Electrolyte replacement therapy by nilesh sharma
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•272 views
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to overcome electrolyte imbalances and restore body fluid composition and volume. Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to conditions like diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, or prolonged treatment without nutrients. There are several electrolytes in the body like sodium, potassium, phosphate, bicarbonates, sulfate, calcium, chloride, and magnesium that are responsible for different body actions. Examples of compounds used for electrolyte replacement include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium lactate.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement and medication used to treat low blood calcium, high blood potassium, and help absorb minerals. It occurs naturally in fruits and honey. As a supplement, it is used to treat or prevent osteoporosis and rickets. As a medication, it is administered by injection or taken orally, and is also used to counteract magnesium sulfate overdoses during pregnancy or treat hydrofluoric acid burns. Antimony gluconate is a pale yellow solid compound with the formula C12H37Na3O27Sb2 that is slightly soluble in water.
Electrolyte replenishers
This document discusses electrolyte replenishers and their uses. It defines electrolytes as minerals in the body that have an electric charge and are present in blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes help balance the amount of water in the body. Replacement therapy aims to restore normal volume and composition of body fluids. Various electrolytes used in replacement therapy are discussed, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and bicarbonates. Combination electrolyte therapies and oral rehydration salts are also summarized.
3rd unit coagulant and anticoagulant ppt
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Pharmaceutical aids
Pharmaceutical aids are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations that have little or no therapeutic effect but aid in the manufacturing and preservation of drugs. They include diluents, binders, coatings, and preservatives that are often of plant, animal or mineral origin like talc, kaolin, and bentonite. Talc, kaolin, and bentonite are commonly used pharmaceutical aids with specific properties that allow their use as lubricants, absorbents, or suspending agents in drug formulations.
Antacids and Acidifying agents
Shakeeb Akhtar Nehal Ahmad
Royal College Of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sayne Khurd, Malegaon Maharshtra, India
Diuretics
Diuretics act by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the nephron, increasing sodium and water excretion and reducing extracellular fluid volume. They are classified based on their site of action - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (site 1), loop diuretics (site 2), thiazides (site 3), and potassium-sparing diuretics (site 4). Loop diuretics like furosemide are sulfonamide derivatives that act distinctly on the loop of Henle. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are benzothiadiazine derivatives that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics include sodium channel blockers
1 st unit h2 antagonist
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in H2 Antagonists
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
References
Dental products
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc chloride, and strontium chloride. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride help prevent dental caries by depositing on tooth surfaces and inhibiting acid production. Dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and sodium metaphosphate act as cleaning and polishing agents in toothpastes. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are used as desensitizing agents to reduce tooth sensitivity. All products should be stored in airtight containers.
Recommended
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement and medication used to treat low blood calcium, high blood potassium, and help absorb minerals. It occurs naturally in fruits and honey. As a supplement, it is used to treat or prevent osteoporosis and rickets. As a medication, it is administered by injection or taken orally, and is also used to counteract magnesium sulfate overdoses during pregnancy or treat hydrofluoric acid burns. Antimony gluconate is a pale yellow solid compound with the formula C12H37Na3O27Sb2 that is slightly soluble in water.
Electrolyte replenishers
This document discusses electrolyte replenishers and their uses. It defines electrolytes as minerals in the body that have an electric charge and are present in blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes help balance the amount of water in the body. Replacement therapy aims to restore normal volume and composition of body fluids. Various electrolytes used in replacement therapy are discussed, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and bicarbonates. Combination electrolyte therapies and oral rehydration salts are also summarized.
3rd unit coagulant and anticoagulant ppt
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Pharmaceutical aids
Pharmaceutical aids are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations that have little or no therapeutic effect but aid in the manufacturing and preservation of drugs. They include diluents, binders, coatings, and preservatives that are often of plant, animal or mineral origin like talc, kaolin, and bentonite. Talc, kaolin, and bentonite are commonly used pharmaceutical aids with specific properties that allow their use as lubricants, absorbents, or suspending agents in drug formulations.
