This document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) which are used to assess the liver's ability to perform its functions. It describes several types of LFTs including those based on the liver's excretory, metabolic, synthetic and detoxification functions. Specific tests discussed include measurements of bilirubin, liver enzymes, bromosulphthalein clearance, prothrombin time and albumin. The document provides details on clinically relevant liver enzymes, their normal ranges and implications of different levels. These include transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'-nucleotidase.
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS BY DR. PREMJEET KAUR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BIOCHEMISTRY Premjeet Kaur
BY THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER WHAT, WHY, WHICH ABOUT LIVER FUNCTION TESTS , WHAT IS JAUNDICE , METABOLISM OF HEME , FORMATION OF BILE PIGMENTS FROM HEME , TRASFER OF LILIRUBIN FROM BLOOD TO BILE , DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN, RETENTION JAUNDICE , REGURGITATION JAUNDICE ,DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN BLOOD ,ANTIPYRINE TEST, SERUM ENZYMES IN LIVER DISEASE, ASSESING EXTENT OF LIVER DAMAGE , DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL JAUNDICE , BCG TEST , PLASMA PROTEINS , DETOXIFICATION FUNCTION OF LIVER
Liver function test (LFT) includes a group of blood tests commonly performed to evaluate the function of the liver. This test measures the level of liver enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/liver-function-test-2562
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS BY DR. PREMJEET KAUR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BIOCHEMISTRY Premjeet Kaur
BY THE END OF THIS PRESENTATION YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER WHAT, WHY, WHICH ABOUT LIVER FUNCTION TESTS , WHAT IS JAUNDICE , METABOLISM OF HEME , FORMATION OF BILE PIGMENTS FROM HEME , TRASFER OF LILIRUBIN FROM BLOOD TO BILE , DETERMINATION OF SERUM BILIRUBIN, RETENTION JAUNDICE , REGURGITATION JAUNDICE ,DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN BLOOD ,ANTIPYRINE TEST, SERUM ENZYMES IN LIVER DISEASE, ASSESING EXTENT OF LIVER DAMAGE , DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL JAUNDICE , BCG TEST , PLASMA PROTEINS , DETOXIFICATION FUNCTION OF LIVER
Liver function test (LFT) includes a group of blood tests commonly performed to evaluate the function of the liver. This test measures the level of liver enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/liver-function-test-2562
this is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate pathology students. Notes have been prepared from standard textbooks and are in a format easy to reproduce in exams.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
contains liver function test overall description in clinical scenario.Contains adequate information on anatomy of liver,functions, classifications of LFT , indications,bilirubin metabolism,Van den berg reaction,liver enzyme panel,special tests.
#LFT
this is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate pathology students. Notes have been prepared from standard textbooks and are in a format easy to reproduce in exams.
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
contains liver function test overall description in clinical scenario.Contains adequate information on anatomy of liver,functions, classifications of LFT , indications,bilirubin metabolism,Van den berg reaction,liver enzyme panel,special tests.
#LFT
Liver function tests for Pharm.D (Medicinal biochemistry & Clinical pharmacy)Soujanya Pharm.D
Introduction, Major functions of liver, Tests to assess liver function, Classification of liver function tests, Interpretation of results (Medicinal biochemistry & Clinical pharmacy)
This content is suitable for medical technologists/technicians/lab assistants/scientists writing the SMLTSA board exam. The content is also suitable for biomedical technology students and people also interested in learning about the liver. This chapter describes the liver and interpretation of the liver function tests. Please note that these notes are a collection I used to study for my board exam and train others who got distinctions using these.
Disclaimer: Credit goes to those who wrote the notes and the examiners of each exam question. Please use only as a reference guide and use your prescribed textbook for the latest and most accurate notes and ranges. The material here is not referenced as it is a collection of pieces of study notes from multiple people, and thus will not be held viable for any misinterpretations. Please use at your own discretion.
