This document summarizes several methods for evaluating library services that have been presented in literature. It discusses evaluation as a management tool to assess how effectively a library is meeting user needs. Some key aspects that can be measured include availability of materials, quality of reference services, and usability of finding tools. Both subjective methods like questionnaires and more objective metrics like usage statistics can be used. The document then reviews several specific techniques that have been applied in case studies, such as calculating a "Capability Index" to measure how quickly users can obtain needed items or conducting random sampling surveys. Overall, the literature emphasizes defining what constitutes a "good library" and selecting meaningful metrics before implementing an evaluation.
BOOK SECTECTION TOOLS
Selection aids or tools provide necessary information about books, their contents, bibliographic characteristics, physical formats, possible uses and where they can be obtained.
There is no single selection tool capable of per-forming all the functions of buying guide needed by the librarian. The librarian can have fingertip access to large sources of information. Selecting 2or3 tools appropriality
There are three types of book section tools or aids, namely:
(A) Per-publication Review Media
(B) Post- publication Review Media
(C) Review of learned periodicals and Specialised Journals
(A) Pre- publication Review Media
1. Publisher’s Weekly.
New York, R.R. Bowker Co. 1872
The weekly is standard American book trade journal. It is a valuable professional aid for selecting books in different types of libraries specially where there is urgency of purchasing popular books.
The weekly mentions non-book materials only but they are not reviewed. Its scope and content is larger than bookseller. It is an essential reading for the librarians to get information about new books.
Publisher’s weekly reviewed 3670 adult books and 520 juvenile works in 1976. Its circulation now, is over 32,000.
2. The New York Times Books Review (weekly).
New York, the New York Times Co. 1896
It is the most popular and oldest reviewing periodical in the USA. Review of books for children and young adults regularly appear in each issue. Each issue lists best selling paperbacks. Fiction reviews are exhaustive and complete-reviews are written by experts.
3. Library Journal (semi-Monthly, Sep-jun: Monthly, July-August).
New York , R.R.Bowker Co. 1876
Public libraries and academic libraries prefer this journal for selection of books. Professional libraries and teachers in library science write the reviews.
The journal is primarily devoted to books and provides varying attention to other media also. Nearly 500 book reviews appear in a year. Reviews generally appear one or two months after the books are published. Reviews are arranged by broad subject headings. The arrangement is alphabetical by subect.
Collection Development (that based on the five laws of S.R.Ranghanathan) is very important part of Collection Management. If we don’t adopt advanced technologies, collection then we can never fulfill the need of advanced users and libraries will become freeze, this is against the 5th law of Ranghanathan that “ Library is a growing organism”.
Management of Library and information CentresSundar B N
in this document BLIS Paper 2 Management of Library and information Centres of KSOU 2019 August Question Paper is Solved.
Subscribe to Vision Academy YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
BOOK SECTECTION TOOLS
Selection aids or tools provide necessary information about books, their contents, bibliographic characteristics, physical formats, possible uses and where they can be obtained.
There is no single selection tool capable of per-forming all the functions of buying guide needed by the librarian. The librarian can have fingertip access to large sources of information. Selecting 2or3 tools appropriality
There are three types of book section tools or aids, namely:
(A) Per-publication Review Media
(B) Post- publication Review Media
(C) Review of learned periodicals and Specialised Journals
(A) Pre- publication Review Media
1. Publisher’s Weekly.
New York, R.R. Bowker Co. 1872
The weekly is standard American book trade journal. It is a valuable professional aid for selecting books in different types of libraries specially where there is urgency of purchasing popular books.
The weekly mentions non-book materials only but they are not reviewed. Its scope and content is larger than bookseller. It is an essential reading for the librarians to get information about new books.
Publisher’s weekly reviewed 3670 adult books and 520 juvenile works in 1976. Its circulation now, is over 32,000.
2. The New York Times Books Review (weekly).
New York, the New York Times Co. 1896
It is the most popular and oldest reviewing periodical in the USA. Review of books for children and young adults regularly appear in each issue. Each issue lists best selling paperbacks. Fiction reviews are exhaustive and complete-reviews are written by experts.
3. Library Journal (semi-Monthly, Sep-jun: Monthly, July-August).
New York , R.R.Bowker Co. 1876
Public libraries and academic libraries prefer this journal for selection of books. Professional libraries and teachers in library science write the reviews.
The journal is primarily devoted to books and provides varying attention to other media also. Nearly 500 book reviews appear in a year. Reviews generally appear one or two months after the books are published. Reviews are arranged by broad subject headings. The arrangement is alphabetical by subect.
Collection Development (that based on the five laws of S.R.Ranghanathan) is very important part of Collection Management. If we don’t adopt advanced technologies, collection then we can never fulfill the need of advanced users and libraries will become freeze, this is against the 5th law of Ranghanathan that “ Library is a growing organism”.
Management of Library and information CentresSundar B N
in this document BLIS Paper 2 Management of Library and information Centres of KSOU 2019 August Question Paper is Solved.