Antacids and Acidifying agents
Shakeeb Akhtar Nehal Ahmad
Royal College Of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sayne Khurd, Malegaon Maharshtra, India
Diuretics
Diuretics act by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the nephron, increasing sodium and water excretion and reducing extracellular fluid volume. They are classified based on their site of action - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (site 1), loop diuretics (site 2), thiazides (site 3), and potassium-sparing diuretics (site 4). Loop diuretics like furosemide are sulfonamide derivatives that act distinctly on the loop of Henle. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are benzothiadiazine derivatives that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics include sodium channel blockers
1 st unit h2 antagonist
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in H2 Antagonists
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
References
Dental products
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc chloride, and strontium chloride. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride help prevent dental caries by depositing on tooth surfaces and inhibiting acid production. Dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and sodium metaphosphate act as cleaning and polishing agents in toothpastes. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are used as desensitizing agents to reduce tooth sensitivity. All products should be stored in airtight containers.
Diphenyl methane by Mr. Pradeep Swarnkar
Diphenylmethane is an organic compound that is a white solid consisting of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. It is prepared through the replacement of hydrogen atoms on methane with phenyl groups and is widely used in the synthesis of luminogens for aggregation induced emission and in the preparation of polymerization through diphenylmethyl potassium.
PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIDIURETICS
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, indications, and side effects. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and loop diuretics in detail. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work by inhibiting bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney and are used to treat glaucoma, altitude sickness, and metabolic alkalosis. Thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and kidney stones. Loop diuretics strongly inhibit sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and are used when a more potent di
Antimicrobials and astringents
Introduction, Classification of Antimicrobials, Antimicrobials and astringents agents with physical properties, storage ,incompatibility and uses.
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia. It contains calcium ions which are essential for muscle contraction, cardiac function, blood clotting and nerve signaling. Calcium gluconate is prepared by oxidizing glucose in the presence of calcium. It is used therapeutically to treat hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, magnesium sulfate overdose, and hydrofluoric acid burns. Side effects include nausea and constipation while drug interactions can occur with digoxin, antacids, and certain antibiotics. It is contraindicated in cases of hypercalcemia, kidney problems or ventricular fibrillation.
suppositories Displacement value calculation
The document describes how to calculate the displacement value of an active ingredient in a suppository formulation. It provides the steps to determine:
1) The amount of base needed based on the total weight and percentage of base in the suppositories.
2) The amount of active ingredient present based on the total weight and percentage of active.
3) The amount of base replaced by the active ingredient to calculate the displacement value as the amount of active divided by the amount of base replaced.
It then works through an example calculation to determine the displacement value of zinc oxide in a theobromo oil suppository is approximately 5.
CATECHU- BLACK AND PALE
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
Anticonvulsant drugs
This document discusses the management of epilepsy. It begins with an introduction to epilepsy, describing the types of seizures and classifications of antiepileptic drugs. It then discusses the structures of common epilepsy drugs, how some are synthesized, and how epilepsy is clinically managed. The document also provides a brief history of antiepileptic drug therapy and discusses some newer drugs that have been released in recent years to treat epilepsy.
Warfarin
Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug used to prevent blood clots. It is a synthetic derivative of dicoumarol that was developed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase and preventing the recycling of vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting. It exists as a white crystalline powder and is available in oral tablet forms of 1mg, 3mg, and 5mg doses. Warfarin is used to prevent embolisms in conditions like atrial fibrillation and after inserting prosthetic heart valves, but has contraindications like peptic ulcers and should be used cautiously in hepatic or renal impairment.
Electrolytes used in replacement therapy
The document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy used to treat dehydration and describes the concentrations of various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium that must be replaced. It also provides information on common electrolyte solutions used for replacement including their compositions, properties, methods of preparation, and uses. Specific electrolytes discussed in more detail include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate.
