This document provides an overview of lung cancer including its definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, complications, nursing management, and nursing diagnoses. It defines lung cancer as a type of cancer that begins in the lungs and discusses the main risk factors as smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, radiation therapy, and exposure to carcinogens. The document summarizes the types of lung cancer and lists common clinical manifestations such as cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnostic evaluations including imaging tests, biopsies, and lab tests are outlined. Management includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical options. Complications, nursing management, and potential nursing diagnoses are

1. VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE OF NURSING
MICRO-TEACHING
PRESENTED BY- APURVA DWIVEDI [M.Sc. Nsg. 1ST Yr.]

2. LUNG CANCER

3. INTRODUCTION
◦ A lung tumor is an abnormal rate of cell division or cell death in lung
tissue or in the airways that lead to the lungs.
◦ Lung tumor is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. The lungs are
two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale
and release carbon dioxide when you exhale.

4. DEFINITION
◦ A benign lung tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue that serves no
purpose and is found not to be cancerous. Benign lung tumor may grow
from many different structures in the lung.

5. RISK FACTORS:
◦ Smoking: The risk of lung cancer increases with the
number of cigarettes you smoke each day and the
number of years you have smoked. Quitting at any
age can significantly lower your risk of developing
lung cancer.
◦ Exposure to secondhand smoke: Even if you don't
smoke, your risk of lung cancer increases if you're
exposed to secondhand smoke.

6. CONTI.
◦ Previous radiation therapy: If you've undergone
radiation therapy to the chest for another type of cancer,
you may have an increased risk of developing lung
cancer.
◦ Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens:
Workplace exposure to asbestos and other substances
known to cause cancer — such as arsenic, chromium
and nickel — can increase your risk of developing lung
cancer, especially if you're a smoker.

7. CONTI.
◦ Family history of lung cancer: People
with a parent, sibling or child with lung
cancer have an increased risk of the
disease

8. ETIOLOGY:
◦ Cigarette smoking which contain 43 known
chemical carcinogens & ca promoters is
most significant cause of ca.
◦ Genetic abnormality chromosome 3 with
loss of genetic material.
◦ Alteration of tumor suppressor gene.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Due to etiological factors
Damage of bronchial epithelial cells
Mutation of bronchial epithelial cells
Epithelial cells become neoplastic

10. TYPES OF LUNG
CANCER

12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
◦ Cough that doesn't go away
◦ Coughing up blood, even a
small amount
◦ Shortness of breath
◦ Chest pain
◦ Hoarseness
◦ Losing weight without trying
◦ Bone pain
◦ Headache

13. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
◦ Chest x-ray: usually provide the Ist evidence of lung
cancer. It may be used as a screening tool for lung ca.
◦ Sputum specimen: is sent for cytologic examination.
The sputum sample is collected on arising in the
morning. If malignant cells are found in the sputum more
invasive examinations are required.
◦ Bronchoscopy: done to visualize & obtain tissue for
biopsy from the tumor.

14. CONTI.
◦ CT-scan: it is used to evaluate & localize tumors in the
lung parenchyma & pleura. CT scanning can also detect
distant tumor metastasis & evaluate tumor response to
treatment.
◦ Cytologic examination: cells or tissues for cytologic
examination & biopsy may be obtained by aspirating fluid
from a pleural effusion, percutaneous needle biopsy &
lymph node biopsy.

15. CONTI.
◦ CBC, liver function test & serum electrolytes: Including ca
are obtained to evaluate for evidence of metastatic disease or
paraneoplstic syndromes.
◦ Tuberculin test is performed to rule out TB as a cause of
symptoms.
◦ Pulmonary function test: may be performed prior to the
initiation of treatment if the client has manifestations of
respiratory insufficiency (e.g. dyspnea, low oxygen saturation
level).

16. MANAGEMENT:
Chemotherapy:
Used in combination, chemotherapeutic drugs to be
attached at different parts of the cell cycle & in
different ways, increasing the effectiveness of
therapy. Chemotherapy drugs that commonly used
are- Vance Alkaloids (Vinblastine), Doxorubicin,
Taxanes (Docetaxel), Plantin analogus (Cisplantin,
& Carboplantin).

17. CONTI.
◦Radiation therapy
It is used alone or in combination
with surgery & chemotherapy.

18. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

19. ◦ Lasser bronchoscopy
◦ Mediastinoscopy
◦ Thoracotomy
◦ Bronchial Sleeve resection

20. COMPLICATION
◦ Shortness of breath: People with lung cancer can experience
shortness of breath if cancer grows to block the major airways.
◦ Coughing up blood: Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway,
which can cause you to cough up blood (hemoptysis).
◦ Pain: Advanced lung cancer that spreads to the lining of a lung or to
another area of the body, such as a bone, can cause pain.

21. Conti.
◦ Fluid in the chest (pleural effusion) Lung cancer can cause fluid to
accumulate in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest
cavity (pleural space). Fluid accumulating in the chest can cause
shortness of breath.
◦ Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body (metastasis).

22. Nursing management:
◦ Assessing fluid and electrolyte status.
◦ Assessing cognitive status.
◦ Modifying risks for infection and bleeding.
◦ Administer chemotherapy.
◦ Prevent nausea and vomiting.
◦ Managing cognitive changes.
◦ Manage fatigue.
◦ Provide psychological support.

23. Nursing diagnosis:
◦ Ineffective breathing pattern r/t tumor & treatment of tumor.
◦ Activity intolerance r/t resectional lung surgery & inoperable lung ca.
◦ Acute pain r/t surgical procedure or terminal stage of ca.
◦ Anticipatory grieving r/t advanced diagnosis of lung ca.

24. THANK YOU..