Subscribe to Vision Academy YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
DOCUMENT SELECTION AND ACQUISITION,
Introduction,
5.2 Ascertaining Users Needs,
5.3 Selection of Documents,
5.4 Selection Principles,
5.5 Selection Criteria,
5.6 Selection Aids/Tools,
5.6.1 Selection Tools for Addition of New Publications,
5.6.2 Selection Tools for Addition of Old Publications,
5.7 Methods of Acquisition,
5.7.1 Acquisition through Purchase Order,
5.7.2 Acquisition through Membership,
5.7.3 Acquisition under Exchange Arrangement,
5.7.4 Acquisition through Gifts,
5.7.5 Acquisition under Deposit System,
5.7.6 Order and Receipt Process,
5.8 Accession Work,
5.8.1 Accession Policy,
5.8.2 Accession Work Procedure,
5.9 Acquisition of Serials,
5.9.1 Serials Basics,
5.9.2 Selection of Suppliers,
5.9.3 Consortia as Method of Acquisition,
5.9.4 Order System,
5.9.5 Registration or Check-in Record,
5.10 Summary,
5.11 Answers to Self Check Exercises,
5.12 Keywords,
lecture of Fe Angela M. Verzosa for presentation before the Conference on Library Management in the Philippine Setting: Principles and Best Practices, Villa Caceres Hotel, Naga City, August 16-17, 2012
Introduction to MARC
History (MARC to MARC 21)
Why MARC 21/Need of MARC 21
Characteristics
Design principle for MARC 21
MARC 21 Documentation
MARC 21Record System
MARC 21 Communication formats
MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data
Component of bibliographic record
Communication Standard
Mapping of MARC 21
MARC 21 Translation
Maintenance Agency
MARC 21 Regulation
Advantage of MARC 21
Problems with MARC 21
Future of MARC 21
A presentation on historical development of digital libraries by Rupesh Kumar A, Assistant Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Karnataka, India.
Preservation strategies for Library and Archival ResourcesFe Angela Verzosa
presented at PAARL Summer Conference on the Future of Libraries as Agents of Change, held at Four-Season Hotel, Iloilo City. Philippines on
2001 April 21
For those taking the LLE this year, here are details on how to apply and what to do after filing the application, and tips on preparing/studying for the exam. Good luck to all examinees.
DOCUMENT SELECTION AND ACQUISITION,
Introduction,
5.2 Ascertaining Users Needs,
5.3 Selection of Documents,
5.4 Selection Principles,
5.5 Selection Criteria,
5.6 Selection Aids/Tools,
5.6.1 Selection Tools for Addition of New Publications,
5.6.2 Selection Tools for Addition of Old Publications,
5.7 Methods of Acquisition,
5.7.1 Acquisition through Purchase Order,
5.7.2 Acquisition through Membership,
5.7.3 Acquisition under Exchange Arrangement,
5.7.4 Acquisition through Gifts,
5.7.5 Acquisition under Deposit System,
5.7.6 Order and Receipt Process,
5.8 Accession Work,
5.8.1 Accession Policy,
5.8.2 Accession Work Procedure,
5.9 Acquisition of Serials,
5.9.1 Serials Basics,
5.9.2 Selection of Suppliers,
5.9.3 Consortia as Method of Acquisition,
5.9.4 Order System,
5.9.5 Registration or Check-in Record,
5.10 Summary,
5.11 Answers to Self Check Exercises,
5.12 Keywords,
lecture of Fe Angela M. Verzosa for presentation before the Conference on Library Management in the Philippine Setting: Principles and Best Practices, Villa Caceres Hotel, Naga City, August 16-17, 2012
Introduction to MARC
History (MARC to MARC 21)
Why MARC 21/Need of MARC 21
Characteristics
Design principle for MARC 21
MARC 21 Documentation
MARC 21Record System
MARC 21 Communication formats
MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data
Component of bibliographic record
Communication Standard
Mapping of MARC 21
MARC 21 Translation
Maintenance Agency
MARC 21 Regulation
Advantage of MARC 21
Problems with MARC 21
Future of MARC 21
A presentation on historical development of digital libraries by Rupesh Kumar A, Assistant Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Karnataka, India.
Preservation strategies for Library and Archival ResourcesFe Angela Verzosa
presented at PAARL Summer Conference on the Future of Libraries as Agents of Change, held at Four-Season Hotel, Iloilo City. Philippines on
2001 April 21
For those taking the LLE this year, here are details on how to apply and what to do after filing the application, and tips on preparing/studying for the exam. Good luck to all examinees.
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) should be used to understand performance and drive better decision-making. However, most companies struggle to find the vital few KPIs. Here is a list of the 25 top KPIs is use today.