Gastrointestinal agents
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
HAEMATINICS
DEFINATION
IMPORTANCE OF IRON
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND EXCRETION OF IRON.
COMPOUND RELATED TO HAEMATINICS
Catheratics
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
Gastric proton pump inhibitors (pp is)
B.Pharm 5 sem (PCI Syllabus)
TOPIC-Gastric Proton pump inhibitors: Omeprazole,Lansoprazole,Rabeprazole,Pantoprazole
Dental products
Inorganic compounds used as dental products- anticaries agents, role of fluoride, dentifrices, desensitizing agents, zinc oxide eugenol cement
Pharmaceutical aids (PCI Syllabus)
B. Pharm, D. Pharm, PCI syllabus, pharmaceutical aids, excipients, types of pharmaceutical aids, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, thickening agents, diluents, fillers, disintegrators, binders, anti-adherent, colorants, flavouring agents, preservatives, glidants, coating agents, buffers, acidifiers/ alkalinizing agents, kaolin, physical properties of kaolin, medicinal uses of kaolin, kaolin as a pharmaceutical aid, bentonite, bentonite as a pharmaceutical aid, medicinal uses of bentonite
Liquid dosage forms ppt
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Hematinics
This document discusses hematinics, which are compounds required for blood formation and treatment of anemia. The major hematinics discussed are iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Details provided include daily requirements, dietary sources, pharmacokinetics, preparations, administration, uses and nursing implications of these hematinics. Hematopoietic growth factors that regulate red blood cell production such as erythropoietin and myeloid growth factors are also summarized.
Neutralization Curve.pptx
Neutralization curves show the pH change that occurs when an acid and base are mixed. They are useful for determining the amount of acid or base needed to neutralize a solution. A neutralization curve plots the volume of base added on the x-axis against the pH of the solution on the y-axis. It typically shows a sharp increase in pH at the equivalence point where just enough base has been added to neutralize all the acid present.
Acidifiers
This document discusses several inorganic acids and bases. It provides details on the preparation, properties, uses and titration methods for hydrochloric acid, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, ammonium chloride and other compounds. Key points include that inorganic acids produce or become acid in water, are used as systemic acidifiers, and their concentrations can be determined through acid-base titration using various pH indicators.
Medicinal Chemistry of Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output. They work by interfering with electrolyte reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water. There are several classes of diuretics that work through different mechanisms, targeting different parts of the nephron. Diuretics are used to treat conditions caused by fluid retention like heart failure and liver disease, as well as high blood pressure. Their primary side effects come from electrolyte imbalances.
Major Intra & Extra-Cellular Fluids
This document discusses major intra and extra-cellular fluids and electrolytes. It begins with introducing the group members and defining electrolytes. It then discusses the major physiological ions including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphate. For each ion, it highlights their importance in the human body. The document also discusses various sodium chloride preparations, potassium chloride, and electrolytes used in acid-base therapy such as sodium acetate, sodium citrate and potassium citrate. It concludes with discussing oral rehydration therapy and salt intake relating to hypertension.
Major inta extra cellualr electrolyte.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
More Related Content
What's hot
Diphenyl methane by Mr. Pradeep Swarnkar
Diphenylmethane is an organic compound that is a white solid consisting of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. It is prepared through the replacement of hydrogen atoms on methane with phenyl groups and is widely used in the synthesis of luminogens for aggregation induced emission and in the preparation of polymerization through diphenylmethyl potassium.
PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIDIURETICS
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, indications, and side effects. It covers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and loop diuretics in detail. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work by inhibiting bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney and are used to treat glaucoma, altitude sickness, and metabolic alkalosis. Thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and kidney stones. Loop diuretics strongly inhibit sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and are used when a more potent di
Antimicrobials and astringents
Introduction, Classification of Antimicrobials, Antimicrobials and astringents agents with physical properties, storage ,incompatibility and uses.
