This document discusses benefit-cost analysis for public sector projects. It defines key terms like costs, benefits, and dis-benefits. It explains that the conventional B/C ratio compares benefits minus dis-benefits to costs. A modified B/C ratio includes maintenance and operation costs in the numerator. It provides examples of calculating B/C ratios for single projects and using the incremental B/C method to select between alternatives. Engineers must consider ethical issues when involved in public policy making and planning projects.
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
Powerpoint Search Engine has collection of slides related to specific topics. Write the required keyword in the search box and it fetches you the related results.
A Stream of Construction Management which covers Time Value of Money and Equivalence of Alternatives by Various Methods also includes basic idea of Benefit to Cost Ratio.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Session 7 Appraising Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
9-2
1. Explain difference in public vs. private sector projects
2. Calculate B/C ratio for single project
3. Select better of two alternatives using B/C method
3. Introduction
• Evaluation methods of previous LO are usually applied to alternatives
in the private sector.
• This LO introduces economic consideration for the public sector.
• In the case of public projects, the owners and users (beneficiaries)
are the citizens and residents of a government unit—city, county,
state, province or nation.
• Government units provide the mechanisms to raise capital and
operating funds.
• This chapter also introduces service sector projects and discusses
how their economic evaluation is different from that for other
projects
9-3
4. • A public sector project is a product, service, or system used,
financed, and owned by the citizens of any government level. The
primary purpose is to provide service to the citizenry for the public
good at no profit. Areas such as public health, criminal justice, safety,
transportation, welfare, and utilities are all publically owned and
require economic evaluation.
Some public sector examples:
• Hospitals and clinics
• Parks and recreation
• Utilities: water, electricity, gas, sewer, sanitation
• Schools: primary, secondary, community
• colleges, universities
9-4
Introduction
5. 9-5
Life Longer (30 – 50+ years) Shorter (2 – 25 years)
Annual CF No profit Profit-driven
Funding Taxes, fees, bonds, etc. Stocks, bonds, loans, etc.
Interest rate Lower Higher
Selection criteria Multiple criteria Primarily ROR
Environment of evaluation Politically inclined Economic
Characteristic Public Private
Size of Investment Large Small, medium, large
6. 9-6
Contractors does not share project risk
Fixed price - lump-sum payment
Cost reimbursable - Cost plus, as negotiated
Contractor shares in project risk
Public-private partnerships (PPP), such as:
Design-build projects - Contractor responsible from
design stage to operations stage
Design-build-operate-maintain-finance (DBOMF)
projects - Turnkey project with contractor managing
financing (manage cash flow); government obtains
funding for project
7. • To perform a benefit/cost economic analysis of public
alternatives, the costs (initial and annual), the benefits, and the
dis-benefits, if considered, must be estimated as accurately as
possible in monetary units.
• Costs—estimated expenditures to the government entity for
construction, operation, and maintenance of the project, less any
expected salvage value.
• Benefits—advantages to be experienced by the owners, the
public.
• Dis-benefits—expected undesirable or negative consequences to
the owners if the alternative is implemented. Dis-benefits may be
indirect economic disadvantages of the alternative.
9-7
Benefit/Cost Analysis
8. Benefit/Cost Analysis
• The benefit/cost ratio is relied upon as a fundamental analysis method
for public sector projects.
• All cost and benefit estimates must be converted to a common
equivalent monetary unit (PW, AW, or FW) at the discount rate (interest
rate). The B/C ratio is then calculated using one of these relations:
• Present worth and annual worth equivalencies are preferred to future
worth values.
• The sign convention for B/C analysis is positive signs; costs are preceded
by a + sign.
• Salvage values and additional revenues to the government, when they
are estimated, are subtracted from costs in the denominator.
• Dis-benefits are considered in different ways depending upon the model
used.
9-8
9. • The conventional B/C ratio, probably the most widely used,
• Dis-benefits are subtracted from benefits, not added to costs.
9-9
Benefit/Cost Analysis
• The modified B/C ratio includes all the estimates associated with the
project such as maintenance and operation. (M&O) costs are placed
in the numerator and treated as dis-benefits. The denominator
includes only the initial investment.
• all amounts are expressed in PW, AW, or FW terms, the modified B/C
ratio is calculated as
Two types of analyses:
10. • It is possible to develop a direct formula connection between the B/C
of a public sector and B/C of a private sector project that is a revenue
alternative ; both revenues and costs are estimated.
• the PW for project cash flows is
PW of project = PW of revenue - PW of costs
• This relation can be slightly rewritten to form the profitability index
(PI), which can be used to evaluate revenue projects in the public or
private sector.