The Use Of Library Resources By Teachers In Oyo State:A Study Of Selected Sec...iosrjce
The study investigated the teachers’ use of secondary school libraries in Akinyele Local Government
Area of Oyo State. The sample population was one hundred and ten including teachers and school Librarians
from four selected secondary schools and colleges in the local government area. Questionnaire was adopted as
data collection instrument and complemented with interview. The library activities were also observed to fully
discover the level of teachers’ patronage. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for the social science
and presented in tables. Findings of the study are:that there are functional libraries in some schools especially
private schools while there are also libraries in most public schools but are just shelves of outdated and worn
out materials. School libraries were not utilized effectively by teachers even in their preparation of teaching
notes. Also, inadequate libraries resources, poor funding and lack of adequate provision for school library
development. It is recommended that there should be formulation of school library standard with provisions of
adequate funds by all concerned stakeholders. Thereafter, orientation of teachers should be geared towards the
benefit of better information seeking behaviour with library resources.
In this file, you can ref useful information about simple performance appraisal template such as simple performance appraisal template methods, simple performance appraisal template tips
Design, Development and Evaluation of a Library's Enquiry Automatic Feedback ...Nurhazman Abdul Aziz
Library Enquiry Automatic Feedback pools all library-related questions and answers in one location. This is a postgraduate dissertation project. For more information, please check out at http://hazmanaziz.com
2010 PAARL Standards for Academic Libraries (Draft Proposal)Fe Angela Verzosa
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at PAARL’s Seminar /Parallel Session-workshop on Library and Web 2011 (Holy Angel University, Angeles City, Pampanga, 19-20 August 2010)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Changing Tack: A Future-Focused ACRL Research AgendaLynn Connaway
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, William Harvey, Vanessa Kitzie, and Stephanie Mikitish. 2017. “Changing Tack: A Future-Focused ACRL Research Agenda.” Presented at the ACRL 2017 Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, March 23.
Changing Tack: A Future-Focused ACRL Research AgendaOCLC
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, William Harvey, Vanessa Kitzie, and Stephanie Mikitish. 2017. “Changing Tack: A Future-Focused ACRL Research Agenda.” Presented at the ACRL 2017 Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, March 23.
lecture presented by Janice Penaflor for PAARL's 1st Marina G. Dayrit Lecture Series 2016 held at Asian Institute of Maritime Studies, Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City on February 19, 2016
Lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at PAARL’s One-Day Seminar on the theme "Revitalized Library Networking: PAARLNet at the Frontline" (Epifanio de los Santos Auditorium, The National Library, T.M. Kalaw, Manila, 25 November 2010)
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Academic Library Impact: Improving Practice and Essential Areas to ResearchLynn Connaway
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, William Harvey, Vanessa Kitzie, and Stephanie Mikitish. 2017. “Academic Library Impact: Improving Practice and Essential Areas to Research.” Presented at the Update on Value of Academic Libraries Initiative (ACRL) at the ALA Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 25.
Academic Library Impact: Improving Practice and Essential Areas to ResearchOCLC
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, William Harvey, Vanessa Kitzie, and Stephanie Mikitish. 2017. “Academic Library Impact: Improving Practice and Essential Areas to Research.” Presented at the Update on Value of Academic Libraries Initiative (ACRL) at the ALA Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 25.
Use of a follow-up survey for improvement of a digital libraryKathryn Brockmeier
This paper will begin with an overview of digital libraries and usability and a brief discussion of recent trends in usability testing of digital libraries. That is followed by a brief discussion of continuous quality improvement of a digital library, specifically the implementation of a follow-up survey to be completed by the general population who visit a publicly accessed digital library. Then a follow-up instrument is introduced.
Evidence-based Research in Library and Information PracticeFe Angela Verzosa
Lecture presented at the Lecture Series sponsored by the University of the Assumption and PLAI Central Luzon Regional Librarians Council, held at the UA Libraries Auditorium, San Fernando City, Pampanga, on 12 January 2018
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the AKLATAN 2016:
a regional conference on the Art of Librarianship held at Centennial Hall, Malolos Resort Club Royale, Malolos, Bulacan, on 31 August 2016
"Developing Community of Readers through the Book Mobile in today’s new learn...Fe Angela Verzosa
Delivered by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the seminar sponsored by the University of Mindanao (Matina Campus) on the occasion of the 24th Information Services Month and 81st National Book Week with the theme: “Filipino Reader in the Era of ASEAN Integration” (December 2-8), held in Davao City, on December 2.