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia. It contains calcium ions which are essential for muscle contraction, cardiac function, blood clotting and nerve signaling. Calcium gluconate is prepared by oxidizing glucose in the presence of calcium. It is used therapeutically to treat hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, magnesium sulfate overdose, and hydrofluoric acid burns. Side effects include nausea and constipation while drug interactions can occur with digoxin, antacids, and certain antibiotics. It is contraindicated in cases of hypercalcemia, kidney problems or ventricular fibrillation.
suppositories Displacement value calculation
The document describes how to calculate the displacement value of an active ingredient in a suppository formulation. It provides the steps to determine:
1) The amount of base needed based on the total weight and percentage of base in the suppositories.
2) The amount of active ingredient present based on the total weight and percentage of active.
3) The amount of base replaced by the active ingredient to calculate the displacement value as the amount of active divided by the amount of base replaced.
It then works through an example calculation to determine the displacement value of zinc oxide in a theobromo oil suppository is approximately 5.
CATECHU- BLACK AND PALE
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
Anticonvulsant drugs
This document discusses the management of epilepsy. It begins with an introduction to epilepsy, describing the types of seizures and classifications of antiepileptic drugs. It then discusses the structures of common epilepsy drugs, how some are synthesized, and how epilepsy is clinically managed. The document also provides a brief history of antiepileptic drug therapy and discusses some newer drugs that have been released in recent years to treat epilepsy.
Warfarin
Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug used to prevent blood clots. It is a synthetic derivative of dicoumarol that was developed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase and preventing the recycling of vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting. It exists as a white crystalline powder and is available in oral tablet forms of 1mg, 3mg, and 5mg doses. Warfarin is used to prevent embolisms in conditions like atrial fibrillation and after inserting prosthetic heart valves, but has contraindications like peptic ulcers and should be used cautiously in hepatic or renal impairment.
Electrolytes used in replacement therapy
The document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy used to treat dehydration and describes the concentrations of various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium that must be replaced. It also provides information on common electrolyte solutions used for replacement including their compositions, properties, methods of preparation, and uses. Specific electrolytes discussed in more detail include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate.
Gastrointestinal agents
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
HAEMATINICS
DEFINATION
IMPORTANCE OF IRON
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND EXCRETION OF IRON.
COMPOUND RELATED TO HAEMATINICS
Catheratics
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
Gastric proton pump inhibitors (pp is)
B.Pharm 5 sem (PCI Syllabus)
TOPIC-Gastric Proton pump inhibitors: Omeprazole,Lansoprazole,Rabeprazole,Pantoprazole
Dental products
Inorganic compounds used as dental products- anticaries agents, role of fluoride, dentifrices, desensitizing agents, zinc oxide eugenol cement
Pharmaceutical aids (PCI Syllabus)
B. Pharm, D. Pharm, PCI syllabus, pharmaceutical aids, excipients, types of pharmaceutical aids, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, thickening agents, diluents, fillers, disintegrators, binders, anti-adherent, colorants, flavouring agents, preservatives, glidants, coating agents, buffers, acidifiers/ alkalinizing agents, kaolin, physical properties of kaolin, medicinal uses of kaolin, kaolin as a pharmaceutical aid, bentonite, bentonite as a pharmaceutical aid, medicinal uses of bentonite
Liquid dosage forms ppt
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Hematinics
This document discusses hematinics, which are compounds required for blood formation and treatment of anemia. The major hematinics discussed are iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Details provided include daily requirements, dietary sources, pharmacokinetics, preparations, administration, uses and nursing implications of these hematinics. Hematopoietic growth factors that regulate red blood cell production such as erythropoietin and myeloid growth factors are also summarized.
Neutralization Curve.pptx
Neutralization curves show the pH change that occurs when an acid and base are mixed. They are useful for determining the amount of acid or base needed to neutralize a solution. A neutralization curve plots the volume of base added on the x-axis against the pH of the solution on the y-axis. It typically shows a sharp increase in pH at the equivalence point where just enough base has been added to neutralize all the acid present.