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS,TOXICITY PHARAMETERS,GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DRINKING,CLINICAL USES,METHYL ALCOHOL.THIS FOR ALL MEDICAL AND PHARMACY STUDENTS.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ABOUT STAGES OF ANESTHESIA,DRUGS USED IN ANAESTHESIA,CLASSIFICATION,MECHANISM OF ACTION,INHALATION AND INTRAVENOUS DRUGS.FOR ALL MEDICAL AND PHARMACY STUDENTS.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF DRUGS WITH THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISM OF ACTION ,ESPECIALLY FOR PHARM.D STUDENTS.IT INCLUDE ALL D BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THIS TOPIC .
More from Department of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur. (10)
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. • Liver performs several diversified functions. lt is the central organ of
body's metabolism.
Functions of liver
• 1 . Metabolic functions : Liver actively participates in carbohydrate, lipid,
protein, mineral and vitamin metabolisms.
• 2. Excretory functions : Bile pigments, bile salts and cholesterol are
excreted in the bile into intestine.
• 3. Protective functions and detoxification : Kupffer cells of liver perform
phagocytosis to eliminate foreign compounds. Ammonia is detoxified to
urea. Liver is responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics
(detoxification).
• 4. Hematological functions : Liver participates in the formation of blood
(particularly in the embryo), synthesis of plasma proteins (including blood
clotting factors) and destruction of erythrocytes.
• 5. Storage functions : Clycogen, vitamins A, D and 812 and trace element
iron are stored in liver.
3. Tests to assess liver function
• The liver function tests (LFT) are the
biochemical investigations to assess the
capacity of the liver to carry out any of the
functions it performs.
• LFT will help to detect the abnormalities and
the extent of liver damage.
4. The major liver function tests may be classified as follows
• 1. Tests based on excretory function: Measurement of
bile pigments, bile salts, bromosulphthalein.
• 2. Tests based on serum enzymes derived from liver:
Determination of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase,
5'-nucleotidase, y-glutamyl transpeptidase.
• 3. Tests based on metabolic capacity -Galactose
tolerance, antipyrine clearance.
• 4. Tests based on synthetic functions -Prothrombin
time, serum albumin.
• 5. Tests based on detoxification-Hippuric acid synthesis.
5.
6. Markers of Liver Function
• BILIRUBIN: Bilirubin is a bile pigment, and is the
excretory end product of heme degradation. lt is
conjugated in the liver to form bilirubin di-
glucuronide, and excreted in bile.
• Serum bilirubin: The normal concentration of
serum bilirubin is in the range of 0.2-1 mg/dL Of
this, the conjugated bilirubin(di-glucuronide
75%,monoglucuronide 25%) is about 0.2-0.4
m/dl, while the unconjugated bilirubin is 0.2-0.6
mgldl.
7. • Icterus index: This is a simple test to measure
the yellow color of serum due to bilirubin.
• This test is rather crude and almost out dated.
• However, it is often useful for a rapid
assessment of neonatal jaundic.
8. van den Bergh reaction
• This is a specific reaction to identify the increase in serum bilirubin.
• Normal serum gives a negative van den Bergh reaction.
• Mechanism of the reaction :
van den Bergh reagent is a mixture of equal volumes of sulfanilic acid (in dilute HCI) and
sodium nitrite. The principle of the reaction is that diazotised sulfanilic acid (in the above
mixture) reacts with bilirubin to form a purple coloured azobilirubin.
• Direct and indirect reactions :
1. Bilirubin as such is insoluble in water while the conjugated bilirubin is soluble. van den Bergh reagent
reacts with conjugated bilirubin and gives a purple colour immediately (normally within 30 seconds). This
is referred to as a direct positive van den Bergh reaction.
2. Addition of methanol (or alcohol) dissolves the unconjugated biliruhin which then gives
the van den Bergh reaction (normally within 30 minutes) positive and this is referred to as
indirect positive.
3. lf the serum contains both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in high concentration,
the purple colour is produced immediately (direct positive) which is further intensified by
the addition of alcohol (indirect positive). This type of reaction is known as biphasic.