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at PLAI-Southern Tagalog Region Librarians Council Seminar-workshop on the theme, “Research in Librarianship : Capacity Building to Strengthen Research Culture”, held 7 October 2015, El Grande Residencia Hotel and Resort, Brgy. San Carlos, Lipa City
Lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the Records Management Seminar sponsored by InfoManagement Specialists on 16-18 April at Plaza del Norte Convention Center and Hotel, Laoag City
Seminar-Workshop on Records Management, Preservation/Conservation, Establishing Archives, and
Disaster Management, April 16-18, 2015, Plaza del Norte Hotel & Convention Center, Brgy. 41, Balacad, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Understanding records management print and electronicFe Angela Verzosa
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the Seminar Workshop sponsored by De La Salle University- Dasmarinas, on 4 December 2014 at Luis Aguado Viewing Room, Aklatang Emilio Aguinaldo, DLSU-Dasmarinas, Cavite
Archives Conservation Program – introduction to conservation, deacidification...Fe Angela Verzosa
Lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the Seminar-Workshop on the Rice Terraces Archival Project (Phase 1- Capacity Building) sponsored by the Cordillera/Northern Luzon Historical Archives, UP Baguio, and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Bulwagang Juan Luna, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City, 2014 June 11
Lecture presented at the PLAI National Congress on the theme “Libraries: Preservers and Promoters of Culture and the Arts" held at Punta Villa Resort, Iloilo City
Lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at the 3rd National Congress of Special Libraries of the Philippines with the theme "The Modern Strategist: Accelerating the Career Path of an Information Professional" from October 24-25, 2013 at Hotel H20 - Manila, 24 October 2013
Lecture presented at the 5th CE Logic Conference on the theme "Linked: Living Together Through Technology", held at Chateau Royale, Nasugbu, Batangas on 23 May 2013
Archival resources in libraries: significance, sources and set-upsFe Angela Verzosa
lecture presented at the Seminar-Workshop on the theme “Organizing and Digitizing Library Archival Materials: ISAD (G) and Technology” organized by the Philippine Librarians Association, Inc. – Western Visayas Region Librarians Council (PLAI-WVRLC) in coordination with the National Committee for Libraries and Information Services – National Commission for Culture and The Arts (NCLIS-NCCA) held at the Colegio de San Agustin—Bacolod, Bacolod City, 27 September 2012.
lecture presented at the Seminar-Workshop on the theme “Organizing and Digitizing Library Archival Materials: ISAD (G) and Technology” organized by the Philippine Librarians Association, Inc. – Western Visayas Region Librarians Council (PLAI-WVRLC) in coordination with the National Committee for Libraries and Information Services – National Commission for Culture and The Arts (NCLIS-NCCA) held at the Colegio de San Agustin—Bacolod, Bacolod City, 27 September 2012.
lecture presented at the Annual Convention of the Association of College and University Registrar and Liaison Officers (ACURLO) Region IV-A held at Sol y Viento , Makiling Heights, Pansol, Calamba City on September 13, 2012
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at ALAP’s Seminar on “Evolving Practices in Professional Development and Knowledge Sharing in the Digital Age, held on May 25, 2012 at Casa San Pablo, San Pablo, Laguna
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Library evaluation and performance measurement review of literature
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LIBRARY EVALUATION AND PERFORCEMENT MEASUREMENT:
a review of literature
by
Fe Angela M. Verzosa
In this article we present a survey of methods, old and new, previously and currently in use, to
measure the quality of library service. Secondly, we present a survey of library standards on which
assessment criteria are generally based. And thirdly, we also review a host of literature on various case
studies of library evaluations.
Evaluation of library services should be regarded as a management tool, applied to determine
how effectively and efficiently the library is serving the needs of its users, to identify the limitations and
failures of service, and to recommend ways to improve such service. The extent to which the user’s
needs are satisfied depends on the size and collection of the library, the adequacy and accuracy of the
organization of its materials, the usefulness of its catalogs and finding tools in providing access to its
collection, and the ability and cooperation of the library staff in bringing these materials (or information
on these materials) to the attention of the users, and in maximizing the exposure of the users to these
resources and to other library services.
Some aspects of library service are more easily evaluated than others. Generally, the more
concrete or specific the user requirement is, the easier it is to measure user satisfaction in absolute terms.
The extent to which the library is used reflects the degree of user satisfaction, which may be measured by
subjective procedures such as questionnaires or interviews, or by more objective, quantitative measures,
such as percentage calculations and determination of capability indexes, etc.
The search for good ways of measuring the quality of service (measuring techniques) must,
however, start with defining the characteristics of a “good library,” what characteristics are important to
measure, and whether the statistics to be derived from the measurement will be useful and relevant to the
determination of the library’s effectiveness or ineffectiveness.
Characteristics of a Model Library
In accordance with the statement of PACU-COA, the primary characteristic of a good college or
university library is its identification with the institution. “The measure of excellence is the extent to
which its resources, services and facilities support the institution’s objectives.” Corollary to this, the
functions of the library are basically, to serve as a teaching arm of the institution, to stimulate
independent intellectual development, and to contribute to a well-rounded liberal education. Total
fulfillment of these functions is, however, an ideal goal to be continuously sought, and expectations as to
the degree of success in this process of attainment vary from institutions to institutions. And to PAASCU
and other accrediting bodies, it is precisely this diversity of expectations that prompts the library
profession to offer criteria for evaluation.
A study initiated in 1977 by S.S. Chweh and published in the Journal of Library Administration
under the title “User criteria for evaluation of library service” (Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 35-46, 1981) reveals ten
most significant characteristics of a good library, namely:
• the availability of books
• availability of periodicals
• availability of non-book materials
• quality of reference service
• good reference collection
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a quiet place conducive to reading and study
integrity of the catalog
• friendly service
• copying facilities
• helpful librarians
Measuring Techniques
This part is not intended to survey all instruments of measuring the quality of library service,
but only a selection of useful methods applicable to an academic or school library. As more and better
measures of performance are devised and used, the task of library evaluation will become easier. The
citations for these techniques are enumerated in chronological order by date of publication:
Pizer, I.H. and Cain, A. M. “Objective tests of library performance, ” Special Libraries, 59: 704-711,
1968.