Acidifiers
This document discusses several inorganic acids and bases. It provides details on the preparation, properties, uses and titration methods for hydrochloric acid, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, ammonium chloride and other compounds. Key points include that inorganic acids produce or become acid in water, are used as systemic acidifiers, and their concentrations can be determined through acid-base titration using various pH indicators.
Medicinal Chemistry of Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output. They work by interfering with electrolyte reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water. There are several classes of diuretics that work through different mechanisms, targeting different parts of the nephron. Diuretics are used to treat conditions caused by fluid retention like heart failure and liver disease, as well as high blood pressure. Their primary side effects come from electrolyte imbalances.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Electrolyte replacement therapy by nilesh sharma
Major Intra & Extra-Cellular Fluids
This document discusses major intra and extra-cellular fluids and electrolytes. It begins with introducing the group members and defining electrolytes. It then discusses the major physiological ions including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and phosphate. For each ion, it highlights their importance in the human body. The document also discusses various sodium chloride preparations, potassium chloride, and electrolytes used in acid-base therapy such as sodium acetate, sodium citrate and potassium citrate. It concludes with discussing oral rehydration therapy and salt intake relating to hypertension.
Major inta extra cellualr electrolyte.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
Fluid therapy the basic and applied knowledge
This presentation is on fluid therapy of large animals in case of dehydration
Different Type of Intravenous fluids
1) IV fluids are used to restore or maintain fluid and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. They are categorized based on their tonicity as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
2) Isotonic fluids like normal saline and lactated ringer's solution maintain the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. Hypotonic fluids like D5W cause fluid to shift into cells while hypertonic fluids like 3% saline cause fluid to shift out of cells.
3) The appropriate fluid must be selected based on the patient's condition and fluid needs to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and cell swelling or shrinkage. Close monitoring is needed
Electrolyte replacement therapy
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy and lists three common electrolyte compounds used: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are described in detail, including their molecular formulas, properties, preparation methods, assays, and uses. Calcium gluconate is also described briefly, noting its use as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as osteoporosis and rickets. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to restore electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry -B Pharmacy First Year -First semester -PI...
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry -B Pharmacy First Year -First semester -
PIC PPT 6-major extra-intracellular electrolytes.pptx
ORS, OCLS.ppt
Oral rehydration therapy involves drinking modest amounts of water, sugar, and salts like sodium and potassium to prevent and treat dehydration caused by diarrhea. The sugar and salts in oral rehydration solutions help the body absorb water and replace lost electrolytes through diarrhea. A typical oral rehydration solution contains sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate, and glucose to replenish fluids and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate lost during diarrhea.
Principles of fluid therapy
1. Ringers lactate is the most physiological intravenous fluid. Isotonic saline and DNS have the highest sodium content while isotonic saline, DNS, and ISO-G have the highest chloride levels.
2. Isolyte-G is the only intravenous fluid that can directly correct metabolic alkalosis. Isolyte-M, P, G, and E along with Ringer's lactate should generally be avoided in patients with renal failure.
3. Ringer's lactate, isotonic saline, and 5% dextrose are preferred for diabetic patients as they do not contain glucose. NS, DNS, and dextrose solutions do not contain potassium and do not directly correct acid-
IV fluids and Electrolytes.pptx
It provide more information regarding IV fluids and Electrolytes which is very essential for human body. Also about related complication and its management.
Fluids
This document discusses different types of intravenous fluids used in anesthesia. Fluids are divided into crystalloids and colloids. Common crystalloids include Ringer's lactate, normal saline, and glucose solutions. Common colloids discussed include dextrans, albumin, gelatins, hydroxyethyl starch, and blood. Each type of fluid is described in terms of its composition, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. Guidelines for blood transfusion and issues with mixing different IV fluids are also summarized.
