic solutes (such as sodium
and chloride), monovalent ions, as well as water.
NANO
FILTRATION
● NF membrane retains: Larger ionic species, including divalent and multivalent ions and
more complex molecules.
16. Nanofiltration
● Nanofiltration is used to remove
mainly the monovalent ions. A partly
demineralization and water removal
is obtained.
● Nanofiltration can perform separation
applications such as color removal, and
desalination.
● Applications for NF membranes range from the removal of natural
organic matter in wastewater treatment, hardness reduction in
water purification, and whey demineralization in dairy processing.
17. Reverse Osmosis
● Definition:
It is a membrane separation process, driven by a
pressure gradient, in which the membrane
separates the solvent (generally water) from other
components of a solution. The solvent flow is
opposite to the normal osmotic flow.
The process is used to produce relatively pure water or a concentrated solution of microsolutes
from a given salt solution. The membrane configuration is usually cross-flow.
● Mechanism:
By exerting a hydraulic pressure greater than the sum of the osmotic
pressure difference and the pressure loss of diffusion through the
membrane, that can cause water to diffuse in the opposite direction,
into the less concentrated solution. This is reverse osmosis.
The greater the pressure applied, the more rapid the diffusion. Using reverse
osmosis we are able to concentrate various solutes, either dissolved or dispersed, in
a solution.
18. Reverse Osmosis
● Operational pressure: 30-60 bar
● Pore size: 101- 10 pm (lower than the pore size of MF,
UF and NF) i.e. 0.0001 μm to 0.001 μm
● In a reverse-osmosis system, water is the permeating
material referred to as “ permeate, ”and the remaining
solution concentrated with the solutes is called “
retentate. ”
● Reverse osmosis is a high-efficient technique for
dewatering process streams,
concentrating/separating low-molecular-weight
substances in solution, or cleaning wastewater. It has
the ability to concentrate all dissolved and suspended
solids. The permeate contains a very low
concentration of dissolved solids. Reverse Osmosis is
typically used for the desalination of seawater.
19. Reverse Osmosis
● Reverse osmosis is used for the must correction,
rejuvenation and dealcoholization of wine, Must
composition is balanced with the help of RO,
which increase sugar content in wine through
concentration and at the same time enhances
tannins and organoleptic components by 5-20%.
● Concentrate and purify fruit juices, enzymes, fermentation liquors
and vegetable oils; pre-concentrate juices and dairy products
before evaporation.
● Concentrate wheat starch, citric acid, egg white, milk, coffee, syrup,
natural extracts and flavors.
● To determine and purify water from boreholes or rivers or
desalination of sea water.
● Water and waste water purification.
● Concentration of whey during cheese manufacture.
20. Advantages
The main advantages of membrane separation technology are:
● Separation of streams or components at a lower temperature
● Minimized thermal damage to the product
● Separating the component in its native form
● Less energy use
● Easy to operate
● Environmentally safe
● It doesn’t denature the proteins.
● No requirement for chemicals.
● Can remove 90–100% pathogens from the water sample.
● It allows the filtration of any volumes of non-turbid water through the disk.
21. Disadvantages
The main disadvantages of membrane separation technology are:
• The turbid water can not be used.
• There may be a risk of bacterial abundance, as the water carries numerous microorganisms.
• Glass filters are breakable and can break quickly.
• The membrane filters can crack easily.
• Only liquids are sterilized by this method.
• Filters are costly to repair, mainly nano-filters.
• Constitutional restrictions of supplies used in filters alter the effectiveness of this process
such as damage of glass filters, fracture of the membrane filter, and consumption of the
filtrate.
• Require a high differential pressure.
• Clogging can occur
22. Applications
1. In industries and laboratories, it is used to sterilize the heat-labile fluid materials.
2. Most effective and acceptable method for filtration of drinking water.
3. In the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, electronics, and food and beverage industries
is used to monitor the bacterial cells.
4. Used in wastewater treatment.
5. Used in cold sterilization of beverages and pharmaceuticals.
6. Used for separation of milk fraction.
7. Used to concentrating the proteins.
8. Used for defeating skimmed milk and whey.
9. Used for the partial demineralization of whey
23. Conclusion
Membrane separation technology serves as alternative for
various conventional methods like evaporation,
centrifugation and filtration etc. widely usage of membrane
processing over conventional methods is mainly due to
following reasons: minimized thermal damage to product,
energy saving and better product quality etc.
As demand for novel food products or ingredients is
increasing, membrane processing can create novel products
and ingredients with desired characteristics.
Membrane technology is considered as green technology
due to their efficient energy utilization without using
chemicals and additives.
24. References
1. K. P., Arnot, T. C., & Mattia, D. (2011). A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—
development to date and future potential. Journal of Membrane Science, 370(1-2), 1-22.
2. W. S. W. Ho and K. K. Sirkar, Membrane Handbook, Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, USA, 1992.
3. Marella, C., Muthukumarappan, K., & Metzger, L. E. (2013). Application of membrane separation technology
for developing novel dairy food ingredients. J. Food Process. Technol, 4(269), 10-4172.
4. Cheryan, M. (1998). Ultrafiltration and microfiltration handbook. Chicago: Technomic Publ.
5. Cui, Z. F., Jiang, Y., & Field, R. W. (2010). Fundamentals of pressure-driven membrane separation processes.
In Membrane technology (pp. 1-18).
6. Parhi, P. K. (2012). Supported liquid membrane principle and its practices: A short review. Journal of
Chemistry, 2013.
7. Crittenden, J. C., Trussell, R. R., Hand, D. W., Howe, K. J., & Tchobanoglous, G. (2012). MWH’s water treatment:
principles and design. John Wiley & Sons.
8. Minhalma M (2001) Synthesis and optimization of processes for the recovery of industrial wastewaters with
ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. PhD Thesis, IST, Technical University of Lisbon
9. Baker, R. W. (2004). Ion exchange membrane processes–Electrodialysis. Membrane Technology and
Applications, Second Edition, 393-423.
Editor's Notes
Flux is the flow rate of water applied per unit area/time. High flux increases the diffusion or filtration efficiency
Membrane fouling is a process by which the particles, colloidal particles, or solute macromolecules are deposited or adsorbed onto the membrane pores or onto a membrane surface by physical and chemical interactions or mechanical action, which results in smaller or blocked membrane pores.
If a vessel equipped with semipermeable membrane is filled with two different solutions of varying concentration, than the water of less concentrated solution will pass through the membrane into the solution with high concentration (due to osmatic pressure difference) to get the equilibrium. If external pressure, higher than the solution's osmatic pressure, is applied on the higher concentration solution, than, the movement of water can be reversed l.e. now water will flow from high concentration solution to lower concentration solution, which will results in increasing the concentration of previously concentrated solution and further dilution of less concentrated solution. This phenomena is called reverse osmosis