This article discusses a test designed to evaluate a library’s capability for providing document-
delivery service and interlibrary loan service. A random sample of 300 items from a large pool
consisting of documents frequently cited by researchers was made. In scoring the test, each of the 18
possible outcomes of a search is translated into an estimate of how long it would take for a user to obtain
this item (the “delivery time”). The test resulted in the determination of a Capability Index, which ranges
from a perfect score of 100 (i.e., if a user could obtain all the items in the search pool in 10 minutes or
less, to 0 if none could be obtained. This Index would seem to have greater validity for evaluating a
library’s collection than the traditional volume count in that it reflects the differential value of a material
most likely to be needed by the library’s user population.
Drott, M.C. “Random Sampling: a tool for library research,” College and Research Libraries, 30:
119-125, March 1969.
A random sampling study can be used to survey the accuracy of library records, the conditions
of the books in the collection, or the behavior or attitudes of library patrons, or similar questions or
issues in measuring library quality. Use of this technique does not require any special mathematical
ability or statistical background from the person conducting the study. This seven-page article discusses
the concept of accuracy and provides a table to simplify the determination of an appropriate sampling
size. It also shows a method of selecting a sample using random numbers. It also includes three
examples to illustrate the application of the technique to library problems.
Salverson, Carol A. “The relevance of statistics to library evaluations,” College and Research Libraries,
30: 352-361, 1969.
This article advocates evaluating a library system in terms of function related to use, that is, its
efficiency and effectiveness. It examines several methods used in evaluation, and indicates what types of
data should be collected.
Durham University. Project for evaluating the benefits from university libraries. Final Report. Durham,
England: The University, 1969. Various paging.
This project was aimed to develop a method for measuring benefits, and to provide criterion
functions for quantitative planning in university libraries. This method can be applied in assessing social
or “intangible” benefits in any situation for which a planning model can be built lacking only a benefit
criterion Extensive surveys of library use and users were carried out in the universities of Durham and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, using in particular the “instant diary” method developed by the project team.
The data, which has been analyzed in various ways to serve the project’s objectives, results in one of the
most complete set of facts on library use. The “instant diary” method involves the users in recording
their library activities while they are still in the library on a survey card which is handed back to the
survey team upon exit from the library Other data collection includes a postal questionnaire survey,
which is cited in Measuring the Quality of Library Service (op. cit, pp. 32-37).
Rzasa, P.V. and J. H. Moriarty. “Types and needs of academic library users, “ College and Research
Libraries, 31: 403-409, November 1970.
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The questionnaire used in this study include items on the various types of users of an academic
length of service in the institution, principal field of study, frequency of library visit,
purpose(s) in visiting the library (primary and secondary reasons), library materials used (principal and
secondary), rate of success in locating the materials needed, physical condition of the materials used,
the quality of service provided by the library staff, the physical condition and arrangement of the library,
and the overall assessment of the library in question. The user response can be used to determine the
areas requiring library improvement.
Myers, Rose. “Library Self-Evaluation,” In: Braden, Irene and Clark, Alice S. eds Quantitative
Methods in Librarianship. Proceedings and Papers…. New York: Greenwood, 1972.
This document points out that library standards and quantitative measurements which are used to
evaluate libraries do not measure library effectiveness, and have not really resulted in better service for
library users. The article describes the work of Orr, Pings, Pizer, and Olson as reported in the Bulletin of
the Medical Library Association in July 1968 (pp. 235-240), which is to develop a methodology that is
user-oriented. This method measures the quality and depth of services offered, using an inventory
checklist, that is applied through an interview with a member of the library’s staff. This is a continuous
process of self-evaluation.
Lancaster, F.W. The Measurement and Evaluation of Library Services. Wash., D.C.: Information
Resources Press, 1977.
This handbook is intended as a comprehensive review of literature on performance measurement
and library evaluation.
Cronin, Mary J. Performance Measurement for Public Services in Academic and Research Libraries.
Washington, D.C.: Office of Management Studies, Association of Research Libraries, 1985. 36 p.
This paper examines some of the realities involved in using performance measurement to
evaluate library services. Its analyzes performance measurement from three perspectives: one, from
theory to practice; two, application of a model; and three, future trends in performance measurement.
It also contains a selected bibliography of books and articles on the subject, including useful
methodologies or aprroaches.
Performance Evaluation: a Management Basic for Librarians, ed. by Jonathan A. Lindsey. Phoenix:
Oryx Press, 1986 222 p.
This is a basic handbook on library evaluation, containing twenty “core” articles on the topic
and an annotated bibliography that provides a comprehensive literature on this subject aimed “to provide
a stronger sense of balance for an important area of library administration.” It includes Schlessinger’s
“’Ten Commandments’ for Performance Appraisal Interviews,” Shelley Krantz’s “Five Steps to Making
Performance Appraisal Writing Easier,” Pfister and Towle’s “A Practical Model for a Developmental
Appraisal Program for School Library Media Specialists,” and Allan and Reynold’s “Performance
Problems: A Model for Analysis and Resolution.”