Principles of fluid and electrolyte therapy in animals
This document discusses intravenous fluid therapy for large animals. It outlines five potential abnormalities - fluid volume deficit, plasma osmolar deficits, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base imbalances, and oncotic pressure imbalances - that must be corrected with fluid therapy. The document describes different types of intravenous fluids including crystalloid solutions like lactated Ringer's, isotonic solutions, and hypertonic solutions. It also discusses colloid solutions. The document concludes by summarizing the types of solutions used in large animal practice for different conditions like dehydration, acid-base and electrolyte imbalances.
Major intra & extra cellular electrolytes
This document discusses various electrolytes used in acid-base therapy and their properties and uses. It describes sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium chloride, and potassium bicarbonate. It also discusses oral rehydration solutions, their formulations and benefits. The World Health Organization recommends reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solutions containing sodium, potassium, citrate, magnesium, zinc, and glucose to effectively treat diarrhea and dehydration.
Fluid And Electrolytes
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and replacement. It covers the body's fluid compartments, composition of body fluids including electrolytes and solutes, kidney function in fluid regulation, hormonal control of fluid balance, causes of fluid imbalances, diagnostic tests, and electrolyte abnormalities including sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium imbalances. Treatment approaches are provided for restoring normal fluid and electrolyte levels.
MAJOR INTRA EXTRA CELLULAR ELECTROLYTE
Types of Body fluid.
Study of Physiological Ions.
Electrolyte Replacement Therapy and Various Inorganic Compound.
ORS
Physiological Acid Base balance
Fluid therapy final
This document discusses fluid therapy in veterinary medicine. It covers the importance of water for the body, body water compartments, ions and electrolytes, dehydration, and the phases of fluid therapy including resuscitation and rehydration. It describes different fluid types used, such as crystalloids like lactated ringers solution and colloids like vetstarch. Factors for determining which fluid to use include serum sodium and potassium levels. Administration and monitoring of fluid therapy are also covered. The conclusion emphasizes that fluid therapy is fundamental to veterinary medicine and technicians must understand the basic principles to properly monitor patients receiving IV fluids.
Fluid therapy
Fluid therapy involves administering fluids to treat or prevent dehydration. It can be given orally, intravenously, or through other routes. Fluid therapy aims to correct dehydration, electrolyte deficiencies, and other issues. Crystalloids like lactated Ringer's solution replenish extracellular fluid while colloids like albumin are restricted to the plasma compartment. The type, rate, and volume of fluid administered depends on the condition being treated and hydration status. Close monitoring is needed during fluid therapy to assess urine output, skin turgor, and other indicators.
Diuretics scribd
This presentation covers about the classification of diuretics, structures with mechanism of action and SAR and therapeutic uses of drugs according to PCI syllabus
Fluids
The document discusses various intravenous (IV) solutions used for hydration therapy and IV infusion. It describes hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions and their uses, including solutions for replacing electrolytes, providing calories and water, and treating conditions like metabolic acidosis, hypovolemia and dehydration. Complications of different solutions are also outlined. The solutions listed have osmolarities ranging from 155 to 2526 and pH values from 4.0 to 8.0.
اv fluid therapy types indications doses calculation-.pptx
This document provides an overview of intravenous fluid therapy. It discusses the different fluid compartments in the body and classifies fluids as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic based on their solute concentration. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% sodium chloride and lactated Ringer's solution are used to replace extracellular fluid losses from conditions like bleeding or diarrhea. Hypotonic fluids shift fluid into cells and are used to treat conditions causing intracellular dehydration. Hypertonic fluids draw fluid out of cells and increase extracellular volume in situations like severe hyponatremia. Precautions are discussed for each fluid type to avoid complications like fluid overload or depletion.