• Van den Bergh reaction and jaundice : This reaction is highly useful in understanding the nature of
jaundice. This is due to the fact that the type of jaundice is characterized by increased serum
concentration of unconjugated bilirubin (hemolytic), conjugated bilirubin (obstructive) or both of
them (hepatic).
• Therefore, the response of van den Bergh reaction can differentiate the jaundice as follows
– Indirect positive - Hemolytic jaundice
– Direct positive - Obstructive jaundice
– Biphasic - Hepatic jaundice
9. Bilirubin in urine
• The conjugated bilirubin, being water soluble, is excreted in urine.
This is in contrast to unconjugated bilirubin which is not excreted.
• Bilirubin in urine can be detected by Fouchet's test or Gmelin's
test.
• Gmelin's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of
bile pigments in urine. 5ml of urine is slowly added to 5ml of
concentrated nitric acid in a test-tube.
• Different coloured rings between the two layers are visible if bile
pigments are present as they are oxidised to various chemical
products. Nitric acid is used as the oxidising agent.
• Blue, green and violet rings are seen if bilirubin is present.
• Gmelin's test is not sensitive so a positive result always indicates
the presence of bile pigments but a negative result does not
exclude the presence of small quantities of bile pigments.
10. Fouchet's test :
• To 5 ml of urine add 1 ml of 10% barium chloride
(BaCl2).
• This should form barium sulphate precipitate and if it
does not, add a few drops of saturated ammonium
sulphate.
• Add a drop of Fouchet's reagent to the precipitate
formed.
• A green or blue color is formed if positive.
11. Bromosulphthalein (BSP) test
• Bromosulphthalein is a dye used to assess the excretory
function of liver.
• lt is a non-toxic compound and almost exclusively excreted
by the liver (through bile).
• BSP is administered intravenously (5 mg/kg body weight)
and its serum concentration is measured at 45 min and at 2
hrs.
• In normal individuals, less than 5% of the dye is retained at
the end of 45 min.
• Any impairment in liver function causes an increased
retention of the dye.
• This test is quite sensitive to assess liver abnormality with
particular reference to excretory function.
12. SERUM ENZYMES DERIVED FROM
LIVER
• Liver cells contain several enzymes, which may
be released into the circulation in liver
damage.
• Measurement of selected enzymes in serum is
often used to assess the liver function.
• Some of these enzymes are discussed
hereunder.
13. Transaminases or aminotransferases
• The activities of two enzymes namely-
• serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT; recently
called as alanine transaminase-ALT)
• serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT;
recently known as aspartate transaminase- AST ) -are
widely used to assess the liver function.
• ALT is a cytoplasmic enzyme while AST is found in both
cytoplasm and mitochondria. The activity of these enzymes
is low in normal serum (ALT 5-40 lU/l; AST 5-45 lU/l).
• Serum ALT and AST are increased in liver damage. However,
alanine transaminase is more sensitive and reliable for the
assessment of LFT.
14. Alkaline phosphatase
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is mainly derived from
bone and liver (the cells lining the bile canaliculi).
• A rise in serum ALP (normal 3-13 KA units/dl), usually
associated with elevated serum bilirubin is an
indicator of biliary obstruction (obstructive/pos-
thepatic jaundice).
• ALP is also elevated in cirrhosis of liver and hepatic
tumors.
15. γ - Glutamyl transpeptidase
• This is a microsomal enzyme widely distributed in body
tissues, including liver.
• Measurement of y-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
activity provides a sensitive index to asses liver
abnormality.
• The activity of this enzyme almost parallels that of
transaminases in hepatic damage.
• Serum GGT is highly elevated (normal 5-4O lU/I )in
biliary obstruction and alcoholism.
• Further, several drugs (e.g. phenytoin) induce (liver
synthesis) and increase this enzyme in circulation.
16. 5'-Nucleotidase
• The serum activity of 5'-nucleotidase (normal
2-15 U/l) is elevated in hepatobiliary disease
and this parallels ALP.
• The advantage with 5'-nucleotidase is that it is
not altered in bone disease (as is the case with
ALP).
17. Other enzymes
• Serum isocitrate dehydrogenase and
isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH4
and LDH5) are also useful in LFT.