Lancaster, F.W. If you want to evaluate your library. London: Library Association, 1993. 352 p.
This updates and expands the 1988 edition to include new material, such as a chapter on the
evaluation of bibliographic instruction and several case studies, and a chapter on the feasibility of
continuous quality control as applied to library services. It discusses methods that can be used to
evaluate various facets of library service, dealing first with those areas that relate to “document
delivery” (including the collection of the library and its catalogs), to be followed by those areas relating
to reference services. Other topics covered relate to cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit aspects.
Abbott, Christine. Performance Measurement in Library and Information Services. London: Aslib, The
Association for Information Management, 1994. 57 p.
This is a guidebook intended for library professionals who would like to evaluate their libraries
and are uncertain as to how to make the transition from theory to practice. The guide demonstrates how
performance indicators can be integrated into the process of evaluation Its contents include:
prerequisites to performance measurement, the types of indicators, how to develop indicators, and data
collection and analysis.
Brophy, Peter and Kate Coulling. Quality Management for Information and Library Managers.
Hampshire, England: Aslib Gower, 1996. 196 p.
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Library Standards
Standards are addressed to library managers, institutional administrators, and evaluating bodies
such as accreditation teams. Basic to the concept of standardization is the presumption that each library
system is unique and therefore should be encouraged to determine its own criteria for performance and
evaluation. The process of self-evaluation should be undertaken within the framework of the institution’s
mission and goals. While standards are necessary for the development and growth of libraries, these
standards cannot be stated as absolutes equally applicable to all colleges and universities and be useful.
They are not a series of expectations or prescriptions. They set forth the process by which expectations
may be established and enumerate the concerns that should be addressed in the evaluation of the library’s
performance.
For schools which desire to meet standards of quality over and above the minimum required for
government recognition, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) encourages the use of
mechanism of voluntary accreditation. Accredited schools are granted deregulated status and other
benefits. Among the accrediting agencies that provide local standards for libraries are the following:
1. PAASCU (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities)
2. PACU-COA (Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation)
3. ACSCAA (Association of Christian Schools and Colleges Accrediting Agency)
DECS, as a regulatory body, issues regularly bulletins and memorandum orders to ensure the
quality and adequacy of Philippine libraries, the latest of which is DECS Order No. 6, series of 1998,
issued by Sec. Ricardo T. Gloria, which provides for policies and programs for school library
development in the elementary and secondary levels. This document supersedes DECS Bulletin No. 1,
series of 1988, issued by Sec. Lourdes R. Quisumbing, which provides the recommended minimum
library standards for elementary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has taken over the task of supervising tertiary
schools. So complementary to DECS Order No. 6, CHED issues its own standards for libraries in the
tertiary level. The CHED Standards are contained in the Manual of Regulations for Private Schools, the
latest edition (8th) of which is published in 1995. The criteria provided in the Manual are the minimum
required for government recognition. Thus tertiary schools are encouraged to adopt higher standards or
criteria consistent with laws, rules and regulations in the country. CHED continues to issue
memorandum orders updating these standards, such as the CMO NO. 60, Series of 1996, which provides
additional standards for libraries of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) offering Information Technology
Education (ITE).
For graduate education, DECS Order No. 12, series of 1994, issued by Sec. Armand V. Fabella,
supersedes MEC Order No. 7, series of 1982, which updates the minimum standards for graduate
education for both the master’s and doctoral levels. Suggestions to improve these standards came from
the Philippine Association of Graduate Education (PAGE).
In 1987 the Committee on Library Standards of the Philippine Association of Academic and
Research Libraries (PAARL) came up with its own guidelines for academic and research libraries. The
Committee was chaired by Ms. Marina G. Dayrit (CEU), with Mrs. Corazon M. Nera (FAPE) as
Secretary, and the following as members:
Juana L. Abello (UST) Perla T. Garcia (DLSU)
Sarah C. de Jesus (UE) Rogelio Mallillin (ADMU)
Fr. Paul de Vera, OSB (SBC) Esperanza A. Sta. Cruz (PWU)
At about the same year, the other library associations came up with their own standards for
their respective libraries: Public Libraries Association of the Philippines (PLAP) with Pilar R. Perez as
Chair, and Prudenciana C. Cruz and Atty. Conrado David as members; Philippine Association of School
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as members; . Association of Special Libraries in the Philippines (ASLP), with Angelica A. Cabanero as
Librarians (PASL) with Lydia F. Coronel as Chair, and Victoria David, Helen P. Hamin, and Fides Abad,
Chair, and Rufo Q. Buenviaje, Susima L. Gonzales, Anicia G. Canseco, and Celia S. Samson, as
members, and Vidal E. Santos as secretary.
Minimum standards for Media Centers of Philippine Educational Institutions (A Proposal)
was prepared in 1985 by the Philippine Universities Audiovisual Center, Inc. (PUAVC) and the
Philippine Library Association, Inc. (PLAI) to set common standards for schools with educational media
programs. This manual is designed to be used by school administrators and media personnel as guide in
planning, organizing, maintaining, and evaluating media programs in schools, colleges and universities.