9-10
Benefit/Cost Analysis
11. B/C Relations : summary
cost
Benefit (B) -- Advantages to the public
Disbenefit (D) -- Disadvantages to the public
Cost (C) -- Expenditures by the government
Note: Savings to government are subtracted from costs
Conventional B/C ratio = (B–D) / C
Modified B/C ratio = [(B–D) – C] / Initial Investment
Profitability Index = NCF / Initial Investment
Note 1 : All terms must be expressed in same units, i.e., PW, AW, or FW
Note 2 : Do not use minus sign ahead of costs
9-11
Must identify each cash flow as either benefit, dis-benefit, or cost
12. 9-12
Benefit/cost analysis
If B/C ≥ 1.0, project is economically justified at
discount rate applied
If B/C < 1.0, project is not economically acceptable
Profitability index analysis of
revenue projects
If PI ≥ 1.0, project is economically justified at
discount rate applied
If PI < 1.0, project is not economically acceptable
13. 9-13
Conventional B/C ratio =
B - D
C
Modified B/C ratio = B – D – M&O
C
If B/C ≥ 1.0,
accept project;
otherwise, reject
PI =
PW of initial investment
If PI ≥ 1.0,
accept project;
otherwise, reject
PW of NCFt
Denominator is
initial investment
14. A flood control project will have a first cost of $1.4 million with an annual
maintenance cost of $40,000 and a 10 year life. Reduced flood damage is
expected to amount to $175,000 per year. Lost income to farmers is estimated
to be $25,000 per year.At an interest rate of 6% per year, should the
project be undertaken?
Solution: Express all values inAW terms and find B/C ratio
B = $175,000
D = $25,000
C = 1,400,000(A/P,10,%6)+40,000$ = 230,218$
B/C= (175,000 – 25,000) / 230,218
= 0.65 < 1.0
Do not build project
9-14
Example: B/C Analysis – Single Project
Annual – use AW
16. 9-16
Example: B/C Analysis – Single Project
Conventional B/C
Modified B/C
Example Conventional & Modified B/C
17. The cost of grading and spreading gravel on a short rural road is
expected to be $300,000. The road will have to be maintained at a
cost of $25,000 per year. Even though the new road is not very
smooth, it allows access to an area that previously could only be
reached with off-road vehicles. The improved accessibility has led to
a 150% increase in the property values along the road. If the previous
market value of a property was $900,000, calculate the B/C ratio
using an interest rate of 6% per year and a 20-year study period.
Solution
9-17
Example: B/C Analysis – Single Project
Example Conventional B/C
18. The cost of grading and spreading gravel on a short rural road is
expected to be $300,000. The road will have to be maintained at a
cost of $25,000 per year. Even though the new road is not very
smooth, it allows access to an area that previously could only be
reached with off-road vehicles. The improved accessibility has led to
a 150% increase in the property values along the road. If the previous
market value of a property was $900,000, calculate the B/C ratio
using an interest rate of 6% per year and a 20-year study period.
Solution
B = 900,000(1.5) – 900,000 = $450,000
C = 300,000 + 25,000(P/A,6%,20)
= 300,000 + 25,000(11.4699)
= $586,748
B/C = 450,000/586,748 = 0.77
9-18
Example: B/C Analysis – Single Project
Example Conventional B/C
21. Defender, Challenger and Do NothingAlternatives
When selecting from two or more ME alternatives, there is a:
Defender – in-place system or currently selected alternative
Challenger – Alternative challenging the defender
Do-nothing option – Status quo system
General approach for incremental B/C analysis of two ME alternatives:
Lower total cost alternative is first compared to Do-nothing (DN)
If B/C for the lower cost alternative is < 1.0, the DN option is compared to
∆B/C of the higher-cost alternative
If both alternatives lose out to DN option, DN prevails, unless
overriding needs requires selection of one of the alternatives
9-21
22. 9-22
Procedure similar to ROR analysis for multiple alternatives
(1) Determine equivalent total cost for each alternative
(2) Order alternatives by increasing total cost
(3) Identify B and D for each alternative, if given, or go to step 5
(4) Calculate B/C for each alternative and eliminate all with B/C < 1.0
(5) Determine incremental costs and benefits for first two alternatives
(6) Calculate ∆B/C; if >1.0, higher cost alternative becomes defender
(7) Repeat steps 5 and 6 until only one alternative remains
Select higher
cost alternative
28. Solution
East vs. DN: (B-D)East = 990,000 – 120,000 = $870,000 per year
CEast = 11,000,000(0.06) + 100,000 = $760,000 per year
(B-D)/C = 870,000/760,000
= 1.14
Eliminate DN
West vs. East: Δ(B-D) = (2,400,000 – 100,000) – (990,000 – 120,000) = $1,430,000
ΔC = [27,000,000(0.06) + 90,000] – 760,000 = $950,000
ΔB/C = 1,430,000/950,000
= 1.51
Select West location
9.31 The estimates shown are for a bridge under consideration for a river
crossing in Wheeling, West Virginia. Use the B/C ratio method at an
interest rate of 6% per year to determine which bridge, if either, should be
built.
9-28
30. Ethical Considerations
Engineers are routinely involved in two areas
where ethics may be compromised:
Public policy making – Development of strategy, e.g.,
water system management (supply/demand strategy;
ground vs. surface sources)
Public planning - Development of projects, e.g., water
operations (distribution, rates, sales to outlying areas)
Engineers must maintain integrity and impartiality and
always adhere to Code of Ethics
9-30