Pharmaceutical oral solutions B
This document discusses several types of oral solutions including oral rehydration solutions, oral colonic lavage solutions, magnesium citrate oral solution, sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution, and provides examples of common oral solutions in different therapeutic categories. It describes how oral rehydration solutions are used to treat dehydration from diarrhea, and colonic lavage solutions are used to cleanse the bowel before procedures. It also provides information on the constituents, uses and concentrations of magnesium citrate and sodium citrate/citric acid oral solutions.
Similar to Electrolyte replacement therapy by nilesh sharma (20)
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry -B Pharmacy First Year -First semester -PI...
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry -B Pharmacy First Year -First semester -PI...
Principles of fluid and electrolyte therapy in animals
Principles of fluid and electrolyte therapy in animals
اv fluid therapy types indications doses calculation-.pptx
اv fluid therapy types indications doses calculation-.pptx
More from Department of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
Syphilis by nilesh sharma
Syphilis by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its causes, transmission, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. It is caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium, which can be transmitted sexually, from mother to fetus, or through blood transfusions. Syphilis progresses through primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages. It is diagnosed through clinical examination, demonstration of spirochetes, and detection of antibodies. Treatment involves benzathine penicillin or alternative antibiotics depending on the stage of syphilis. Prevention involves barrier methods and avoiding contact with infected individuals.As sessment on preclinical evaluation by nilesh sharma
As sessment on preclinical evaluation by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
Preclinical evaluation involves testing drug candidates on animals to assess safety and efficacy before human trials. Tests include screening for desired activity, confirmation tests, and studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicity in at least two animal species. If results are promising, regulatory approval is sought to begin clinical trials in humans. Clinical trials have four phases - phase 1 evaluates safety and pharmacology in humans, phase 2 explores dosing and efficacy, phase 3 confirms therapeutic effects compared to existing treatments, and phase 4 involves post-marketing surveillance. Only a small fraction of compounds initially tested make it through the entire preclinical and clinical trial process.Assisment on myasthenia gravis
Assisment on myasthenia gravisDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
1. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies targeting nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
2. Treatment involves acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine to improve muscle contraction, immunosuppressants like corticosteroids and azathioprine, and thymectomy to remove the thymus gland which may be a source of the antibodies.
3. Diagnosis involves tests like edrophonium which can temporarily improve muscle strength in myasthenia gravis patients, and detecting anti-nicotinic receptor antibodies in the blood or through muscle biopsy.Electrolytes by Nilesh sharma
Electrolytes by Nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonates are minerals that exist in body fluids and have important functions. They help regulate fluid balance, nerve signals, muscle contractions, and maintain the body's acid-base balance. Electrolytes move between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, and the kidneys and lungs help control their levels. Imbalances in electrolytes can impact fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and pH levels.Liver function test by nilesh sharma
Liver function test by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
This document discusses liver function tests (LFTs) which are used to assess the liver's ability to perform its functions. It describes several types of LFTs including those based on the liver's excretory, metabolic, synthetic and detoxification functions. Specific tests discussed include measurements of bilirubin, liver enzymes, bromosulphthalein clearance, prothrombin time and albumin. The document provides details on clinically relevant liver enzymes, their normal ranges and implications of different levels. These include transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'-nucleotidase.Validation of sterilization methods by nilesh sharma
Validation of sterilization methods by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