Among the foreign standards that Philippine libraries look up to as models are those formulated
by the American Library Association (ALA) and the Library Association of the United Kingdom. The
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) under the ALA has issued the following
standards:
1. “Standards for College Libraries,” 1995 edition. (Printed in C & RL News, April 1995. 12 p.)
This edition is the final version approved by the Association of College and Research Libraries
Board and the American Library Association’s Standards Committee. It is also available via Internet
(“http://www.ala.org/acrl/guides/college.html”). These standards are intended to apply to libraries
supporting academic programs in the undergraduate and masteral levels. The 1995 edition has retained
the quantitative formulas of the earlier editions, particularly on the area of Collections, Librarians, and
Facilities.
2. “Standards for Community, Junior, and Technical College Learning Resources Program” (Printed in
C & RL News, May 1994)
These standards are useful for smaller colleges awarding associate degrees or certificates, or
institutions that support a strong media services component. The final version was approved by ACRL,
ALA and AECT (Association for Educational Communications and Technology) in 1994, and is
available via Internet under its URL address: “http://www.ala.org/acrl/guides/jrcoll.html.” The term
“learning resources program” is applied in these standards to an institution which provides a core of
library and media materials and a variety of multimedia and related services.
3. “Standards for University Libraries: Evaluation of Performance” (Printed in C & RL News,
September 1989)
This is a revision of the 1979 Standards. It also appears in the Internet
(“http://www.ala.org/acrl/
guides/univer.html”) The underlying principle behind the formulation of these standards lies in the fact
that the university administration is principally responsible for the evaluation of the library. Together,
the university and the library administration should establish a mechanism to measure the library’s
effective-ness. The goal is to arrive at a set of expectations, identifiable outcomes, using established
criteria and providing appropriate feedback. Under Section D (Evaluative Criteria) is a set of questions
to be used as guide in the proper assessment of the library.
In addition, the ACRL issues guidelines, such as the following:
1. “Guidelines for Audiovisual Services in Academic Libraries.” (Printed in C & RL News, October
1987, and appears in the Internet under the address “http://www.ala.org/acrl/guides/avsrvcs.html”)
This final version was developed by the ACRL Audiovisual Committee with Margaret Ann
Johnson as Chair, and approved by ALA Standards Committee in January 1988. It supersedes the 1968
Guidelines. The revised Guidelines refocuses on the role of audiovisual resources, not only on their
contributions to the instructional program of the institution, but also on its growing ability to support
academic research. Videotapes and computer diskettes supplement and even replace laboratory
notebooks. With technology, new ethical and legal problems have arisen. Any change in laws and legis-
lations affecting the use and application of multimedia will affect library services. This revision work
aims to provide a framework for the rapid development of this important component of library service.
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“Guidelines for Media Resources in Academic Libraries: A Draft”
This latest version is prepared by the ACRL Media Resources Committee (formerly the Audio-
visual Committee) in 1998 for discussion and hearings at the ALA Annual Conference in Washington,
D.C. on June 28, 1998. The manuscript appears in the Internet under the URL address
“http://www.ala.org/acrl/guides/medresg.html.” The eleven years between 1987 and 1998 marked a
technological revolution in media services, necessitating the revision of the Guidelines. The introduction
of multimedia CD-ROMs and media in various digital formats, such as audio compact disc and digital
versatile disc (DVD), and interactive multimedia such as DVD-ROMs has widen the scope of collection
development activities. The goal of the 1998 Guidelines is to assist librarians and administrators in
improving their media resource collections and services.
3. “Guidelines for University Undergraduate Libraries” (Printed in C& RL News, May 1997)
In 1993 the ACRL Undergraduate Librarians Discussion Group began work to update the 1987
Model Mission Statement of a University Undergraduate Library . The draft was submitted to the
University Libraries Section Executive Committee for review, and subsequently was published in the C
& RL News, May 1995 issue, for comments and suggestions. The ACRL Board approved the new
Guide-lines at the ALA Annual Conference in New York in July 1996, and the ALA Standards
Committee approved the document at the 1997 ALA Midwinter Meeting. Just like the ACRL Standards
for University Libraries, it contains a set of key questions under the area “Evaluation” to serve as
criteria for evaluating undergraduate libraries.
4. “Guidelines for Academic Status for College and University Libraries”
These guidelines, first adopted in 1971 by ACRL, are intended for institutions which have yet to
achieve faculty rank, status, and tenure for their academic librarians. This final version was approved by
the ACRL Board at the 1990 Midwinter Meeting, and appears in the Internet under the URL address
http://www.ala.org/acrl/guides/acstatus.html.
5. “The Mission of a University Undergraduate Library: Model Statement.” (Printed in C & RL
News,
October 1987. 3 p.)
This Model Statement was prepared by the Association of College and Research Libraries
(ACRL) Undergraduate Librarians Discussion Group and the ULS Steering Committee, and approved by
ACRL Board at its Annual Conference in San Francisco in 1987. It was submitted to the ALA Standards
Committee for final review in the same year. It applies to libraries intended to serve undergraduate
students in a large university environment.
