This document provides an overview of immunology and microbiology. It defines immunology as the study of protection from foreign substances and responses to them. It describes the types of immunity as innate, acquired, humoral, and cellular. It discusses the organs of the immune system including primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary lymphoid organs like spleen and lymph nodes. It also summarizes concepts like phagocytosis, bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, and importance of immune boosters like protein and vitamin C.

1. IMMUNOLOGY- MICROBIOLOGY
BY- NILESH SHARMA ( PHARM.D 2ND YEAR)

2. IMMUNOLOGY.(DEFINITION)
 Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our
responses to them.
 • Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g. virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in
my body).

3. IMMUNITY.
 The state of rapid and higher responsiveness in a trial for-
Elimination of an antigen previously detected by the Immune system and formation of memory
lymphocytes cells.
 Immune system = cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections .
 Immune response = collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in
an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune system

5. TYPES OF IMMUNITY.
 Inborn or innate immunity: It is present at birth; This is our First Line Of Defense.
 Acquired or specific: It is not present at birth but becomes part of our immune system as the lymphoid
system develops.
 1970: WHO defined immunity as immune response to antigen ( Foreign body).
 Humoral ( activation of B-lymphocytes)
 Cellular (by activation of T-lymphocytes)

6. TWO TYPES OF IMMUNITY.
 1. Innate (non-adaptive)
 first line of immune response
 relies on mechanisms that exist before infection
 2. Acquired (adaptive)
 Second line of response (if innate fails)
 relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection
 handled by T- and B- lymphocytes – one cell determines one antigenic determinant .

7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNITY.
 Principles of innate and adaptive immunity.
 The innate immune system provide first line of defence system against many microorganism and is
critical for the control of some bacterial pathogens. It also playes a role in initating the adaptive respone
,and control the infection until the adaptive respone takes effect in 4to7 days..
 The adaptive immune system recognize pathogen seen by the innate respone ,and provides additional
effector function, as well as an improved secondry response upon re –exposure to the same pathogens .

8. 0RGANS 0F IMMUNE SYSTEM.
• Primary Lymphoid Organs
– Bone Marrow and Thymus
– Maturation Site
• Secondary Lymphoid Organs
– Spleen, lymph nodes,
– MALT (mucosal associated lymph tissue)
–GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)
– Trap antigen, APC, Lymphocyte Proliferation

9. PHAGOCYTOSIS.
Phagocytosis is the process where a cell (phagocyte) engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment
called a phagosome. The membrane of the phagocyte forms a crater shape around the particle that is to be
phagocytised.
Within the phagosome, the particle can then be degraded. In the immune system, it is a major mechanism
that the body uses to remove pathogenic material.
In this article, we shall briefly review the process of phagocytosis, highlight major phagocytes in the immune
system and discuss the clinical relevance of phagocytosis.

10. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Several types of cells in the immune system use phagocytosis to engulf microorganisms,
some major ones include:
•Neutrophils– these are abundant in the blood and are dominant in acute inflammation.
•Macrophages– these are closely related to monocytes in the blood. They live longer
than neutrophils and are the dominant cell type in chronic inflammation.
•Dendritic cells– these cells are involved in the amplification of specific immune
responses.
•B-lymphocytes– these cells require some phagocytosis to transform into antibody
producing plasma cells.

11. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.

12. BACTERIAL EXOTOXINS AND ENDOTOXINS.
Exotoxins are toxic substances secreted by bacteria and released outside the cell.
Whereas Endotoxins are bacterial toxins consisting of lipids that are located within a cell.

13. IMPTOTANCE OF IMMUNE BOOSTERS.
Help protect yourself against infection and boost your immunity by including these nutrients in your
eating plan. Protein plays a role in the body's immune system, especially for healing and recovery. ...
Vitamin C helps protect you from infection by stimulating the formation of antibodies and
boosting immunity

14. THANK U
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