While lung cancer remains a very challenging cancer to treat, new treatments that capitalize on advances in our understanding of cancer. It is likely that a more personalized approach to treatment using biological markers and combinations of therapies will provide better results in the future.
While lung cancer remains a very challenging cancer to treat, new treatments that capitalize on advances in our understanding of cancer. It is likely that a more personalized approach to treatment using biological markers and combinations of therapies will provide better results in the future.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Cancer of liver usually results from metastasis from a primary cancer at a distant location.
The liver is likely area of involvement i.e. cancer originated in the esophagus, lungs ,breast, stomach, colon, pancreas, kidney, bladder etc.Hepatic tumor may be malignant or benign.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Cancer of liver usually results from metastasis from a primary cancer at a distant location.
The liver is likely area of involvement i.e. cancer originated in the esophagus, lungs ,breast, stomach, colon, pancreas, kidney, bladder etc.Hepatic tumor may be malignant or benign.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Austin Journal of Lung Cancer Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with the causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management of lung cancer. Lung cancer occurs when the cells of lung divide uncontrollably and form tumor.
Austin Journal of Lung Cancer Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of this disease.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
Nurse Managers are required to be aware of the techniques that can help them ensure effective management of educational/service unit. Communication is one of the most important activities in the nursing management. It is the foundation upon which the manager achieves organizational objectives.
Communication is a process of change. In order to achieve the desired result, the communication necessarily is effective and purposive.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into the small intestine.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. INTRODUCTION
A lung tumor is an abnormal rate of cell division or cell
death in lung tissue or in the airways that lead to the
lungs.
Lung tumor is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs.
The lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take
in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide
when you exhale.
3.
4. DEFINITION
A benign lung tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that serves no purpose
and is found not to be cancerous.
Benign lung tumor may grow from many different structures in the lung.
5. INCIDENCE
It is the leading cause of death among all racial groups in
US.
Accounting for 31% of all ca deaths in men & 27% of
deaths in women.
In 2005 more than 1,68,000 people died from lung ca in
US; an estimated 1,84000 new cases were diagnosed in
the same year.
6. RISK FACTORS:
• Smoking. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of
cigarettes you smoke each day and the number of years you have
smoked. Quitting at any age can significantly lower your risk of
developing lung cancer.
• Exposure to secondhand smoke. Even if you don't smoke, your risk
of lung cancer increases if you're exposed to secondhand smoke.
• Previous radiation therapy. If you've undergone radiation therapy to
the chest for another type of cancer, you may have an increased risk of
developing lung cancer.
• Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens. Workplace exposure to
asbestos and other substances known to cause cancer — such as
arsenic, chromium and nickel — can increase your risk of developing
lung cancer, especially if you're a smoker.
• Family history of lung cancer. People with a parent, sibling or child
with lung cancer have an increased risk of the disease.
7. ETIOLOGY:
Cigarette smoking which contain 43 known chemical
carcinogens & ca promoters is most significant cause
of ca.
Genetic abnormality chromosome 3 with loss of genetic
material.
Alteration of tumor suppressor gene.
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Due to etiological factors
Damage of bronchial epithelial cells
Mutation of bronchial epithelial cells
Epithelial cells become neoplastic
9. TYPES OF LUNG CA
Acc. To cell type tumor can divide into :
s.
no.
Cell type &
prevalence
Presentation & associated
manifestation
spread
1 Small-cell
carcinoma (20-25%)
Central lesion with hilar mass
common, early meditational
involvement,, no cavitations,
SIADH, Cushing syndrome
Aggressive tumor, more than
40% of clients have distant
metastasis at time of
presentation
2 Adenocarcinoma
(20-40%)
Peripheral mass involving; few
local symptoms
Early metastasis to CNS
skeleton, & adrenal glands
3 Squamus cell
carcinoma (30-32%)
Central lesion located in large
bronchi; clients presents with
cough, dyspnea, atelectasis &
wheezing
Spread by local invasion
4 Large cell
carcinoma (10-15%)
Usually peripheral lesion that is
larger than that associated with
adenocarcinoma & tends to
cavitate; gynecomastia
Early metastasis
10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
• A new cough that doesn't go away
• Coughing up blood, even a small amount
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Hoarseness
• Losing weight without trying
• Bone pain
• Headache
11. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
Chest x-ray: usually provide the Ist evidence of lung cancer. It
may be used as a screening tool for lung ca.