The UK Library Association has come up with its own Guidelines to address,
specifically, the quality, resource and service issues of college library provisions. Entitled Guidelines for
College Libraries: Recommendations for performance and resourcing , and edited by Kathy Ennis
for the Colleges of Further and Higher Education Group of The Library Association (5th ed. London:
Library Association Publishing, 1995. 58p), this manual recommends desirable and necessary levels of
library requirements in colleges. The growth of computerized databases and online catalogs, the
introduction of Internet services, and the increasing use of CD-ROMs demonstrate the complexity of the
role of college libraries as information providers. This document highlights the paradigm shift resulting
from the dramatic technological revolution of this era, and makes provisions for today’s libraries to
respond to these changes.
Case Studies of Library Evaluations
In 1985 the American Council of Learned Societies conducted a survey of scholars in relation to
publishing and dissemination of scholarly writings, computer use, and academic library service. The
survey offers an unusual opportunity for librarians to see themselves as others see them. The survey
results indicate areas where academic libraries can make improvements and correct misconceptions about
their service. For an in-depth analysis of how academic scholars use their libraries based on this study,
we read Ronald H. Epp and JoAn S. Segal’s article on “The ACLS survey and academic library service”
(C& RL News, February 1987, pp. 64-69).
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Melvon L. Ankeny, a Reference Librarian of Ohio State University, wrote an article that
appeared in the Journal of Academic Librarianship (January 1991) entitled “Evaluating End-user
Services: Success or Satisfaction,” wherein he compares two methods of assessing the success of end-
user searches. In this study, he finds that in many cases, high levels of reported end-user “satisfaction”
with computerized services may not reflect true success rates. The results indicate that some types of
evaluation instruments to measure the true success of those engaged in computerized searches may not be
reliable.
At Duke University Library in Durham, North Carolina, a survey was undertaken by a firm
experienced in conducting valid studies respected in the business community. The study was intended to
determine and understand the user needs of the Library as it plans to redesign their information retrieval
environment. The first phase of the project was to conduct focus group sessions that would define the
issues to be addressed in the second phase. The second phase was a mailed survey sent to the academic
community which would provide the statistical data on user needs. The first part of questionnaire was
focused on users’ current needs, while the latter half centered on the perceptions of the future, or the
ideal structure for information retrieval. The result of the survey (as reported in the article entitled
“What does the User Really Want? The Library User Survey Project at Duke University” and written by
Kenneth W. Berger and Richard W. Hines, in Journal of Academic Librarianship, November 1994)
elicited few surprises. Respondents stated their desire for the future library and all its important features
- online access, more thorough research, 24-hour computer use, full-text retrieval. But they faced a
dilemma in choosing what traditional library services to give up. Among the top expendable features of
the present library were - the library as “a social gathering place”, card catalog, library orientations and
tours, study areas, print copies of magazines and newspapers, open stacks, and interlibrary loan service.
In 1993 the De La Salle University Library conducted an evaluative study of its resources based
on the four areas of Stufflebeam’s evaluation model, namely: context, input, process, and product.
Context evaluation was focused on the assessment of the needs of the library patrons and the extent to
which their needs were realized, while input evaluation was focused on the assessment of the library
staff’s skills and of the adequacy or efficiency of the services/resources in meeting these needs. Process
evaluation was focused on assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the program and the identification
of the areas needing improvement. Product evaluation was centered assessing the effectiveness of the
library services/resources. A survey questionnaire was devised and distributed to the target respondents
which included the students (graduate and undergraduate), faculty, non-academic staff, and library
personnel. The study revealed the top five ranking needs of the library users: (1) materials related to
their subject of research, (2) quiet and comfortable place to study, (3) up-to-date periodical collections,
(4) audio-visual materials and equipment for class reports and discussion, and (5) reproduction of library
materials.
In 1994 the DLSU Library again undertook a Needs Assessment Survey on the Computerization
of Library Procedures and Functions. It included the same target respondents. A Likert type instrument
was used, and data were analyzed through the use of means and standard deviations. The study revealed
that the areas of priority needing computerization are in the cataloging/indexing services, circulation of
books, and provision of online databases.
Both the 1993 and 1994 studies appear in the Journal of ITEO Studies published by the
Institutional Testing and Evaluation Office (DLSU Press, 1996) Just recently, another study was
undertaken, this time focused on a comprehensive evaluation of the collections of the DLSU System
Libraries, to include the libraries of DLSU-Manila and the College of St. Benilde, DLSU-Dasmarinas,
and DLSU-Health Sciences Campus, also in Dasmarinas, Cavite. A team of library experts, headed by
Mrs. Narcisa Munasque, began data collection in the summer of 1998 and completed its survey and data
analysis in January 1999. It is expected that by March of this year, the results will have been submitted
to the President of the DLSU System, Bro. Rolando Dizon, FSC.
(Unpublished article written in 1999 and submitted for research incentive by Fe Angela M. Verzosa)
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