Validation ensures that sterilization processes consistently produce sterile products. It establishes documented evidence through testing to provide a high degree of assurance that specific processes will meet quality standards. Commonly used sterilization methods include dry heat, moist heat, gases, radiation, and filtration. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave is often validated through heat distribution studies to ensure adequate temperature is reached for a sufficient time throughout loaded chambers and containers. Validation of membrane filtration includes testing operating conditions like processing time and temperature to maintain sterility and comply with manufacturer specifications. Key microbial thermal death time concepts validated include the D-value, which is the decimal reduction time to destroy 90% of microorganisms at a given temperature, and the Z-Immunology microbiology by nilesh sharma
Immunology microbiology by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
This document provides an overview of immunology and microbiology. It defines immunology as the study of protection from foreign substances and responses to them. It describes the types of immunity as innate, acquired, humoral, and cellular. It discusses the organs of the immune system including primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus, and secondary lymphoid organs like spleen and lymph nodes. It also summarizes concepts like phagocytosis, bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, and importance of immune boosters like protein and vitamin C.Alcohols and methyl alcohols by nilesh sharma
Alcohols and methyl alcohols by nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
AN OVERVIEW ABOUT PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS,TOXICITY PHARAMETERS,GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DRINKING,CLINICAL USES,METHYL ALCOHOL.THIS FOR ALL MEDICAL AND PHARMACY STUDENTS.General anaesthetics by Nilesh sharma
General anaesthetics by Nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ABOUT STAGES OF ANESTHESIA,DRUGS USED IN ANAESTHESIA,CLASSIFICATION,MECHANISM OF ACTION,INHALATION AND INTRAVENOUS DRUGS.FOR ALL MEDICAL AND PHARMACY STUDENTS.CNS stimulants by Nilesh sharma
CNS stimulants by Nilesh sharmaDepartment of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF DRUGS WITH THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISM OF ACTION ,ESPECIALLY FOR PHARM.D STUDENTS.IT INCLUDE ALL D BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THIS TOPIC .More from Department of Pharmacy ,NIMS Institute of Pharmacy,NIMS University Rajasthan ,Jaipur. (10)
As sessment on preclinical evaluation by nilesh sharma
As sessment on preclinical evaluation by nilesh sharma
Validation of sterilization methods by nilesh sharma
Validation of sterilization methods by nilesh sharma
Recently uploaded
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Recently uploaded (20)
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Electrolyte replacement therapy by nilesh sharma
- 1. ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT THERAPY BY = NILESH SHARMA (PHARM.D 1ST YEAR)
- 2. -The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to overcome the electrolyte imbalance & to restore the composition of body fluid & body volume.-This electrolyte imbalance seen in different abnormal conditions like Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Dehydration, Prolonged treatment without adding any source of Nutrients.
- 3. -There are few electrolytes present in the body which are responsible for different actions in the body like Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Bicarbonates, Sulphate, Calcium, Chloride & Magnesium. -There are given example of Compounds which can be used as the major source of Electrolyte Sodium Chloride Potassium Chloride Calcium Lactate
- 4. SODIUM REPLACEMENT. Sodium Chloride: NaCl (MW 58.44) It contains no added substances. it occurs as colourless cubic crystals or as white crystalline powder having saline taste. It is freely soluble in water, and slightly more soluble in boiling water, soluble in glycerine and slightly soluble in alcohol.
- 5. Use: Used as fluid and electrolyte replenisher, manufacture of isotonic solution, flavour enhancer. Isotonic solutions are used in wet dressings, for irrigating body cavities or tissues Hypotonic solutions are administered for maintenance therapy when patients are unable to take fluids and nutrients orally for one to three days. Hypertonic solution/injection are used when there is loss of sodium in excess.
- 6. POTASSIUM REPLACEMENT. Potassium Chloride: KCl (MW 74.56). Potassium chloride contains not less than 99 % calculated with reference to dried substance. It occurs as white crystalline solid, cubic crystals. It is less soluble in water than sodium chloride, and slightly more soluble in boiling water, soluble in glycerine and insoluble in alcohol Use: Electrolyte replenisher in potassium deficiency, familial periodic paralysis, myasthenia gravis. Contraindication: renal impairment. Potassium Chloride injection Ringer injection
- 7. CHLORIDE REPLACEMENT. Calcium Lactate: MW 308.30 Calcium chloride contains not less than 97% and not less than 103% of Calcium Chloride dihydrate. It occurs as white odourless powder, it is soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol. Use: An excellent source of calcium in oral treatment of calcium deficiency.
- 8. • FOR MORE DETAILS – SHARMANIKS2000@GMAIL.COM