Sputum specimen: is sent for cytologic examination. The
sputum sample is collected on arising in the morning. If
malignant cells are found in the sputum more invasive
examinations are required.
Bronchoscopy: done to visualize & obtain tissue for biopsy
from the tumor.
CT-scan: it is used to evaluate & localize tumors in the lung
parenchyma & pleura. CT scanning can also detect distant
tumor metastasis & evaluate tumor response to treatment.
Cytologic examination: cells or tissues for cytologic
examination & biopsy may be obtained by aspirating fluid
from a pleural effusion, percutaneous needle biopsy & lymph
node biopsy.
12. CONTI…
CBC, liver function test & serum electrolytes:
Including ca are obtained to evaluate for evidence of
metastatic disease or paraneoplstic syndromes.
Tuberculin test is performed to rule out TB as a cause
of symptoms.
Pulmonary function test: may be performed prior to
the initiation of treatment if the client has
manifestations of respiratory insufficiency (e.g.
dyspnea, low oxygen saturation level).
13. MANAGEMENT:
Chemotherapy:
Used in combination, chemotherapeutic drugs to be attached at
different parts of the cell cycle & in different ways, increasing
the effectiveness of therapy. Chemotherapy drugs that
commonly used are- Vance Alkaloids (Vinblastine),
Doxorubicin, Taxanes (Docetaxel), Plantin analogus
(Cisplantin, & Carboplantin).
14. CONTI…
Radiation therapy: It is used alone or in combination with
surgery & chemotherapy.
Goals-
Treatment- prior to surgery, R/T may be used to debulk
tumors.
Palliative- (symptom relief) it may also be used to relieve
manifestation such as cough, hemoptysis & dyspnea
from bronchial obstruction.
R/T may be delivered by external beam radiation to the
primary tumor site or by intraluminal radiation or
brachytherapy.
15. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
The goal of surgery is to remove all involved tissue while preserving
as much as functional lung as possible.
s.
no.
procedure description Used for
1 Laser bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy guided laser
used to resect tumor
Tumors localized in a main
bronchus
2 mediastinoscopy Visualization of
mediastinum using an
endoscope passed through a
suprasternal incision
Evaluation & biopsy of a
meditational tumors &
lymph nodes
3 thoracotomy Incision into the chest wall Access the lung & thoracic
cavity for surgery
16. 4 Wedge
resection
Removal of an
individual
bronchovascular
segment of a lobe
Peripheral lung tumor with no
evidence of extension to chest
wall or metastasis
5 Segmental
resection
Resection of a section of
a major bronchus with
reconstruction of
remaining normal
bronchus
Small lesion of major bronchus
6 Sleeve
resection
Resection of a section of
a major bronchus with
reconstruction of
remaining normal
bronchus
Small lesion of a major bronchus
7 lobectomy Removal of a single lung
lobe
Tumor confined to a single lobe
8 pneumonecto
my
Removal of an entire
lung
Tumor widespread throughout the
lung, involving the main bronchus or
fixed to the hilum
17. COMPLICATION
• Shortness of breath. People with lung cancer can
experience shortness of breath if cancer grows to block the
major airways..
• Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the
airway, which can cause you to cough up blood
(hemoptysis).
• Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads to the lining of a
lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone, can
cause pain.
• Fluid in the chest (pleural effusion). Lung cancer can
cause fluid to accumulate in the space that surrounds the
affected lung in the chest cavity (pleural space). Fluid
accumulating in the chest can cause shortness of breath.
• Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body
(metastasis).
18. Nursing management:
Ineffective breathing pattern r/t tumor & treatment of
tumor.
Activity intolerance r/t resectional lung surgery &
inoperable lung ca.
Acute pain r/t surgical procedure or terminal stage of
ca.
Anticipatory grieving r/t advanced diagnosis of lung ca.